丙氨酸在蔗糖-水混合溶剂中的焓对相互作用

利用LKB2277生物活性检测仪测定了298.15 K时丙氨酸分别在不同组成的蔗糖- 水混合溶剂中的稀释焓,利用McMillan-Mayer理论,计算了丙氨酸在不同组成的蔗 糖-水混合溶剂中的焓对相互作用系数h_2,并与其在葡萄糖-水混合溶剂中的焓对 相互作用系数h_2进行了比较。结果表明,丙氨酸的h_2分别在葡萄糖和蔗糖的摩尔 分数为0.1009和0.05843处出现极大值,极值点位置的不同与糖分子所含羟基数目 的多少有关,根据溶质-溶质相互作用和溶质-溶剂相互作用对结果进行了解释。     

水/乙醇混合溶剂中氨基酸离解的取代基效应

用LKB-2277BioActivityMonitor测定了298.15K时甘氨酸,丙氨酸和丝氨酸在水/乙醇混合溶剂中的离解焓,计算了相应的离解熵。根据三个氨基酸分别与某一参考酸之间的质子交换反应,重点讨论了溶剂结构变化对取代基效应焓,熵变化的影响。实验结果表明在水/乙醇混合溶剂的最大结构化区域,取代基效应最为显著。认为在混合溶剂的富水区大块的似冰山结构的水分子簇的寿命大大延长。     

Pt/WO3/ZrO2 催化甘油选择性脱羟基制 1,3-丙二醇反应的溶剂效应

 考察了不同溶剂中 Pt/WO3/ZrO2 催化剂催化甘油加氢制 1,3-丙二醇的反应性能. 结果表明, 质子溶剂乙醇和水有利于甘油转化为 1,3-丙二醇. 含有乙醇或水的二元混合溶剂表现出明显的溶剂组分协同效应, 使用混合溶剂时 1,3-丙二醇选择性超过使用单一溶剂, 而且混合溶剂的组成对反应性能影响很大.     

硝基苯甲酸在水-乙醇混合溶剂中的电离热力学

用流动混合微量热计测定了25℃时三个硝基苯甲酸在水-乙醇[0-80%(v/v)]混合溶剂中的电离焓。引用文献ΔG1^0的插值结果, 计算了硝基苯甲酸在相同溶剂中电离过程的熵变。根据溶质在混合溶剂中的迁移焓特征, 分析讨论了硝基苯甲酸在水-乙醇混合溶剂中电离焓的变化趋势。认为邻硝基苯甲酸电离焓的特殊性, 可能与基团的空间位阻使阴离子的负电荷高度定域有关。     

三种氨基酸在尿素-水混合溶剂中的体积性质

用精密密度法详细测定甘氨酸、L-丙氨酸、L-丝氨酸在尿素-水混合溶剂中的表观摩尔体积.计算了三种氨基酸从水到尿素-水混合溶剂的迁移偏摩尔体积,结合前期的氨基酸从水到尿素-水混合溶剂的迁移焓,探讨尿素-水混合溶剂的结构特点及其对氨基酸与尿素相互作用的影响.结果表明,尿素分子在水中自缔合,引起溶剂结构的变化并削弱其与氨基酸分子的结构相互作用,造成氨基酸从水到尿素-水混合溶剂的迁移偏摩尔体积和迁移焓随尿素浓度的增加而出现多个变化点,这一效应随着氨基酸疏水性的增强而增大,表明氨基酸的疏水性越强,其与尿素相互作用引起的去水化作用越明显.     

苯甲酸在水-乙醇混合物溶剂中的电离焓

水溶液中苯甲酸和间位、对位取代苯甲酸在298.15K时的电离热力学函数是Hammett提出线性自由能关系的基础.目前,溶剂对这些热力学函数的影响及有关的取代基效应已引起人们的重视.乙醇与水的混合溶剂在许多研究领域具有广泛的作用,对苯甲酸及取代苯甲酸在水-乙醇溶液中的电离焓进行研究,有助于更深入地了解Hammett方程的理论基础及水-乙醇体系的溶剂效应.作为这方面工作的一部分,本文测定了苯甲酸在水-乙醇混合溶剂中的电离焓.并就此进行了讨论.     

