分批投料模式下加核自缩合乙烯基体系的Monte Carlo模拟

通过Monte Carlo 模拟方法对加核自缩合乙烯基体系在分批投料模式下的聚合行为进行研究, 考察了引发核的加入时间及分批投料方式对超支化高分子的重均分子量及多分散指数的影响. 研究结果表明, 不同的分批投料方式对超支化高分子的重均分子量和多分散性具有显著的调控作用. 通过调整投料方式、 投料次数、 引发核官能度和转化率等因素, 可以得到分子量较高且多分散性较好的超支化高分子.     

存在初始分布时自缩合乙烯基聚合体系的统计理论

本文利用生成函数方法对存在初始分布的自缩合乙烯基聚合反应体系进行研究．首先在任意初始分布情形下,构造并通过反应体系的微分动力学方程导出对应的生成函数．进一步分别考察了均一初始分布和混合初始分布两种情形,利用生成函数获得反应体系的数均、重均和Z-均聚合度以及多分散指数等物理量．研究结果表明,利用生成函数方法不仅可以给出超支化高分子的数量分布函数,而且可以使平均高分子物理量的计算大为简化．同时发现,反应体系的统计特征与初始分布密切相关,相应的结果可为进一步研究分批投料、多组分及非等活性等更加复杂的自缩合乙烯基反应体系提供可能的基础．     

Kinetic theory of self-condensing vinyl polymerization

This review introduces the kinetic theory of self-condensing vinyl polymerization (SCVP), including the SCVP of AB* inimers, the SCVP with non-equal reactivity between A* and B* groups, the SCVP in the presence of a small amount of multifunctional initiators, also the SCVP of both inimers and comonomers. The analytical expressions of various molecular parameters for the resulting hyperbranched polymers, such as the molecular size distribution function, the average molecular weight, the polydispersity index and the degree of branching, are reviewed systematically.     

Synthesis and crosslinking of hyperbranched poly(n‐nonyl acrylate) to form organogels

(2‐Bromo‐n‐nonan‐1‐oxycarbonyl)ethyl acrylate was synthesized as an inimer for self‐condensing vinyl polymerization (SCVP) to produce hyperbranched poly(n‐nonyl acrylate), either as a homopolymer or as a copolymer with n‐nonyl acrylate. The inimer was homopolymerized and copolymerized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and activator generated by electron transfer ATRP to produce soluble polymers with broad polydispersities (up to ? = 9.91), which is characteristic of hyperbranched polymers produced by SCVP. The resulting hyperbranched (co)polymers were crosslinked by atom transfer radical coupling in both one‐pot and two‐step procedures. The radical–radical crosslinking reaction is extremely efficient, resulting in hard plastic particles from the homopolymer of (2‐bromo‐n‐nonan‐1‐oxycarbonyl)ethyl acrylate synthesized in bulk. Crosslinked organogels that swell in tetrahydrofuran were formed when the rate of crosslinking decreased using acetonitrile solutions. Dynamic shear and stress relaxation experiments demonstrated that the dry network behaves as a covalently crosslinked soft gel, with a glass transition at ?50 °C according to differential scanning calorimetry. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 2399–2410     

非等速率自缩合乙烯基聚合反应产物的支化度

分析了一般的非等速率自缩合乙烯基聚合反应(SCVP)所生成的超支化聚合物体系的结构单元和支化度. 详细计算了支化度随反应进程(A基团转化率x)、活性的A*和B*基团反应速率比(r)和活化剂/单体物质的量比(α)的变化关系. 对任何指定的r和α组合, 随x的增加而单调增加, 对确定的x, 当α＜x/(1＋ )时, 随r的增加而单调减少, 当 α＞x/(1＋ )时, 随r的变化不再是单调的, 有极大值, 但无论怎样的r和α组合, 最大的支化度都只有0.5. 要想进一步提高产物的支化度, 可以在反应终了时, 在体系中再加入适当的其它单体, 使活化基团全部反应掉, 从而可使支化度达到2α/(1＋α).     

