乳液聚合中聚苯胺膜形成的动力学研究

以(NH4)2S2O8(APS)为氧化剂,十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)同时为乳化剂和掺杂剂,采用乳液聚合方法制备聚苯胺膜(PANIfilm),用石英晶体微天平(QCM)实时监测聚苯胺膜的形成过程,并对其动力学过程进行研究.结果表明,聚苯胺成膜反应对APS是0.5级,对苯胺是1级,聚苯胺膜增长速率随温度的升高而增加,而聚苯胺膜的最终沉积量却减小,表观活化能Ea=41.15kJ/mol,与均相溶液聚合成膜法的结果相近;随着DBSA浓度的增加,聚苯胺膜增长速率减小,而最终的沉积量增大.     

盐介质环境对苯胺聚合、产物结构及导电性能的影响

本文研究了苯胺在室温下,以H_2O_2/HCl为氧化体系的聚合过程,深入探讨了不同盐(Na Cl、Cu Cl_2、Ni Cl_2、Fe SO_4、Cu SO_4)介质环境对苯胺聚合速率及产率的影响,并对产物的结构及性能进行了分析表征.结果发现, Na Cl对苯胺聚合具有很好的催化作用,过渡金属Cu~(2+)和Fe~(2+)对苯胺聚合速率提高更显著;在室温下, Cu Cl_2可使苯胺聚合产率达到95%以上,在盐介质影响下,苯胺聚合产物从纤维状转变为短棒状,或以珊瑚状纳米结构及球形粒子出现; Na~+、Cu~(2+)和Ni~(2+)介质环境有利于聚苯胺的掺杂,使其具有一定的导电性, Fe~(2+)介质中产生的芬顿反应降低了苯胺聚合产物的掺杂程度,所制聚苯胺为无定型结构,且主要为还原态,不导电.     

掺杂率对乳液聚合制备聚苯胺结构性能的影响

对乳液聚合的十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)掺杂聚苯胺(PAn)进行不同pH值溶液浸泡处理。采用元素分析、红外光谱分析、X射线衍射及热失重分析等手段，研究了不同掺杂率对PAn结构性能以及PAn在普通有机溶剂中的溶解性能和导电性能的影响。结果表明：随DBSA掺杂率的增加，PAn的电导率及其在三氯甲烷中的溶解度增加，带有烷基长链的DBSA使PAn形成以DBSA为间隔的有序层状结构；而且合成的PAn-DBSA热稳定性良好。     

原位核磁共振技术考察L-缬氨酸导引下合成花状纳米结构聚苯胺形成机理的研究

利用~1H-NMR原位追踪在L-缬氨酸存在下合成花状纳米聚苯胺的形成过程中发现此结构的形成经历3个阶段:首先在苯胺与缬氨酸构成的类胶束结构内聚合成吩嗪类寡聚物;其次通过p-p重叠作用及胶束融合过程成为片状聚集体;最终通过与缬氨酸形成氢键组装成花瓣状纳米聚苯胺.通过改变反应条件,对比形成过程中核磁共振图谱及产物形貌的变化发现花状纳米聚苯胺的形成有如下特征:反应初期L-缬氨酸作为缓冲试剂可以避免苯胺的骤然质子化,有利于生成具有吩嗪结构的寡聚物;反应前苯胺单体与缬氨酸形成稳定的反应环境保证寡聚物始终在其内聚集生长,有效避免了外部环境的影响.     

苯胺齐聚物对聚苯胺微纳米形貌形成的影响

聚苯胺是一种具有优异性能的导电高分子材料,在传感器、防腐、电容器、生物等领域有着广泛的应用前景。化学氧化聚合法是制备聚苯胺的常用方法。苯胺齐聚化是苯胺化学氧化聚合过程中的重要一步,不同条件下生成的齐聚物化学结构及其自组装方式的差异会导致最终聚苯胺的形貌迥异。本文结合目前人们较为认同的聚苯胺微纳米结构形成机理,基于产物形貌分类,综述了在化学氧化过程中的苯胺齐聚化反应和苯胺齐聚物自组装引导聚苯胺微纳米结构的形成,讨论了目前研究中的存在的问题并对今后研究方向进行了展望。     

磁场及反应条件对十二烷基苯磺酸掺杂聚苯胺聚合成膜速率的影响

在恒定磁场(0.6 T)条件下, 采用过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂, 在乳液体系中合成了十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)掺杂的聚苯胺(PAn). 借助石英晶体微天平(QCM)实时监测苯胺(An)在金电极表面聚合成膜过程, 探讨了磁场、APS浓度、DBSA浓度及反应温度对DBSA掺杂聚苯胺聚合成膜速率的影响. 实验结果表明, PAn在金电极表面的成膜速率随磁场强度的增加而增大; 由反应物浓度与PAn成膜速率的关系, 得出相应的动力学反应级数; 由PAn膜的增长速率与温度的关系, 得到成膜过程的活化能为41.08 kJ/mol. 考察了PAn聚合过程的UV-Vis光谱, 并与QCM所得的结果进行了比较. 结果显示, 在相同时间内, 磁场环境下合成的PAn的吸收强度大于无磁环境下合成的PAn.     