磺酸基共聚凝胶在混合有机溶剂中的体积相变

2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)与甲基丙烯酸-2-羟基丙酯(HPM)在乙二醇/水(1:1,质量比)中70℃下进行共聚,AMPS/HPM(8:2,摩尔比)为该体系的恒比共聚点.在此组成加入交联剂N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺2%、3%和5%(摩尔分数)制备了凝胶试样GO2、GO3、GO5.它们在DMSO/THF混合溶剂中THF达55%～60%(体积百分数)时发生体积相变;在乙醇/THF混合溶剂中GO3的体积随THF的加入连续缩小,但不出现体积相变.此现象可用高分子链溶剂化层的变化以及低极性介质中离子对之间的偶极-偶极相互作用来说明.     

乙醇/柴油混合燃料的相溶性及对发动机性能影响的研究

利用助溶剂解决乙醇/柴油的相溶性问题,讨论了混合燃料中乙醇和助溶剂添加量对相溶性的影响,并使用助溶剂体积分数为1.5%、乙醇体积分数分别为5%、10%、15%的混合燃料及 20号纯柴油（分别表示为E5、E10、E15和 E0）在发动机台架上进行了性能和排放试验。研究结果表明,柴油的烃组成是决定相分离温度的决定性因素;对全部测试油品,乙醇体积分数在10%、助溶剂添加体积分数为1.5%时,混合燃料相溶性较好。台架试验显示,随着混合燃料中乙醇掺烧比例的增加,发动机的燃油消耗率逐渐增加,而发动机的额定功率和最大扭矩逐渐降低,但最大扭矩降低的幅度较小;此外,随着乙醇掺烧比例的增加,CO比排放量减少,HC、NOx和PM的比排放量逐渐增加,但NOx和PM的比排放量增加幅度不大。10%体积分数的乙醇添加量是乙醇/柴油的最佳掺烧比。     

丙三醇/水混合溶剂中CTAC/NaSal胶束体系粘度的研究

本文研究了丙三醇/水混合溶剂中十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)溶液的粘度性质,考察了水杨酸钠(NaSal)浓度、CTAC浓度以及丙三醇体积分数等因素对CTAC胶束溶液粘度的影响,并与乙二醇/水混合溶剂中胶束的粘度进行比较。结果表明:在丙三醇/水混合溶剂中,当CTAC浓度一定时,CTAC溶液的相对粘度随着NaSal浓度的增大而增大;当NaSal浓度一定时,CTAC溶液的相对粘度随着CTAC浓度的增大出现最大值;CTAC溶液的相对粘度随着丙三醇体积分数的增大而下降。这种变化趋势与乙二醇/水混合溶剂中的粘度性质相类似。     

L-胱氨酸在盐酸、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾水溶液中的稀释过程热力学

应用流动式等温精密微量热技术测定了298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15和318.15 K 5个不同温度下L-胱氨酸在一种强酸性和两种强碱性溶剂中的稀释焓. 根据改进的McMillan-Mayer理论对所测数据进行关联, 得到了表观摩尔稀释焓对浓度变化的经验方程和各级焓相互作用系数(h₂)和二阶熵相互作用系数(s₂), 根据溶质-溶质, 溶质-溶剂等弱相互作用对二阶焓、熵相互作用系数进行了讨论. 结果表明: 对在水相中胱氨酸的二阶相互作用而言, 二价阳离子比二价阴离子具有较强的介质效应; 不同温度下的二阶焓相互作用系数与温度成线性关系, 因而二阶熵相互作用系数在实验温度范围内为一常量.     

在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺/水混合溶剂中制备偶氮聚电解质自组装膜

利用静电吸附逐层自组装方法在有机溶剂N,N二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和H2O的混合介质中制备非水溶性偶氮聚电解质自组装多层膜.研究了DMF和H2O的配比对自组装膜生长、结构与表面形态的影响.结果表明,DMFH2O的混合溶剂是非水溶性偶氮聚电解质自组装的理想介质,二者之间的配比对自组装膜的生长速度,膜的结构以及表面形态均有显著影响.随着混合溶液中DMF含量的升高,自组装膜的生长速度逐渐下降但线形生长关系越来越好,所得自组装膜中偶氮生色团的H聚集程度逐渐下降,而且自组装膜的表面越来越平整.     