Functionalization of polymers prepared by ATRP using radical addition reactions

Low molecular weight linear poly(methyl acrylate), star and hyperbranched polymers were synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and end‐functionalized using radical addition reactions. By adding allyltri‐n‐butylstannane at the end of the polymerization of poly(methyl acrylate), the polymer was terminated by allyl groups. When at high conversions of the acrylate monomer, allyl alcohol or 1,2‐epoxy‐5‐hexene, monomers which are not polymerizable by ATRP, were added, alcohol and epoxy functionalities respectively were incorporated at the polymer chain end. Functionalization by radical addition reactions was demonstrated to be applicable to multi‐functional polymers such as hyperbranched and star polymers.     

The radius of gyration for a ternary self-condensing vinyl polymerization system

A ternary self-condensing vinyl polymerization(SCVP) system consisting of monomers, inimers and core initiators is studied by the principle of statistical mechanics. Starting from partition functions for polymerization that constructed from two different viewpoints, explicit expressions of the size distribution function(SDF), equilibrium free energy, and the law of mass action are obtained. For two types of hyperbranched polymers(HBPs) formed in the system, the first, the second, and the third mean-square radii of gyration(MSRG) are presented under various conditions. Furthermore, the solvent effect and excluded volume effect are taken into account in the calculation of the MSRG. With these results, the effects of monomers, inimers and core initiators on the spatial dimension of HBPs are discussed. It is shown that the competition between polymers with and without a core in the growing process results in a significant influence on the average properties of the system.     

超支化聚合物制备方法的研究进展

超支化聚合物是一类可以通过一步法来合成的具有高度支化结构的体型大分子.经过二十年的研究,超支化聚合物由于其独特的结构和性能特点以及可实现规模化生产的特点, 已经迅速成为一类重要的和具有广阔应用潜力的高分子材料.本文从单体类型的角度介绍了超支化聚合物的主要制备方法及其发展历程,主要涉及ABx型,AB*型,A2 B3型以及潜在ABx型单体(包括开环聚合和偶合单体法)等,同时论述了各制备方法的优点和局限性 .     

AB_g型超支化高分子反应的统计力学和反应动力学研究

以AB_g型超支化高分子反应为例,对该反应体系的反应动力学和统计力学进行了研究,并探讨了二者之间的关系.进一步给出反应体系的反应程度与体系的Gibbs自由能等热力学量间的解析表达式以及反应程度与浓度和时间等物理量之间的关系.     

Kinetics of self‐condensing vinyl hyperbranched polymerization in three‐dimensional space

Self‐condensing vinyl hyperbranched polymerization (SCVP) with A‐B* type monomer is simulated applying Monte Carlo method using 3d bond fluctuation lattice model in three‐dimensional space. The kinetics of SCVP with zero active energy of reaction is studied in detail. It is found that the maximal number–average and weight–average polymerization degrees and the maximal molecular weight distribution, at varying the initial monomer concentration and double bond conversion, are about 52, 190, and 3.93, respectively, which are much lower than theoretical values. The maximal average fraction of branching points is about 0.27, obtained at full conversion at the initial monomer concentration of 0.75. The simulation demonstrated the importance of steric effects and intramolecular cyclization in self‐condensing vinyl hyperbranched polymerization. The results are also compared with experiments qualitatively and a good agreement is achieved. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4486–4494, 2008     

Synthesis of Functional Polymers by Post‐Polymerization Modification

Post‐polymerization modification is based on the direct polymerization or copolymerization of monomers bearing chemoselective handles that are inert towards the polymerization conditions but can be quantitatively converted in a subsequent step into a broad range of other functional groups. The success of this method is based on the excellent conversions achievable under mild conditions, the excellent functional‐group tolerance, and the orthogonality of the post‐polymerization modification reactions. This Review surveys different classes of reactive polymer precursors bearing chemoselective handles and discusses issues related to the preparation of these reactive polymers by direct polymerization of appropriately functionalized monomers as well as the post‐polymerization modification of these precursors into functional polymers.     

