Analysis of microwave propagation effects using two-dimensional electrooptic field mapping techniques

In high-speed electronic devices and monolithic microwave and millimetrewave integrated circuits the propagation of electromagnetic waves plays an important role. In so-called travelling wave devices and circuits these propagation effects are applied to design and realize functions not available in lumped elements. In order to exploit fully the potential of wave propagation effects, experimental investigations have to be carried out which, however, require a measurement technique to allow spatially resolved detection of microwave potential or field distributions inside elements and circuits and along the electrical interconnects. In this paper, it is shown by several examples, that the two-dimensional electrooptic field mapping technique is an excellent tool to study wave propagation effects up to millimetrewave frequencies, with submicrometre spatial resolution and without electromagnetic interference.     

砷化镓高速集成电路内部电信号的光探针直接取样

本文介绍了电光取样技术原理报道了砷化镓高速集成电路内部电信号在片直接电光取样测量系统,它的时间分辨率优于20ps,空间分辨率优于3μm.通过对砷化镓共面波导的测量证实该系统可以对砷化镓高速集成电路内部电信号进行在片直接电光取样测量。     

Monolithically-integrated optoelectronic circuit for ultrafast sampling of a dual-gate field-effect transistor

An integrated optoelectronic circuit for ultrafast sampling of multi-terminal devices is described. This is achieved using optimized photoconductive switches fabricated from low-temperature-grown GaAs, monolithic integration of the device with the sampling circuit, control of the electromagnetic modes propagating on the coplanar waveguide using microfabricated airbridges, and discrimination of guided and freely-propagating modes using a novel electrooptic sampling method. As an example, the scattering parameters associated with the propagation of a picosecond pulse through one of the gates of a dual-gate heterojunction field-effect transistor are obtained at frequencies up to 300 GHz. The inter-gate capacitance is determined by measuring the electromagnetic transient coupled between the gates.     

Simple analog edge detection circuit based on vertebrate retina

Novel analog edge detection circuits were proposed and fabricated based on the vertebrate retina. The proposed unit circuit is constructed with one photodiode and about eight n-channel metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors. The results with the simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) showed that the one- and two-dimensional array of proposed circuits can detect edge positions with a dynamic range of about 5 decades. The test circuit was fabricated on the breadboard using discrete MOS transistors. The measured results of the test circuit showed that the proposed circuit can detect edge positions. Under the condition that the photodiode used as the input part of the proposed unit circuit is 4,275 μm², the fill factor of the novel circuit is expected to be about 51.7%. The advanced integrated circuit for edge detection which is characterized by a high fill factor, wide dynamic range and low power consumption can be realized by applying the proposed circuit.     

Simple Analog Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Circuit for Generating Motion Signal

We proposed in this study a novel analog complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuit for generating a motion signal when an object moves, which is a simple structure. The proposed unit circuit was constructed using a previously proposed edge detection circuit and a novel proposed circuit for generating a motion signal which accepts an edge signal. The part for generating the motion signal was constructed using six metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) transistors and one capacitor. Results obtained by the simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) and the measured results of a test circuit constructed with discrete MOS transistors and the test circuit fabricated with a 1.2 μm CMOS process showed that the proposed unit circuit can output pulsed current (motion signal) when an object moves on the circuit. It was clarified from the SPICE results that the two-dimensional network constructed with proposed unit circuits can output motion signals. The size of the novel unit circuit is expected to be about 110 × 110μm² obtained by the 1.2 μm CMOS process. It is possible to arrange 90 × 90 unit circuits on a chip which has an area of 1 × 1cm². The aperture ratio is expected to be about 21%, which is twice as large as that of the previously proposed circuit. An integrated circuit for image processing in real time can thus be realized by applying the two-dimensional network constructed with the proposed circuits.     

Ka Band Broadband Fourth Harmonic Image Rejection Mixer

This paper presents the design and implementation of Ka band broadband hybrid integrated image rejection mixer with a fourth harmonic mixer as unit mixer. Detailed design and analysis have been carried out. The mixer was fabricated by hybrid microwave integrated circuit (HMIC) process based on the thin film ceramic substrate which can reduce the cost compared to monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC). The measured results showed conversion loss less than 11.2 dB and image rejection ratio (IRR) more than 20 dB in 4 GHz RF bandwidth. It can also play the role of up-converter from the test data.     

A Displacement and Velocity Measurement Technique Using Millimeter-Wave Sensor

In this paper, a millimeter-wave sensor is presented for measurement of displacement and velocity. By using monolithic microwave integrated circuits and digital quadrature sampling signal-processing scheme, the sensor operating at 60 GHz is implemented. Polynomial curve-fitting technique is used for the error correction. Digital quadrature mixer is also configured as a phase-detecting processor, which enables low Doppler frequency to be measured with high resolution. Measured displacement results indicate resolution and maximum error of 10 μm and 30 μm, respectively, and measured speed is as low as 30 mm/s, corresponding to 6.6 Hz in Doppler frequency, with an estimated velocity resolution of 3.3 mm/s. To the best of our knowledge, the attained resolution and maximum error are the best reported results.     

