Fundamentals of the nonholonomically covariant formulation of the general theory of relativity

The physical foundations of the nonholonomic formulation of general relativity are determined, and the role of the Fock-Ivanenko coefficients in setting up and developing the tetrad formalism in general relativity is discussed. The physical and geometrical meaning of the nonholonomic transformations used in general relativity is determined.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 12, pp. 55–60, December, 1974.     

The structure of tetrad formalisms in general relativity: The general case

The sets of equations that form the basis for the tetrad formalism approach in general relativity contain considerable redundancy. Papapetrou has determined this redundancy explicitly in the form of three sets of identities and employed these in investigations of the Newman-Penrose tetrad formalism. In this paper Papapetrou's work is reviewed and some of his results that do not seem to be well known are emphasized, along with some general implications. The main new result that is established concerns the Geroch-Held-Penrose formulation of the tetrad formalism. When the sets of equations that are usually used in this formulation are considered in the light of Papapetrou's identities, it is found that certain formal simplifications can be made and that the Geroch-Held-Penrose formulation can be presented more concisely. It is emphasized that the results in this paper apply in the most general case only. Any special cases (e.g., simplified tetrad and/or Riemann tensor) need to be considered separately.     

Gravitational waves in the general theory of relativity. IV

A generalization of the invariant criterion for pure gravitational radiation which was presented earlier is carried out in the tetrad formalism of the general theory of relativity. Its connection with the Petrov algebraic classification and other criteria based on it is established.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9, pp. 15–20, September, 1972.In conclusion the author would like to thank Rodichev and Ivanenko for their constant interest in his work, and also the members of the gravitational seminars directed by Ivanenko, Levashev, and Sokolik for valuable critical observations on the questions here discussed.     

Noether定理与黑洞的质量公式及黑洞熵

运用并发展了协变相空间的Noether荷方法,对于真空广义相对论稳态轴对称黑洞得到:黑洞质量公式是关于Killing向量场和完整Cauchy面上的零Noether荷以及黑洞力学第一定律.对于一大类向量场,利用零标架方法证明在视界附近的约化代数的中心项为零.这表明,Carlip用纯粹对称性分析的方法来解释黑洞熵的微观起源值得商榷.     

The physical meaning of canonical quantization in terms of reference systems

The canonical approach to general relativity in terms of reference systems is discussed to show that Einstein's principles of equivalence and general relativity imply the physical insignificance of quantized general relativity. In particular it is demonstrated that even the (anholonomic) flat-space canonical formalism leads to physically uninterpretable results. This lack of quantum content of general relativity is reflected by Rosenfeld's uncertainty relations and can especially be removed by modifying general relativity in the spirit of classical Einstein-Cartan theory with teleparallelism.     

The Equations of Grand Unified Field Theory in Terms of the Maurer-Cartan Structure Relations of Differential Geometry

The first and second Maurer-Cartan structure relations are combined with the Evans field equation [1] for differential forms to build a grand unified field theory based on differential geometry. The tetrad or vielbein plays a central role in this theory, and all four fields currently thought to exist in nature can be described by the same equations, the tangent space index of the tetrad in general relativity being identified with the tetrad's internal (gauge group) index guage theory.     

On defining the spin moment in the tetrad theory of gravitation

A general definition of the spin moment is presented in the tetrad formulation of the relativistic theory of gravitation; it is based on the conditions for the invariance of the corresponding action integral relative to infinitesimal tetrad transformations (the so-called tetrad spin moment) and infinitesimal coordinate transformations (the so-called coordinate spin moment). It is shown that the tetrad formulation of the general theory of relativity (TFGTR) and the tetrad theory of gravitation (TTG) in a space of absolute parallelism lead to fundamentally different definitions of spin, since in the Riemannian geometry of the TFGTR only the coordinate spin moment is physically meaningful, whereas in the space of absolute parallelism of the TTG only the tetrad spin moment has essential significance. It is also indicated that the Pellegrini-Plebanski theory (PPT) leads to an unsatisfactory hybrid definition of spin in the form of the coordinate spin moment of the gravitational and boson fields and the tetrad spin moment of the gravitational and fermion fields, the gravitational field entering into these spin moments of the PPT with opposite signs.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 68–71, May, 1976.     

Matrix theory of gravitation

A new classical theory of gravitation within the framework of general relativity is presented. It is based on a matrix formulation of four-dimensional Riemann-spaces and uses no artificial fields or adjustable parameters. The geometrical stress-energy tensor is derived from a matrix-trace Lagrangian, which is not equivalent to the curvature scalar R. To enable a direct comparison with the Einstein-theory a tetrad formalism is utilized, which shows similarities to teleparallel gravitation theories, but uses complex tetrads. Matrix theory might solve a 27-year-old, fundamental problem of those theories (Sect. 4.1). For the standard test cases (PPN scheme, Schwarz schild-solution) no differences to the Einstein-theory are found. However, the matrix theory exhibits novel, interesting vacuum solutions.     

