空间望远镜主镜的热光学特性分析

主镜是空间望远镜光学系统的重要组成元件,其热光学特性将为光学系统的热控设计提供依据。利用建立在集成分析基础上的热光学分析方法,分析了某空间望远镜主镜在三种不同的温度分布形式,即在径向温度、轴向温度、周向温度梯度的作用下对光学系统成像质量的影响,结合设计的要求,根据计算结果给出了许用温度梯度的范围。     

热致梯度折射率对非球面光学系统成像质量的影响

机载相机在上升过程中,由于温度降低和镜头各部分材料的导热率大小不同,镜头部分会产生温度梯度,从而导致非球面光学系统产生梯度折射率.利用有限元分析软件对镜头部分进行瞬态热分析以模拟机载相机上升过程中温度的变化情况,将有限元分析不同时间节点温度分布结果导入编写的折射率梯度系数拟合程序,将所求解的梯度折射率系数通过镜面类型接口在光学软件中建立光学系统模型,利用点列图的弥散斑半径评价不同时间节点梯度折射率对成像质量的影响.结果表明,机载相机刚升入工作高度时温度梯度最大,对成像质量影响也最严重,梯度折射率系数随着温度梯度系数的降低而降低,同时成像质量提高,该结果对光学系统的设计具有指导意义.     

空间相机光学窗口热光学性能的仿真分析

 空间相机光学窗口与周围环境进行热交换,导致窗口的温度发生不均匀变化,包括整体温度水平的变化以及产生径向温差、周向温差和轴向温差。这些温度梯度将影响相机的光学系统质量。针对某相机光学窗口温度分布不均匀的特点,提出利用非顺序光路建立复杂光瞳的方法对光学窗口进行分区,在各子区域上建立温度的径向分布特征,然后将各子区域的变化再统一到整个元件中,进而评判对整个系统的影响。结果表明,新方法合理可行,温度周向不均匀分布会降低光学系统质量,并且不能完全通过离焦来补偿。     

温度变化导致航天相机光学系统像面位移的研究

温度变化导致的像面位移会影响航天相机光学系统的成像质量。根据高斯光学理论,推导出了温度变化时的相机光学系统的像面位移公式,确定了温度敏感性最低的主、次反射镜的材料及与之相匹配的镜筒材料。最后计算和比较了在不同温度变化时的光学系统的传递函数。     

弹载卡式红外光学系统消热差设计

为了消除环境温度变化对弹载红外光学系统成像质量的影响,设计了一种在3.7 m~4.8 m波段工作的弹载卡塞格林式红外消热差光学系统。利用ANSYS软件分析了整流罩在大气中的受热变形对光学系统成像质量的影响,采用光学被动式消热差法对光学系统在-40℃~+65℃范围内进行了温度补偿。设计结果表明,系统MTF在20 lp/mm时轴外可达0.41以上,不同视场下的弥散斑直径小于一个像元尺寸且系统结构简单。该设计可保证光学系统的像面稳定性,有效提高火控系统对目标探测与识别能力。     

中波红外成像无热化光学系统设计

介绍了温度变化对红外光学系统的影响和红外光学系统无热化设计的常用方法。应用CODE-V光学设计软件设计了一个工作于中红外光谱波段的折射式全球面镜无热化光学系统,采用锗、硅和硒化锌3种光学材料,系统镜间材料为铝合金。设计结果表明:在-40℃～+65℃温度范围内,光学系统的成像质量接近衍射极限,且光学系统的出瞳与光栏重合,具有结构简单、体积小、质量轻、成本低等优点,可应用于空间红外光学系统。     

弹载卡式红外光学系统消热差设计

为了消除环境温度变化对弹载红外光学系统成像质量的影响,设计了一种在3.7μm～4.8 μm波段工作的弹载卡塞格林式红外消热差光学系统.利用ANSYS软件分析了整流罩在大气中的受热变形对光学系统成像质量的影响,采用光学被动式消热差法对光学系统在-40℃～+65℃范围内进行了温度补偿.设计结果表明,系统MTF在20 lp/mm时轴外可达0.41以上,不同视场下的弥散斑直径小于一个像元尺寸且系统结构简单.该设计可保证光学系统的像面稳定性,有效提高火控系统对目标探测与识别能力.     