Ethanol/water pulps from sugar cane straw and their biobleaching with xylanase from Bacillus pumilus

The influence of independent variables (temperature and time) on the cooking of sugar cane straw with ethanol/water mixtures was studied to determine operating conditions that obtain pulp with high cellulose contents and a low lignin content. An experimental 2(2) design was applied for temperatures of 185 and 215 degrees C, and time of 1 and 2.5 h with the ethanol/water mixture concentration and constant straw-to-solvent ratio. The system was scaled-up at 200 degrees C cooking temperature for 2 h with 50% ethanol-water concentration, and 1:10 (w/v) straw-to-solvent ratio to obtain a pulp with 3.14 cP viscosity, 58.09 kappa-number, and the chemical composition of the pulps were 3.2% pentosan and 31.5% lignin. Xylanase from Bacillus pumilus was then applied at a loading of 5-150 IU/g dry pulp in the sugar cane straw ethanol/water pulp at 50 degrees C for 2 and 20 h. To ethanol/water pulps, the best enzyme dosage was found to be 20 IU/g dry pulp at 20 h, and a high enzyme dosage of 150 IU/g dry pulp did not decrease the kappa-number of the pulp.     

水-乙醇混合溶剂中过氧化氢酶活性与构象的研究

用微量热法和荧光法分别测定了水-乙醇混合溶剂中过氧化氢酶活性与构象的变化。结果表明,随着乙醇浓度的增大,过氧化氢酶酶促反应的米氏常数K~m有所增大,而反应速率常数k~2及酶的催化活性则明显降低;336nm处的相对荧光强度不断增强,酶分子的构象发生了变化,其结构渐趋松散。乙醇对过氧化氢酶活性的影响乃是乙醇的竞争性抑制和溶剂效应引起的酶构象变化共同作用的结果。     

Effects of Organic Solvents on Immobilized Lipase in Pectin Microspheres

Lipase from Brevibacillus agri 52 was found stable up to 90% diethylenglycol (DEG), glycerol (GLY), and 1,2 propanediol (1,2 PRO) at 37 degrees C for 1 h and the stability was reduced only approximately 20% after 12 h incubation, but in 40% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), lipase activity was stable only for 1 h. Inhibition of the biocatalysts with dimethylformamide (DMF) was detected at 20% solvent concentration. In water immiscible systems, the stability of lipase in n-hexane, n-tetradecane and n-heptane resembles the water activity, but in the presence of isobutanol, 1-hexanol, and butylbutirate, the stability was significantly reduced. Lipase 52 precipitates in the presence of 50% acetone or ethanol/water mixtures, but enzymatic activity was partially recovered by adding 20% GLY, DEG, 1,2 PRO, or DMSO to the reaction mixture. Furthermore, by increasing DEG in 70% DMF/DEG mixtures, the lipase activity was protected. Encapsulation of lipase in pectin gels cross-linked with calcium ions brings three to four times more enzymatic activity in 70% water miscible organic solvents compared to aqueous systems.     

PERVAPORATION OF ETHANOL/WATER MIXTURES WITH HIGH FLUX BY ZEOLITE-FILLED PDMS/PVDF COMPOSITE MEMBRANES

Thin-film zeolite-filled silicone/PVDF composite membranes were fabricated by incorporating zeolite particles into PDMS(poly(dimethylsiloxane)) membranes.The morphology of zeolite particles and zeolite filled silicone composite membranes were characterized by SEM.The zeolite-filled PDMS/PVDF composite membranes were applied for the pervaporation of ethanol/water mixtures and showed higher flux compared with that reported in literatures.The effect of zeolite loading and Si/Al ratio of zeolite particles on...     