Weak equivalence principle and gauge theory of the tetrad gravitational field

The tetrad theory of gravitation corresponding to the Treder formulation of the weak equivalence principle is incompatible with the customary method for constructing a gauge theory for a tetrad gravitational field. In this formulation, the Lagrangian of the nongravitating mass is a direct covariant generalization of the partially relativistic expression to a Riemannian space-time V₄. This incompatibility is at odds with the resutt found in the tetrad formulation of the general theory of relativity derived from the requirement of localization of the Poincaré group.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 4, pp. 18–21, April, 1978.     

大尺度有效引力的E(2)规范理论模型

微波背景辐射的低l极矩的各向异性可能不能用微波背景辐射静止系boost到本动参考系来解释,我们推断boost对称性在宇宙学尺度上缺失,又由于单纯结合广义相对论和物质结构的标准模型不能解释星系以上尺度的引力现象,需要引入暗物质和暗能量.而迄今为止所有寻找暗物质粒子的实验给出的都是否定结果,暗能量的本质更是一个谜.因此,我们假设洛伦兹对称性是从星系以上尺度开始部分破缺,以非常狭义相对论对称群E(2)为例,用E(2)规范理论来构造大尺度有效引力理论,并分析了此规范理论的自洽性.从这些讨论中发现,当物质源即使为普通标量物质时,contortion也一般非零,非零contortion的存在会贡献一个等效能量动量张量的分布,它可能对暗物质效应给出至少部分的贡献.我们从对称性出发修改引力,有别于其他的修改引力理论.     

The teleparallel equivalent of general relativity

A review of the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity is presented. It is emphasized that general relativity may be formulated in terms of the tetrad fields and of the torsion tensor, and that this geometrical formulation leads to alternative insights into the theory. The equivalence with the standard formulation in terms of the metric and curvature tensors takes place at the level of field equations. The review starts with a brief account of the history of teleparallel theories of gravity. Then the ordinary interpretation of the tetrad fields as reference frames adapted to arbitrary observers in space–time is discussed, and the tensor of inertial accelerations on frames is obtained. It is shown that the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian field equations allow us to define the energy, momentum and angular momentum of the gravitational field, as surface integrals of the field quantities. In the phase space of the theory, these quantities satisfy the algebra of the Poincaré group.     

自对偶引力的局部对称性与约束

在Ashtekar形式下，广义相对论的相空间被嵌入到复SU（2）Yang-Mils理论的相空间里．将一般场论中分析局部对称性与约束的方法推广到复的场论，从自对偶Palatini形式的位形空间构造出Ashtekar形式的相空间，进而讨论了位形空间上的局部对称性与相空间上的约束的关系． 关键词：     

Field theoretic constraint formalism

The constraint formalism of classical mechanics is extended to field theories with gauge groups. Explicit examples of Klein-Gordon and Maxwell fields are presented. The symmetry properties of the Maxwell fields have the unexpcted feature in this formalism of forming a first-class algebra which is not Lie, a situation already encountered in the general theory of relativity.     

Localization of gravitational energy

In the general relativity theory gravitational energy-momentum density is usually described by a pseudo-tensor with strange transformation properties so that one does not have localization of gravitational energy. It is proposed to set up a gravitational energy-momentum density tensor having a unique form in a given coordinate system by making use of a bimetric formalism. Two versions are considered: (1) a bimetric theory with a flat-space background metric which retains the physics of the general relativity theory and (2) one with a background corresponding to a space of constant curvature which introduces modifications into general relativity under certain conditions. The gravitational energy density in the case of the Schwarzschild solution is obtained.     

Nonlocal integral conservation laws and tetradic currents in the Einstein-Cartan theory. II. Problem of the gravitational energy and tetradic currents

Einstein-Cartan gravitational field equations are formed as Maxwell equations: the codifferential of the tetrad differential is equal to the conserved tetradic current. This yields local integral conservation laws for any tetrad field and, in particular, allows solving the old problem of the gravitational energy in the general relativity and Einstein-Cartan theories.     

General regular charged space-times in teleparallel equivalent of general relativity

Using a non-linear version of electrodynamics coupled to the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (TEGR), we obtain new regular exact solutions. The non-linear theory reduces to the Maxwell one in the weak limit with the tetrad fields corresponding to a charged space-time. We then apply the energy-momentum tensor of the gravitational field, established in the Hamiltonian structure of the TEGR, to the solutions obtained.