Thermochemistry of copper(II) ion solvation in aqueous organic solvents

The integral heat effects of CuCl₂ dissolution in aqueous DMSO, aqueous ethanol and aqueous acetone solutions at 298. 15 K in the electrolyte concentration range 0.001–0.01M were measured by means of calorimetry. ΔH _sol ⁰ values were obtained by extrapolation to zero electrolyte concentration. Literature data were used to determine the thermodynamic characteristics of Cu²⁺ transfer from water to aqueous organic solvents.     

Synthesis and Structure (Z)-N-Aryl-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-4-phenylbut-2-enamides

Russian Journal of General Chemistry - Reactions of 5-phenyl-2,3-dihydrofuran-2,3-dione with aromatic amines in anhydrous dioxane or methyl benzoylpyruvate with aromatic amines in the presence of...     

Synthesis of 4-aryl-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-2-butenoic (Aroylpyruvic) acids N-(4-Acetylaminosulfonylphenyl)amides

Methyl aroylpyruvates react with sodium 4-aminobenzenesulfonylacetamide in acetic acid to afford 4-aryl-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-2-butenoic acids N-(4-acetylaminosulfonylphenyl)amides. The latter were studied in reactions with hydrazine hydrate.     

Photolysis of copolymers 4-methoxyacrylophenone with 2-hydroxy-4-(2-methacroyloxyethoxy) benzophenone

The photolysis of copolymers of 4-methoxyacrylophenone with 2-hydroxy-4-(2-methacroyloxyethoxy) benzophenone (4MAP/PBMA) containing 0–8 wt/wt 2% of BPMA was compared with that of poly-4-methoxyacrylophenone (P4MAP) in the presence of 2-hydroxy-4-(2-isobutyroyloxyethoxy) benzophenone (BPIB) in ethyl benzoate at 366 nm. In the photolysis of P4MAP proceeding through the long-lived triplet state, it was possible to separate quenching and screening effects of BPIB. The dependence of the ratio of quantum yields of main chain scission without and with quencher was linear for free quencher; for copolymerized quencher, however, the dependence indicated static quenching. Using the Perrin model for copolymers, the quenching sphere of 1.56 nm was calculated. Study of the emission decay of copolymers 4MAP/BPMA in poly(methyl methacrylate) films at 77 K give 1.86 nm for the quenching sphere. Similar values were found for quenching of 4-methoxyacrylophenone chromophore by built-in acceptors naphthalene and diphenyl (1.60 nm). These results indicate that energy transfer in carbonyl copolymers, both in dilute solution and in film, at 77 K proceeds at a distance a little greater than the sum of donor and acceptor diameters (about 1.2 nm) showing that the extent of triplet energy migration is limited.     

Synthesis of benzo-halogenated 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolones

Malondianilides 3 derived from dichloro substituted anilines 2 undergo cyclization to afford 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolones 4 in very good yields using methane sulfonic acid-phosphorus pentoxide as catalyst. 3,4-Dichloro anilines 5 can be shown to yield two isomers, 7 and 8 , whereas 3-substituted anilines 9 afford merely 7-substituted 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolones 11.     

β-(2-hydroxy-4-chloro-3-quinolyl)propiolactone

2,4-Dihydroxy-3-(3,3-dichloroallyl)quinoline, the corresponding 4-mono and 2,4-dichloro derivatives, and substituted -(3-quinolyl)propionic acids were synthesized. -(2-Hydroxy-4-chloro-3-quinolyl) propiolactone was obtained from the latter.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 975–977, July, 1972.     

Deuterium kinetic isotope effects on the gas-phase reactions of C2H with H2(D2) and CH4(CD4)

Kinetics of the ethynyl (C(2)H) radical reactions with H(2), D(2), CH(4) and CD(4) was studied over the temperature range of 295-396 K by a pulsed laser photolysis/chemiluminescence technique. The C(2)H radicals were generated by ArF excimer-laser photolysis of C(2)H(2) or CF(3)C(2)H and were monitored by the chemiluminescence of CH(A(2)Δ) produced by their reaction with O(2) or O((3)P). The measured absolute rate constants for H(2) and CH(4) agreed well with the available literature data. The primary kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) were determined to be k(H(2))/k(D(2)) = 2.48 ± 0.14 and k(CH(4))/k(CD(4)) = 2.45 ± 0.16 at room temperature. Both of the KIEs increased as the temperature was lowered. The KIEs were analyzed by using the variational transition state theory with semiclassical small-curvature tunneling corrections. With anharmonic corrections on the loose transitional vibrational modes of the transition states, the theoretical predictions satisfactorily reproduced the experimental KIEs for both C(2)H + H(2)(D(2)) and C(2)H + CH(4)(CD(4)) reactions.     

Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate

A new biocatalytic strategy to obtain the ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-4-phenylbutyrate precursor of ethyl (R)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyrate, an important intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of ACE inhibitors, has been set up. Starting from ethyl 2,4-dioxo-4-phenylbutyrate, a screen of microorganisms has been performed in order to find the best catalyst able to reduce the keto group in the α-position with high chemo- and enantioselectivity. The biotransformation catalyzed by Pichia pastoris CBS 704 gave the best results in terms of conversion and enantioselectivity. The addition of adsorbing resins in the fermentation medium is effective in controlling substrate and product concentration in the medium, thus improving both conversion and enantioselectivity of the biotransformation. Preliminary experiments in a continuous batch reactor with growing culture of P. pastoris will be also presented.     

The gas-phase elimination kinetics of 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid and 2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutyric acid

The elimination kinetics of the title compounds have been examined over the temperature range of 270–320°C and pressure range of 19–117 torr. The reactions, carried out in seasoned vessels, with the free-radical suppressor toluene always present, are homogeneous, unimolecular, and follow a first-order rate law. The products of 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid are 2-butanone, CO, and H₂O; while of 2-ethyl-2-hydroxybutyric acid are 3-pentanone, CO, and H₂O. The rate coefficient is expressed by the following Arrhenius equation: for 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutyric acid, log k₁(s^?1 = (12.87 ± 0.19) ? (171.2 ± 2.1) kJ mol^?1 (2.303 RT)^?1; and for 2-ethyl 2-hydroxybutyric acid, log k₁s^?1) = (12.13 ± 0.34) ? (159.4 ± 3.7) kJ mol^?1 (2.303 RT)^?1. Augmentation of alkyl bulkiness at the 2-position of the 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids showed an increase in the rate of dehydration. The electron release of alkyl groups, rather than steric acceleration, appears to enhance the pyrolysis decomposition of these substrates. These reactions are believed to proceed through a semi-polar five-membered cyclic transition type of mechanism. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Synthesis of 4-norpyridoxine (3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyridine)

3-Hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2-methylpyridine (4-norpyridoxine) has been synthesized by the heterodiene condensation of 4-methyl-5-propoxyoxazole and 5-ethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-one through the stage of 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-5-carbaldehyde with reduction of the latter by NaBH₄. One of the isomeric adducts has been isolated, and its stereochemistry has been established by PMR spectroscopy.     

(R)-2-羟基-4-苯基丁酸乙酯的合成

综述了血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂类治疗高血压和充血性心力衰竭药物的关键中间体（R）－2－羟基－4－苯基丁酸乙酯的合成方法。参考文献25篇。     

2,5-二甲基-4-羟基-3(2H)呋喃酮的合成

以乙酰丙酮(1)为原料，经电解氧化偶联，Paal-Knorr闭环，Baeyer-Villiger氧化，水解等步骤，合成了一种重要的杂环香料，2,5-二甲基-4-羟基-3(2H)呋喃酮(6)。     

2,2-二(4-羟基-3,5-二硝基苯基)丙烷和2,2-二(4-羟基-3-硝基苯基)丙烷的合成

双酚A在不同的ω（HNO3)溶液中硝化可得到不同的产物。在ω（HNO3)＝22％的硝酸溶液中硝化，反应温度30℃所得产物为2，2-二(4-羟基-3-硝基苯基)丙烷，在ω（HNO3)＝63％的硝酸溶液中硝化，采用三段温度控制法(0℃-30℃-50℃)所得产物为2，2-二(4-羟基-3，5-二硝基苯基)丙烷。产物经柱色谱纯化后，其元素分析、IR，^1H NMR，^13C NMR和MS数据与结构相符。