Glass‐Transition Temperature as a Function of Conversion in Hyperbranched Polymers Obtained by Self‐Condensing Vinyl Polymerization

Chain‐end free volume theory is extended for studying the glass‐transition temperature (T_g) as a function of conversion in hyperbranched polymers. T_g is found to have a non‐linear inverse relationship to the molecular weight for polymers obtained by self‐condensing vinyl polymerization (SCVP). During the monomer conversion process, T_g decreases with the increase in molecular weight (P) in the low conversion range, then levels off in the high conversion range.     

RAFT polymerization of a novel allene‐derived asymmetrical divinyl monomer: A facile strategy to alkene‐functionalized hyperbranched vinyl polymers with high degrees of branching

Hyperbranched vinyl polymers with high degrees of branching (DBs) up to 0.43 functionalized with numerous pendent allene groups have been successfully prepared via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of a state‐of‐art allene‐derived asymmetrical divinyl monomer, allenemethyl methacrylate (AMMA). The gelation did not occur until high monomer conversions (above 90%), as a result of the optimized reactivity difference between the two vinyl groups in AMMA. The branched structure was confirmed by a combination of a triple‐detection size exclusion chromatography (light scattering, refractive index, and viscosity detectors) and detailed ¹H NMR analyses. A two‐step mechanism is proposed for the evolution of branching according to the dependence of molecular weight and DB on monomer conversion. Controlled radical polymerization proceeds until moderate conversions, mainly producing linear polymers. Subsequent initiation and propagation on the polymerizable allene side chains as well as the coupling of macromolecular chains generate numerous branches at moderate‐to‐high monomer conversions, dramatically increasing the molecular weight of the polymer. AMMA was also explored as a new branching agent to construct poly(methyl methacrylate)‐type hyperbranched polymers by its copolymerization with methyl methacrylate. The DB can be effectively tuned by the amount of AMMA, showing a linear increase trend. The pendent allene groups in the side chains of the copolymers were further functionalized by epoxidation and thiol‐ene chemistry in satisfactory yields. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2959–2969     

高支化聚合物的合成与表征

介绍了近年来在高分子化学领域内十分活跃的高支化聚合物研究的状况。指出了通过ＡＢｘ型单体的缩聚反应和Ａ＝Ｂ－Ｃ＾８型单体的自缩合乙烯都可获得高支化聚合物。目前用以表征高支化聚合物支化度和分子量的方法主要为核心共振法和凝胶渗透色谱法,在实际应用中都存在局限性。     

Hydrophobic coatings from photochemically prepared hydrophilic polymethacrylates via electrospraying

Linear poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐methyl methacrylate) P(HEMA‐co‐MMA) and poly(dimehylaminoethyl methacrylate‐co‐methyl methacrylate) P(DMAEMA‐co‐MMA) and their corresponding hyperbranched copolymers were synthesized by conventional photoinitiated free radical polymerization and self‐condensing vinyl polymerization (SCVP) using Type I and Type II photoinitiators, respectively. Then, the polymers were processed by electrospraying in N, N‐dimethylformamide. The surface of the resulting electrospray coatings was examined by SEM, XPS, and WCA then compared with those prepared by drop casting. Regardless of the structural nature of the polymers, electrospraying allows the preparation of rough surface that shows more hydrophobic behavior. Electrospray coatings with linear and hyperbranched copolymers exhibited WCA as ～150° and ～130°, respectively, indicating that branching reduces the WCA. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017 , 55, 1338–1344     

超支化聚对氯甲基苯乙烯修饰碳纳米管表面的研究

用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)与自缩合乙烯基聚合(SCVP)相结合合成超支化聚合物聚对氯甲基苯乙烯(PCMS),该聚合物每个分枝均以卤素原子封端. 用叠氮化反应将卤素原子转换为—N3. 通过—N3与单壁或复壁碳纳米管反应将超支化聚合物接到碳纳米管的表面上, 实现了碳纳米管的化学修饰. 通过FTIR, XPS, TEM和Raman光谱等证明PCMS是以共价键形式结合到碳纳米管表面上的. 利用TGA估算出碳纳米管表面的修饰密度, 证明用超支化结构大量的端基可反应的官能团可以改善聚合物对碳纳米管的修饰效果.     

