清醒猴功能磁共振成像技术平台

功能磁共振成像对脑与认知科学和神经医学的重大推动作用,已为二十多年来数以万计基于人类被试的实验所证实。清醒猴功能磁共振成像因兼具功能磁共振成像和清醒状态非人灵长类动物实验二者的技术特点,在脑科学及脑疾病的研究方面具有独特的优势,近年来在国际脑科学研究中受到了广泛的重视。     

静息状态下脑功能连接的磁共振成像研究

静息状态下脑功能连接的磁共振成像研究近年来取得了迅猛发展. 通过对fMRI信号低频涨落成分的同步性分析,可以得到大脑静息态任意脑区的功能连接和多套网络系统,其中“默认网络”的发现可能为人脑固有网络的研究提供新的思路. 而静息态网络与解剖连接之间可能存在的对应,以及在神经精神疾病患者脑中性质和连接的异常改变,使其具有重要的研究和临床应用价值. 该文总结了静息状态功能磁共振成像的主要研究成果,对静息状态脑功能网络的发现和发展、研究方法、各网络及其特点以及在临床方面的应用进行简单的介绍和分析.     

脑功能磁共振成像在人类嗅觉研究中的应用

在人类的5种主要感觉中,嗅觉是最广泛、古老、直接和内在的感觉.这些特性使人们对人类嗅觉的研究异常艰难,以致于直到今天人们对嗅觉的功能仍不清楚,而对大脑的功能机制所知更少.与其他基于物理原理的方法一样,磁共振成像技术的广泛应用极大地推动了整个生命科学的发展.脑功能磁共振成像的优势(高分辨率、高对比度、无损性和无放射性等)为人们研究嗅觉高级中枢以及与嗅觉相关行为的脑机制等提供了强有力的技术手段.文章在简单介绍嗅觉知识的基础上,着重讨论了近十年来,脑功能磁共振成像技术在人类嗅觉研究中所取得的成果.     

功能磁共振成像技术及其在脑科学研究中的应用

功能磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging,fMRI)是用磁共振成像的方法研究人脑和神经系统的功能,它是磁共振成像的一种应用和深入发展.磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)是核磁共振成像的简称,它是基于核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)这一物理现象发展起来的.1946年物理学家首先发现核磁共振现象,直到70年代初,它一直沿着高分辨核磁共振波谱学的方向发展.1972年达马迪安(R.Damadian)提出磁共振成像的设想,并指出可以用磁共振成像仪扫描人体检查疾病.1973年劳特伯(P.Lauterbur)在<自然>杂志上发表了用试管样品得到的磁共振截面像,显示了磁共振成像的可能性.从此开始了磁共振成像的发展时期.1980年在实验室中获得了足够清晰的有医学诊断意义的人的头部磁共振图像.磁共振成像仪逐渐形成产业,开始进入医院,主要用于观测人体内部解剖学结构,确定肿瘤和其他疾病的位置.1990年对动物的实验表明,有可能用磁共振成像研究大脑功能.1991年发表了第一幅有意义的人的大脑功能的图像,显示出视觉刺激在大脑的反应,开始了脑功能磁共振成像的研究.至今刚刚过了几年的时间,这一研究领域已经得到了迅速发展.     

功能磁共振成像

功能磁共振成像功能磁共振成像（ＦＭＲＩ）是一种利用快速磁共振成像方法探测大脑功能区域的新工具．常规的磁共振成像（ＭＲＩ）是观测高分辨率的大脑的解剖学图像，而ＦＭＲＩ只观测真正执行、控制、监视某一特定功能的那一部分的大脑结构．与已有的其他功能成像方法相...     

脑功能核磁共振成像在精神疾病中的应用

主要介绍了几种脑功能核磁共振成像方法以及在精神疾病中的研究情况.血氧水平依赖fMRI (BOLD-fMRI)是目前应用最广泛的fMRI技术,可利用神经激活后对局部血流的影响,间接显示神经活动.灌注加权成像是直接测定脑血流的fMRI技术,但由于它的时间分辨率比较低,对快速的脑功能难以进行研究.扩散加权象目前主要用于脑缺血的早期诊断,利用该技术也可示踪神经通路.化学位移成像能够检测局部组织代谢产物的含量,可反映不同脑区能量和物质代谢的状况,也是一种脑功能的研究手段.尽管这些技术在神经、心理学领域已经取得非常可喜的进展,目前fMRI在精神疾病方面的工作较少,相信随着技术的改进,fMRI必将在精神疾病方面大显身手.     