石英晶体微天平技术在苯胺乳液聚合动力学研究中的应用

采用石英晶体微天平(QCM)技术, 探讨了在有无磁场条件下, 用过硫酸铵(APS)作为引发剂时苯胺的乳液聚合动力学行为. 研究结果表明, 苯胺的乳液聚合反应速率对苯胺(An)是一级反应; 对APS和十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)均为0.5级反应. 磁场环境中苯胺的聚合速率比在无磁环境中的要快. 在有无磁场条件下, 反应的表观活化能分别为40.4和41.6 kJ/mol. 结果表明, QCM技术可以作为研究An聚合动力学的一种有效方法.     

XPS研究聚苯胺的竞争掺杂行为

采用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）方法对不同反应体系下化学合成的聚苯胺（PANI）的结构和掺杂状况进行了研究。发现盐酸（HCl）掺杂的聚苯胺在样品后处理过程中易发生脱掺杂行为;在十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）和盐酸共存体系下合成聚苯胺时,对阴离子DBS-和Cl-发生竞争掺杂行为。结果表明DBS-与带正电荷聚苯胺链结合,起到了掺杂和诱导聚苯胺可溶性的作用,它的N1s和S2p谱图与单独采用十二烷基苯磺酸（DBSA）掺杂聚苯胺的谱图相似。但SDBS-HCl复合体系比单独采用DBSA体系更为有利。     

聚苯胺/纳米二氧化锰复合材料Ⅱ.形貌表征

通过先用过硫酸铵引发苯胺的聚合,然后再将纳米二氧化锰(nm-MnO2)加入过硫酸铵和苯胺的反应体系中。原住制备了导电聚苯胺／纳米二氧化锰复合材料(PANL／nm-MnO2),并有效地避免了nm-MnO2在苯胺氧化聚合中的消耗。扫描电镜和透射电镜显示复合材料中nm-MnO2为聚苯胺所包裹。X射线衍射研究表明,在复合材料制备过程中nm-MnO2的晶型未发生变化,在复合材料中聚苯胺为非晶相结构。     

掺杂聚苯胺溶致液晶相的产生和表征

聚苯胺（PAN）具有共轭结构,从理论上满足形成液晶相的基本条件［1,2］．但由于聚苯胺难溶、难熔,长期以来对于聚苯胺溶液（尤其是浓溶液）或熔体的研究甚少．近年来,人们采用具有“增塑作用”的大分子功能质子酸对聚苯胺进行掺杂,获得可溶于多种有机溶剂中的掺杂态聚苯胺［3～5］．然而,聚苯胺溶液的结构与性能的特点及能否产生溶致液晶相等问题目前尚未见报道．为此,我们研究了十二烷基苯磺酸（DBSA）掺杂聚苯胺在有机溶剂中形成液晶相的条件,探讨了不同掺杂方法对PAN－DBSA的溶解性及形成液晶棺的影响;采用差式扫描量热分…     

Micelle-assisted synthesis of polyaniline/magnetite nanorods by in situ self-assembly process

Polyaniline/magnetite nanocomposites consisting of polyaniline (PANI) nanorods surrounded by magnetite nanoparticles were prepared via an in situ self-assembly process in the presence of PANI nanorods. The synthesis is based on the well-known chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in an acidic environment, with ammonium persulfate (APS) as the oxidant. An organic acid (dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, DBSA) was used to replace the conventional strong acidic (1 M HCl) environment. Here, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid is used not only as dopant, but also as surfactant in our reaction system. So, DBSA can excellently control the morphology and size of PANI nanorods and magnetite particles. Magnetite particles were formed simultaneously during sedimentation, and the formed nanorods were also decorated by the particles. The resulting PANI/magnetite composites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It is found that PANI/magnetite nanorod composites have uniform size, superparamagnetism and a small mass fraction of magnetite, thermal stabilization even at a higher temperature.     

An investigation into the relationship between the electrical conductivity and particle size of polyaniline in nano scale

Polyaniline nanoparticle (nPANI) was successfully synthesized through ultrasonic-assisted reverse microemulsion polymerization method. The effect of four parameters including concentration of aniline (ANI) as monomer, molar ratio of dodecybenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) as surfactant to ANI, molar ratio of ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as oxidant to ANI and polymerization temperaturewere systematically studied in terms of the structural characterizations of nPANI by applying the Taguchi method of experimental design. Data analysis indicated that there is a dependency between conductivity and particle size in the nanoscale; the maximum conductivity of nPANI was obtained when the diameter of the particles was 30?nm.     