高功率微波对PCB电路系统辐照效应的仿真分析

以实验室自主研发的2维半导体器件-电路联合仿真程序用于分析高功率微波注入下半导体器件的毁伤机理,以此2维半导体器件-电路联合仿真程序为基础加以扩展,添加了电磁波辐照射下微带线的SPICE电路模型。扩展后的程序可以同时用于分析平面波入射下含半导体器件的PCB电路的高功率微波辐照效应和置于带孔缝屏蔽腔中的PCB电路的高功率微波辐照效应。应用此仿真程序分析了一个含有低噪声放大器的简单PCB电路,得到了该PCB电路在不同形式平面波入射下低噪声放大器的烧毁阈值,在该PCB电路置于屏蔽腔中时,低噪声放大器输入端口出现耦合干扰电压情况。     

Basic Parameters of Asymmetrical Coplanar Striplines with Multilayer Substrates and Overlays

In this paper, asymmetrical coplanar striplines (ACPS) with multilayer substrates and overlays are analyzed using conformal mapping method. Analytic closed-form expressions for the basic parameters are obtained. The analyses are useful for monolithic microwave integrated circuits and integrated optical application.     

离散混沌电路的实现

利用基本的电子元件和基本的电路搭建成一维Logistic离散电路和二维Henon离散电路．该电路将模拟器件和数字器件巧妙结合，电路结构简单．通过模拟实验展示了混沌运动的基本特点和规律，实验结果与理论结果一致．     

Chip-Based Microwave Photonic Payload Repeater for High Throughput Satellites

High-throughput satellite (HTS) is an ideal way to realize cross-regional massive, multifaceted digital exchange services, and it requires a signal processing module that can be massively multiplexed and has high flexibility. Due to the limitations of the frequency characteristics, microwave integrated circuits are difficult to meet this requirement. One solution to this problem is photonic integrated circuits (PICs). However, full-size PIC satellite payloads containing main optoelectronic components are extremely challenging to implement on monolithic or hybrid integrated platforms. Here, the study demonstrates a hybrid integrated on-chip microwave-photonic satellite repeater with large-scale multiplexing potential and high flexibility. This is a demonstration of a hybrid integration of a InP/Si3N4 external cavity laser, arrayed InP modulators, and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), as well as multifunctional Si3N4 signal processors, to fulfill a 1 × 4 Ka-band repeater module with on-chip arrayed frequency down-conversion and outstanding narrowband photonic channelization. When combined with the full-chip photonic RF repeater, broadband, highly integrated, and cost-effective communications satellite payloads will become realizable more quickly in the near future.     

十字环型左手材料单元结构设计与仿真

提出了一种新型十字环型左手材料结构单元.该结构只需在介质板单侧蚀刻, 即可在二维方向上产生等效负介电常数和等效负磁导率.通过理论分析, 提出场-路结合的等效源分析法以计算等效介电常数、磁导率, 并据此对十字环型结构单元的左手特性激发机理进行了论证. 后采用Nicolson-Ross-Weir 等效参数法提取了十字环型单元阵列的相对介电常数和相对磁导率, 并通过棱镜实验对材料的负折射特性进行了验证.实验表明, 该左手材料在6.8-6.9 GHz频段具有二维入射左手特性. 此种左手材料制作工艺相对简单, 为左手材料在微波器件领域的应用提供了一种较为实用的设计方案.     

基于FPGA的MDDI数据处理电路实现

介绍了一种基于FPGA的MDDI(mobile display digital interface)数据处理电路设计;基于单片集成AM-OLED驱动控制芯片的设计需求以及并行数据总线在移动显示设备上存在的不足,设计了MDDI数据处理电路;MDDI作为一种高速串行移动显示数字接口标准,具有连线数量少,信号传输可靠性高,低功耗等特点,广泛应用于移动显示终端领域;所设计的MDDI Type2主端数据处理电路采用两级状态机控制内部电路,主状态机用于控制从状态机的状态切换,从状态机则用于实现MDDI数据的生成;通过加入可配置寄存器,实现对数据包生成和接口模式的控制;采用Verilog语言编写RTL级代码实现MDDI Type2数据处理电路软核;使用Xilinx工具综合的结果表明,该数据处理电路能够支持480-RGB×320、26万色的AM-OLED显示屏,数据传输速率可达180 Mbps,其性能指标满足系统设计要求。     

Implementation and synchronization of 3x3 grid scroll chaotic circuits with analog programmable devices

The implementation of circuits with complex dynamics is a very challenging problem. In this paper we present a new chaotic circuit based on the dynamical equations introduced in IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., I: Fundam. Theory Appl. 51, 2476-2490 (2004). This circuit has been realized by using programmable analog devices, and, in particular, field programmable analog arrays have been used to implement a two-dimensional 3x3 grid scroll chaotic attractor. The implementation of complex dynamics with low cost circuits is very appealing; moreover, the implementation of the chaotic attractor discussed in this paper is not present in the literature. The experimental results including the synchronization between two chaotic circuits show complete agreement with the simulation results reported in IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., I: Fundam. Theory Appl. 51, 2476-2490 (2004).     