主动调焦式航空相机物镜光学设计及温度仿真分析

对流层内,环境温度随海拔高度的升高而降低。为了补偿温度变化对成像质量的影响,设计了主动调焦式航空相机物镜:f=400mm、视场角2ω=10°、F数为8、波段460～750nm、总长380mm、后截距150mm;该物镜在常温常压下,调制传递函数(MTF)fMT≥0.52(70lp/mm),接近衍射极限;各视场弥散斑均方根(RMS)直径大小约3.6μm;该相机包括一调焦组,移动范围为±5mm,调焦组每移动0.1mm,焦平面约移动0.026mm。针对设计结果,随后进行了温度水平分析和温度梯度仿真。对于温度水平分析,在-60℃～+60℃下进行了稳态调焦分析,分析结果表明经调焦组主动调焦后,物镜成像质量与常温下相差不多,可成清晰像;于此同时,相机可在调焦完成后,在温度宽度为±16℃的范围内保证像质。对于温度梯度仿真,人为地对各透镜单独设定温度场得到20℃轴向、径向温度梯度,有限元仿真及相应的计算结果表明,经主动式温度调焦后,在温度梯度情况下,相机物镜依然保证成像清晰。     

低温光学系统的研制

低温光学系统对于在空间探测微弱红外目标有重要的意义。无热效应的光学系统设计保证光学系统的像质不受温度变化的影响。有限元分析方法的结构优化设计,在确保光学性能的前提下使系统的重量达到最轻。特殊的制造工艺充分消除零件内部应力。低温检测的结果表明,光学系统的温度从室温降到100K的低温,在温度变化185K的条件下,系统波面误差几乎没有变化,光学系统都能达到衍射极限的成像质量。     

大面阵CCD航空数码相机光学系统设计

充分考虑航空CCD相机工作环境和成像特点,设计了一款具有5000万像素的航空CCD数码相机光学系统,焦距75 mm,F数为4,畸变小于0.1%,工作温度-40℃～60℃.通过重点研究环境温度变化对数码相机光学系统成像质量的影响,提出通过无热优化的方法,保证相机在宽温度范围内具有良好的温度适应性.这种方法既能有效减小光学...     

荧光光谱法研究蛋白质构象的电磁-温度协同效应

长期以来电磁生物效应受到人们普遍关注，近年来从各个角度进行了相关研究。电磁－温度协同效应是当前的热点。本研究通过电磁场及温度协同对蛋白质影响的研究，发现蛋白质在电磁场作用下的不可逆变性，而且这种变性也遵循Arrhenius规律，并进一步得出电磁－温度协同作用的蛋白质变性模型。本文从分子反应动力学的角度解释了电磁－温度协同效应，并对非热效应作了一定的探讨。     

Long-Range Effects on the Pyroelectric Coefficient of Ferroelectric Superlattice

Long-range effects on the pyroelectric coefficient of a ferroelectric superlattice consisting of two differentferroelectric materials are investigated based on the transverse Ising model. The effects of the interfacial coupling andthe thickness of one period on the pyroelectric coefficient of the ferroelectric superlattice are studied by taking intoaccount the long-range interaction. It is found that with the increase of the strength of the long-range interaction, thepyroelectric coefficient decreases when the temperature is lower than the phase transition temperature; the number ofthe pyroelectric peaks decreases gradually and the phase transition temperature increases. It is also found that with thedecrease of the interfacial coupling and the thickness of one period, the phase transition temperature and the number ofthe pyroelectric peaks decrease.     

Determining temperature in a magic-angle spinning probe using the temperature dependence of the isotropic chemical shift of lead nitrate

The calibration of temperature in a magic-angle spinning probe with lead nitrate is discussed. The effects of rotation frequency on temperature are demonstrated.     

Effects of the temperature on steady-state bright spatial solitons in biased centrosymmetric photorefractive crystals

We provide a theoretical investigation of effects of the temperature on the steady-state bright solitons in centrosymmetric photorefractive crystals. Three physical factors related to the effects of the temperature, i.e., the dielectric constant, diffusion process and dark irradiance, are considered. Our results show that both the intensity profile and self-deflection of solitons strongly depend on the crystal temperature and the dielectric constant temperature dependence dominates the process.     