人脑功能的磁共振成像

介绍了人脑功能磁共振成像的原理和有关实验技术，评了已经取得的结果，提出了有待研究的问题和建议。     

一种用于fMRI的温度觉刺激装置的设计与验证

介绍了一种用于功能磁共振成像(f MRI)的温度觉刺激装置的设计与验证,该装置能够用于f MRI温度觉的脑功能研究,满足温度觉f MRI实验的自动化刺激要求.整个刺激装置设计了以微控制器为核心的控制电路,通过数据采集卡能够与上位机Lab VIEW软件进行数据通讯,并将获取的数据通过特定的串口协议传递给数字PID温控模块,实现对刺激端温度的精确调控.最后,使用该刺激装置对多名被试进行了温度觉的脑功能实验,实验结果验证了该设计的可行性.     

简易脑功能近红外光谱系统设计

功能近红外光谱(functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS)是一种无损的脑成像技术,经过20年的发展,已广泛应用于认知神经科学研究领域。基于神经血管耦合机制,与功能相关的大脑神经活动增强会引起局部脑血流量的升高,进而引发血液中氧合血红蛋白与脱氧血红蛋白浓度相应的变化,间接反映了大脑中神经激活程度。研制了一套基于多功能采集卡的单通道连续波fNIRS系统。在该系统中,选择激光二极管作为光源具有较好的单色性和较低的发散角,690和830 nm波长的组合有助于降低发色团之间的串扰。频分复用技术用于区分来自不同光源的信号,同时也消除了环境光、工频干扰等特定频率的噪声源。利用LabVIEW软件平台实现了光源的时序控制、自动增益调节、数字正交相干解调,以及数据可视化与存储等功能。屏气和心算实验结果表明,该系统可用于监测大脑局部血红蛋白浓度的实时变化,并可以检测与高级脑功能相关的激活。     

视觉非随意注意的近红外脑功能成像技术与事件相关脑电位检测技术研究

近红外脑功能成像技术(fNIRI)是近年来发展起来的新技术,与心理学研究常用的事件相关脑电位检测技术(ERP)相比,能提供电生理信号之外的与脑功能活动相关的血液动力学信息。设计了非随意注意的经典范式,对同一组被试者分别使用近红外脑功能成像技术和事件相关脑电位检测技术检测其在实验过程中脑活动变化,然后对两种技术检测的结果进行处理和比较分析。结果发现近红外脑功能成像技术测出的非随意注意源定位在前额叶,与其相关P3a脑电皮层分布一致,甚至近红外脑功能成像技术测出的源定位范围可以缩小到Brodmann46区;血液激活先于P3a并在P3a完成后显著增强的现象支持深入研究脑机理的可能性。因此,近红外脑功能成像技术可有效地应用于脑的高级功能研究。     

Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging: methods and applications

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been limited by time-consuming data analysis and a low signal-to-noise ratio, impeding online analysis. Recent advances in acquisition techniques, computational power and algorithms increased the sensitivity and speed of fMRI significantly, making real-time analysis and display of fMRI data feasible. So far, most reports have focused on the technical aspects of real-time fMRI (rtfMRI). Here, we provide an overview of the different major areas of applications that became possible with rtfMRI: online analysis of single-subject data provides immediate quality assurance and functional localizers guiding the main fMRI experiment or surgical interventions. In teaching, rtfMRI naturally combines all essential parts of a neuroimaging experiment, such as experimental design, data acquisition and analysis, while adding a high level of interactivity. Thus, the learning of essential knowledge required to conduct functional imaging experiments is facilitated. rtfMRI allows for brain-computer interfaces (BCI) with a high spatial and temporal resolution and whole-brain coverage. Recent studies have shown that such BCI can be used to provide online feedback of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal and to learn the self-regulation of local brain activity. Preliminary evidence suggests that this local self-regulation can be used as a new paradigm in cognitive neuroscience to study brain plasticity and the functional relevance of brain areas, even being potentially applicable for psychophysiological treatment.     

Integration of fMRI, NIROT and ERP for studies of human brain function

Different methods of assessing human brain function possess specific advantages and disadvantages compared to others, but it is believed that combining different approaches will provide greater information than can be obtained from each alone. For example, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has good spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution, whereas the converse is true for electrophysiological recordings (event-related potentials or ERPs). In this review of recent work, we highlight a novel approach to combining these modalities in a manner designed to increase information on the origins and locations of the generators of specific ERPs and the relationship between fMRI and ERP signals. Near infrared imaging techniques have also been studied as alternatives to fMRI and can be readily integrated with simultaneous electrophysiological recordings. Each of these modalities may in principle be also used in so-called steady-state acquisitions in which the correlational structure of signals from the brain may be analyzed to provide new insights into brain function.     

fMRI在经颅直流电刺激研究中的应用进展

经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）是一种新颖的神经系统疾病治疗手段,可非侵入性调控中枢神经活动.它具有安全、成本低、疗效显著等特点,因此在神经科学等领域被大量研究和应用.功能磁共振成像（fMRI）具备高时空分辨率的优势,近年来被广泛用于tDCS治疗效果的评估及其作用机制的研究.本文从临床研究与动物模型实验两方面总结fMRI技术应用于tDCS研究中的最新进展,并讨论其应用前景.     