FeCl_3/APS复合氧化剂对乳液法合成聚苯胺动力学行为的影响

采用石英晶体微天平(QCM)技术,探讨了以三氯化铁(FeCl3)和过硫酸铵(APS)为复合氧化剂,十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)为乳化剂和掺杂剂时,苯胺(An)的乳液聚合动力学行为;并通过对产物的循环伏安分析,初步优化了聚合反应条件.结果表明,An的乳液聚合反应对复合氧化剂、An以及DBSA分别为1,0.5和0.5级.各种条件下的循环伏安(CV)图都显示出PAn的三对氧化还原特征峰.当FeCl3与APS物质的量比为2∶1;氧化剂总量与苯胺的物质的量比为3∶1;DBSA浓度为0.05mol/L时,CV测试的峰电流和电导率最大.     

Polyaniline/thermoplastic polyurethane blends: Preparation and evaluation of electrical conductivity

Conducting polymer blends whose undiluted components have different properties are promising materials for specific applications and have attracted interest in recent years. The aim of this study was to obtain and evaluate the electrical conductivity of polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PAni.DBSA)/polyurethane thermoplastic (TPU) blends. The PAni.DBSA was synthesized from DBSA-aniline (DBSAn) salt through an emulsion polymerization in tetrahydrofurane (THF) or in the presence of polyurethane thermoplastic solution, resulting in pure PAni.DBSA or PAni.DBSA/TPU blends. Blends of PAni.DBSA/TPU were also prepared through casting, at room temperature, after dissolving both components in THF as a common solvent. The insulator-conductor transition was very sharp and the percolation threshold was lower than 2.7 wt% of PAni.DBSA. The electrical conductivity of PAni.DBSA/TPU blends, prepared by both methods, reached maximum values at a PAni.DBSA concentration of 40 wt%, close to the value observed for the undiluted conducting polymer. However, for a PAni.DBSA content lower than 30 wt%, the electrical conductivity was dependent on the blend preparation method. Blends were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and optical microscopy. The electrical conducting characteristics of the PAni.DBSA/TPU blends prepared using different procedures indicate a high potential for their successful application in electrical processes.     

沉淀聚合制备磺酸掺杂的聚苯胺

以二丁基萘磺酸(DBNSA)或十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)为有机酸,水为主要反应介质的条件下进行沉淀聚合直接制备有机酸掺杂的聚苯胺(PAn).讨论了酸度、温度和氧化剂用量等反应条件对产物的影响。2L规模扩大实验的产率约为75%～80%,所得PAn具有高电导率(3.0S·cm^-1),并易溶于普通有机溶剂。其中PAn-DBNSA在各方面较具优势。     

Emulsion Polymerization Pathway for Preparation of Polyaniline‐Sulfate Salt,using Non Ionic Surfactant

In this work, aniline was polymerized directly to the polyaniline‐sulfate salt without using a protonic acid. The polyaniline‐sulfate salt was prepared by emulsion polymerization, using a non ionic surfactant such as poly(ethylene glycol)–block poly(propylene glycol)‐block poly(ethylene glycol). In the aniline oxidation process, to give the polyaniline salt by ammonium persulfate, the sulfate ion is generated from ammonium persulfate and doped on to the polyaniline. Ammonium persulfate acts both as an oxidizing agent, as well as the protonating agent in the aniline polymerization process, to give the polyaniline salt. This result indicates that the effect of sulfate ion, generated by ammonium persulfate during oxidation of aniline to the polyaniline salt, may be taken into consideration in the polymerization process of aniline.     

Exploring properties of Polyaniline–SDS dispersion: A rheological approach

The paper describes steady and dynamic rheological characterization of a system in which polyaniline (PAn) is dispersed in aqueous medium by the effect of a surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). During polymerization of aniline in SDS medium, large and agglomerated micelle–polymer structures are formed (supported by TEM and DLS) resulting in high viscosity of the medium. On application of steady shear micellar entanglements are ruptured and the system exhibits yield properties followed by shear thinning. From the frequency dependence of storage and loss modulii (G′ and G″) it seems that the system behaves more like a viscous fluid rather than an elastic liquid. Carrying out the same experiments on another dispersion in which PAn is stabilized by dodecyl benzenesulphonic acid (DBSA), very different viscoelastic response was received. DBSA molecules become counter-ions to PAn chains and this way large and interconnected PAn–DBSA structures are formed by mutual sharing of DBSA anions and PAn chains. This system therefore, exhibits gel like properties and encounters a gel to sol transition at larger deformation. Detailed studies have established that PAn–SDS is a stabilized dispersion that resembles entangled polymeric solutions to some extent while PAn–DBSA is a partially flocculated system. Therefore, rheological response of the system is mainly governed by the mutual orientation of PAn with respect to the micelles rather than the individual properties of the components. None of these systems, however, follow the established Maxwell’s model and a single relaxation time is not obtained. Rather, Rouse model of multiple relaxation times is partially applicable to PAn–SDS dispersion.