Coupling a quantum dot, fermionic leads, and a microwave cavity on a chip

We demonstrate a hybrid architecture consisting of a quantum dot circuit coupled to a single mode of the electromagnetic field. We use single wall carbon nanotube based circuits inserted in superconducting microwave cavities. By probing the nanotube dot using a dispersive readout in the Coulomb blockade and the Kondo regime, we determine an electron-photon coupling strength which should enable circuit QED experiments with more complex quantum dot circuits.     

Ferroelectrics find their “niche” among microwave control devices

Rapid progress made in the physics of ferroelectrics is accompanied by the appearance of new requirements for the design of microwave phase shifters that serve as base elements in phased-array antennas, which, apart from traditional applications in radiolocation, have been widely used in various telecommunication systems. Nowadays, microwave phase shifters that are intended for operating at a high level of microwave power with a limited power in control circuits and should have a low cost of mass production can be implemented only using thin-film ferroelectric microwave integrated circuits. The development of phase shifters is based on reliable models of a dielectric response of ferroelectrics to dc and high-frequency electric fields.     

Electrooptic sampling of low temperature GaAs pulse generators for oscilloscope calibration

Optoelectronic generation of well characterized ultrashort electrical pulses plays an important role in the calibration of fast-sampling oscilloscopes. In this paper the authors describe the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) pulse generator, comprising a femtosecond laser and an ultrafast photoconductive switch which can generate electrical pulses as short as 650 fs. The photoconductive switch consists of a GaAs substrate with a top GaAs layer grown under low temperature conditions to ensure a subpicosecond recombination rate. The technique of electrooptic sampling is used to measure pulses on planar transmission lines, such as coplanar waveguide and coplanar stripline. Good agreement is shown between electrooptic sampling measurement and the modelling of pulse propagation along a coplanar waveguide, enabling one to optimize a design of a calibration test source. The use of a pulse generator to calibrate a 50 GHz sampling oscilloscope is described.     

Multitasking and Cascadable Microwave Photonic Signal Processing Topologies with Silicon Photonic Technologies

ABSTRACT

Microwave photonics (MWPs) is an emerging interdisciplinary field, where photonics technologies are adopted to facilitate the generation, transmission, detection, and processing of signals at radio-wave, microwave, and millimeter-wave frequencies. Recently, the integrated photonic technology has demonstrated its capability to miniaturize photonic circuits on a single chip, which paves the way for next-generation integrated MWP signal processing systems having reduced size, weight, and power consumption (SWaP) specifications. In particular, by means of incorporating complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronic, optical, and optoelectronic components on a single integrated chip, silicon photonic circuits have brought new architectures and functionalities for MWP signal processing. This accelerates the evolution of MWPs from a single-use microwave signal processor toward a multitasking and cascadable MWP system, which is readily adaptable for a wide variety of uses and applications. In this review article, we provide an overview of the fundamental principle of the MWP signal processing topology. Developments in the microwave filtering technologies are reviewed with a focus on the integrated microwave filtering enhanced by optical phase equalization. We also review the recent progress and give an outlook for the future trend in MWP signal topologies, exploring the realization of multitasking and cascadable microwave signal processing systems based on silicon photonics.     

High Spatial Resolution Electro -Optic Field -Mapping for Three Orthogonal Field Components in a Micro -Structured Electrode

The optically based technique of electro-optic (EO)sampling has been used for diagnosing the internal high-speed signals of integrated circuits [1]. One of the features that make the EO sampling technique very promising is a minimal probe: the EO sampling technique does not require an electrode and ground plane incorporated as part of a probe so that, compared with conventional metal probes, the invasiveness of an EO probe is minimal.     

Artificial Neural Network Models for the Gap Discontinuities in Stripline Circuits

Gap discontinuities appear in many stripline circuits, such as the multilayer microwave monolithic ICs and the interconnect systems in high-speed digital circuits. In this paper, a multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN) is used to model the gap discontinuities in stripline circuits. The MLPNN is electromagnetically developed with a set of training data that are produced by the full-wave finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The full-factor design of experiments is used for determining the size of the training data.