Long—Range Effects on the Pyroelectric Coefficient of Ferroelectric Superlattice

Long-range effects on the pyroelectric coefficient of a ferroelectric superlattice consisting of two different ferroelectric materials are investigated based on the transverse Ising model.The effects of the interfacial coupling and the thickness of one period on the pyroelectric coefficient of the ferroelectric superlattics are studied by taking into account the long-range interaction.It is found that with the increase of the strength of the long-range interaction,the pyroelectric coefficient decreases when the temperature is lower than the phase transition temperature;the mumber of the pyroelectric peaks decreases gradually and the phase transition temperature increases,It is also found that with the decrease of the interfacial coupling and the thickness of one period.the phase transition temperature and the number of the pyroelectric peaks decrease.     

On the cosmological effects of thermal masses in the era 1011K⩾T⩾5xl09K

The cosmological effects of thermal masses of particles (masses induced via interactions at nonzero temperature) as well as ordinary masses are studied. These effects are shown to be negligible for photons. For electrons, however, they modify the dependence of the universe's radiusR and the timet on temperature.     

Thermal effects on the casimir force in the 0.1- 5 &mgr;m range

The vacuum stresses between a metal half-space and a metal sphere were recently measured at room temperature, in the 0.6-6 &mgr;m range, with an estimated accuracy of 5%. In the interpretation it was assumed that the accuracy was not good enough for observing any thermal effects. We claim that thermal effects are important in this separation range and back up this claim with numerical calculations of the Casimir force at zero temperature and at 300 K, based on tabulated optical data of gold, copper, and aluminum. The effects of dissipation and temperature are investigated and we demonstrate the importance of considering these two corrections together.     

Role of the hydrogen in the light-induced defects in undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon

We have investigated the effect of the deposition temperature (i.e. the hydrogen content) on the light-induced effects in undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H). Combined junction capacitance-temperature (C-T), ESR and IR absorption measurements are carried out in both the dark annealed state (A) and the saturated light-soaked state (B), as well as after partial annealing of the samples, starting from state B. The experimental results indicate that the films deposited at the highest substrate temperature (i.e. the lowest H content) exhibit a completely different behaviour from those deposited at lower substrate temperature (i.e. with higher H concentration), when the samples are left for long times at room temperature in the dark after partial annealing. These results are discussed in detail in relation to the different models proposed to explain the light-induced effects in a-Si:H.     

Spin-wave excitations: the main source of the temperature dependence of interlayer exchange coupling in nanostructures

Quantum mechanical calculations based on an extended Heisenberg model are compared with ferromagnetic resonance experiments on prototype trilayer systems Ni(7)/Cu(n)/Co(2)/Cu(001) in order to determine and separate for the first time quantitatively the sources of the temperature dependence of interlayer exchange coupling. Magnon excitations are responsible for about 75% of the reduction of the coupling strength from zero to room temperature. The remaining 25% are due to temperature effects in the effective quantum well and the spacer-magnet interfaces.     

Provide a suitable range to include the thermal creeping effect on slip velocity and temperature jump of an air flow in a nanochannel by lattice Boltzmann method

The thermal creeping effect on slip velocity of air forced convection through a nanochannel is studied for the first time by using a lattice Boltzmann method. The nanochannel side walls are kept hot while the cold inlet air streams along them. The computations are presented for the wide range of Reynolds number, Knudsen number and Eckert number while slip velocity and temperature jump effects are involved. Moreover appropriate validations are performed versus previous works concerned the micro–nanoflows.The achieved results are shown as the velocity and temperature profiles at different cross sections, streamlines and isotherms and also the values of slip velocity and temperature jump along the nanochannel walls. The ability of the lattice Boltzmann method to simulate the thermal creeping effects on hydrodynamic and thermal domains of flow is shown at this study; so that its effects should be involved at lower values of Eckert number and higher values of Reynolds number especially at entrance region where the most temperature gradient exists.