L-丝氨酸在乙醇-水混合溶剂中的稀释焓

氨基酸是重要的生物活性物质,是组成蛋白质的基本结构单位．氨基酸的稀释焓是氨基酸溶液热力学性质研究的一个重要方面［１,２］,即溶质 溶质相互作用．目前氨基酸的稀释焓研究大多集中在纯水溶液中．然而,大多数蛋白质的天然环境并不是单纯的水溶液,而是含有许多有机物质的复杂环境．有机溶剂对蛋白质的溶解度、变性行为、解缔成次一级结构和酶的活性等都有很大影响［３］,蛋白质在非水介质环境条件下的热力学性质与其在水溶液环境条件下的性质是大不相同的．由混合溶剂中稀释焓的研究可以获得溶剂介入的溶质分子间的相互作用信息．…     

Enthalpies of solution of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide in binary mixtures of water,formamide, N-methylformamide,and N,N-dimethylformamide

The enthalpies of solution of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide have been measured in mixtures of formamide (F) with water, N-methylformamide (NMF) with water, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with water, F with NMF, DMF with F, and NMF with DMF at 25°C in the whole mole-fraction range. The enthalpies of solution vs composition profiles show a maximum value in the DMF-H₂O and in the DMF-F systems. In the F-NMF and NMF-DMF mixturesn-Bu₄NBr displays a nearly ideal behavior, whereas in the other solvent systems the excess enthalpy of solution deviates substantially from zero.     

Adsorption at the air/water interface in dodecylammonium chloride/sodium dodecyl sulfate mixtures

The composition and properties of the adsorption films of dodecylammonium chloride/sodium dodecyl sulfate at the air/water interface depend on interactions between the film molecules and equilibria in the bulk phase (monomer-micelle and/or monomerprecipitate equilibria).The negative value of surface molecular interaction parameter ^mon calculated using the regular solution theory indicates strong attractive interactions between adsorbed molecules. Electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged ionic head groups enhance the adsorption of surfactants and decrease the minimum molar area of surfactant molecules at the air/water interface. The addition of an oppositely charged surfactant enhances packing at the air/water interface and transition from a liquid expanded to a liquid condensed state. Surface potential measurements reveal positive values for the mixtures investigated, implying the cationic surfactant ions are closer to the surface than the anionic ones.     

Isotope effects on thermodynamic properties in four binary systems: Water (or heavy water) + dimethylsulfoxide (or N,N-Dimethylformamide) at 25‡C

Excess enthalpy, excess isobaric heat capacity, density, and speed of sound in mixtures of heavy water (D₂O) + dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and D₂O + dimethylformamide (DMF) were measured at 25‡C. The same properties of the mixtures of normal water + DMSO, and H₂O + DMF were also measured to estimate isotope effects on the thermodynamic excess functions. Both DMSO and DMF are proton acceptors and thus form hydrogen bonds with water. Large negative excess enthalpies and volumes of mixing and excess isentropic compressibilities show that the hydrogen bonding structures of DMSO and DMF with water are stronger and more compact than those in pure water. The excess heat capacity of DMSO-containing mixtures changes sign from negative to positive with increasing water content. The deviations of the excess properties of D₂O systems from those of H₂O systems indicate that the hydrogen bonding structure with D₂O is stronger and more compact.     

Preferential solvation of some antiepileptic drugs in {cosolvent (1) + water (2)} mixtures at 298.15 K

The solubility of lamotrigine (LTG), clonazepam (CZP) and diazepam (DZP) in some {cosolvent (1) + water (2)} mixtures expressed in mole fraction at 298.15 K was calculated from reported solubility values expressed in molarity by using the densities of the saturated solutions. Aqueous binary mixtures of ethanol, propylene glycol and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone were considered. From mole fraction solubilities and some thermodynamic properties of the solvent mixtures, the preferential solvation of these drugs by both solvents in the mixtures was analysed by using the inverse Kirkwood–Buff integrals. It is observed that LTG, CZP and DZP are preferentially solvated by water in water-rich mixtures in all the three binary systems analysed. In {ethanol (1) + water (2)} mixtures, preferential solvation by water is also observed in ethanol-rich mixtures. Nevertheless, in {propylene glycol (1) + water (2)} and {N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (1) + water (2)} mixtures preferential solvation by the cosolvent was observed in cosolvent-rich mixtures.