Using 2D NMR to determine the degree of branching of complicated hyperbranched polymers

Degree of branching (DB) is a crucial structure parameter of hyperbranched polymers, which can be determined by 1H NMR, quantitative 13C NMR, degradative method, etc. However, for complicated hy-perbranched polymers, intricate structure and severe overlap of spectral signals hinder the determina-tion of DB using traditional methods. In this work, the architecture of complicated hyperbranched polymers has been elucidated with the help of 2D NMR techniques. Using such a method, overlapped NMR signals can be well separated into a two-dimensional space, and additional structural information is also available. Correspondingly, quantitative analysis for complicated systems can be realized. De-termination of DBs for three types of complicated hyperbranched polymers synthesized from step-polymerization, self-condensation vinyl polymerization and self-condensation ring-opening po-lymerization is shown as examples.     

Synthesis of branched polystyrene by ATRP exploiting divinylbenzene as branching comonomer

Branched polystyrenes have been synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene in the presence of divinyllbenzene (DVB) as branching comonomer. The synthesis was completed via facile one pot approach. Mole ratio of styrene to DVB in range of 5:1-30:1 was employed to obtain soluble polymers. The kinetics of the polymerization and evolution of polymer compositions were revealed by determining the conversions of reactants by gas chromatography (GC). The growth of molecular weight was monitored by GPC and the results indicate that the branched polymers were formed by self-condensing vinyl polymerization (SCVP) of AB^∗ monomer or macromonomers. The branched structure of the resulting polymers was confirmed by the remarkable discrepancies of the weight average molecular weights determined by GPC and multi angle laser light scattering (MALLS). The specific viscosity of the resulting polymer is also much lower compared with that of linear analogues. The influence of dosage of initiator and catalyst on the yield and molecular weights of the resulting polymers was also investigated.     

Studies on the Self-condensing Vinyl Polymerization of a Novel Maleimide Inimer

The self-condensing vinyl polymerization(SCVP) of a novel maleimide inimer(initiator-monomer) 1, N-(4-α-bromobutyryloxy phenyl) maleimide with the complex of CuBr/Bipy (2, 2‘-bipyridine) as the catalyst was studied. GPC was used to determine the molecular weight and the results show that the molecular weight increases exponentially with polymerization time during the first hour, and then the rate of increase molecular weight slows down. The molecular weight also increases with increasing dosage of the catalyst. The coincidence of the molecular weights determined by ^1H NMR and GPC proves that the polymer obtained from the SCVP of inimer 1 has a linear structure, whichis further verified by ^13C NMR spectrum. A hyperbranched polymer was obtained by the copolymerization of inimer 1 and styrene.     

Novel hyperbranched polymers synthesized via A3 + B(B′) approach by radical addition‐coupling polymerization

In this study, a novel application of radical addition‐coupling polymerization (RACP) for synthesis of hyperbranched polymers is reported. By Cu/PMDETA‐mediated RACP of 2‐methyl‐2‐nitrosopropane with trimethylolpropane tris(2‐bromopropionate) or a bromo‐ended 3‐arm PS macromonomer, two types of hyperbranched polymers with high degree of polymerization are synthesized under mild conditions, respectively. The chemical structures of the hyperbranched polymers are carefully characterized. By selective degradations of the ester groups and weak bonds of NO? C in the polymers, high degree of alternative connection of the two monomers in the synthesized polymers have been identified. Based on the experimental results, mechanism of formation of the hyperbranched polymer is proposed, which includes formation of carbon radicals from the tribromo monomer through single electron transfer, its capture by 2‐methyl‐2‐nitrosopropane that results in nitroxide radical, and cross‐coupling reaction of the nitroxide radical with other carbon radicals. Hyperbranched polymer can be formed in a step‐growth mode after multiple steps of such reactions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 904–913