网络游戏障碍人群大脑功能网络rich club结构的改变

网络游戏障碍（internet gaming disorder,IGD）极大的影响了青少年的学习与生活．IGD于2013年被纳入《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》第5版（DSM-5）,但其神经机制还不清楚．本研究通过静息态功能磁共振成像研究30例IGD被试以及年龄、性别与之匹配的30例健康对照,分析他们大脑功能网络的rich club结构的差异．结果表明,IGD组和对照组均存在rich club结构,rich club脑区主要包含默认模式、执行控制、突显、感觉运动、听觉与视觉网络中的脑区;同时IGD组的rich club连接增加;此外,IGD组的右侧眶部额下回的度显著高于健康对照组.这些发现表明了IGD人群大脑功能网络的rich club结构发生了改变．     

人脑初级视皮层内事件相关型视觉刺激fMRI BOLD响应特性初步研究

基于脑血氧水平依赖(BOLD)对比的功能磁共振成像（fMRI）方法是研究脑功能活动的一种重要的无损伤探测手段，BOLD的机制及它与脑神经活动关系一直是国际上十分活跃的研究领域，尤其是在实验研究方面. 视觉刺激所引起的脑的初级视皮层(V1) 的BOLD响应的时间特性已有较多的研究，但是在这些研究中，有的结论认为BOLD对视觉刺激的响应是线性的，有的结论却是相反的. 我们采用事件关联型核磁共振功能成像（ER-fMRI）方法，研究不同的短暂视觉刺激持续时间下的BOLD响应，得到了视觉刺激下的脑激活图. 同时找出了视觉刺激时间分别是1、2、3、4、5和6 s的V1区的BOLD响应曲线，并初步显示出BOLD响应与刺激持续时间的线性关系.     

Separating 4D multi-task fMRI data of multiple subjects by independent component analysis with projection

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a widely accepted method to extract brain networks underlying cognitive processes from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. However, the application of ICA to multi-task fMRI data is limited due to the potential non-independency between task-related components. The ICA with projection (ICAp) method proposed by our group (Hum Brain Mapp 2009;30:417–31) is demonstrated to be able to solve the interactions among task-related components for single subject fMRI data. However, it still must be determined if ICAp is capable of processing multi-task fMRI data over a group of subjects. Moreover, it is unclear whether ICAp can be reliably applied to event-related (ER) fMRI data. In this study, we combined the projection method with the temporal concatenation method reported by Calhoun (Hum Brain Mapp 2008;29:828–38), referred to as group ICAp, to perform the group analysis of multi-task fMRI data. Both a human fMRI rest data-based simulation and real fMRI experiments, of block design and ER design, verified the feasibility and reliability of group ICAp, as well as demonstrated that ICAp had the strength to separate 4D multi-task fMRI data into multiple brain networks engaged in each cognitive task and to adequately find the commonalities and differences among multiple tasks.     

Simultaneous EEG and fMRI in the macaque monkey at 4.7 Tesla

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG)/functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) acquisition can identify the brain networks involved in generating specific EEG patterns. Yet, the combination of these methodologies is hampered by strong artifacts that arise due to electromagnetic interference during magnetic resonance (MR) image acquisition. Here, we report corrections of the gradient-induced artifact in phantom measurements and in experiments with an awake behaving macaque monkey during fMRI acquisition at a magnetic field strength of 4.7 T. Ninety-one percent of the amplitude of a 10 microV, 10 Hz phantom signal could successfully be recovered without phase distortions. Using this method, we were able to extract the monkey EEG from scalp recordings obtained during MR image acquisition. Visual evoked potentials could also be reliably identified. In conclusion, simultaneous EEG/fMRI acquisition is feasible in the macaque monkey preparation at 4.7 T and holds promise for investigating the neural processes that give rise to particular EEG patterns.     

Comparison of functional MR-venography and EPI-BOLD fMRI at 1.5 t

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brain using blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast relies on the changes of paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin concentration, which affects brain parenchyma and draining venous vessels. These changes in deoxyhemoglobin concentration in venous vessels can also be monitored using a high-resolution susceptibility-based MR-venography technique. Four volunteers participated in the study in which functional MR-venograms were compared with conventional echo-planar imaging (EPI)-BOLD-fMRI. In all cases, small venous vessels could be identified close to the areas of activation detected by conventional fMRI. In the venograms, task performance (finger tapping) resulted in a loss of venous vessel contrast compared to the resting state, which is consistent with a local decrease of deoxyhemoglobin concentration. MR-venography allows a direct visualization of the BOLD-effect at high spatial resolution. In combination with conventional fMRI, this technique may help to separate the contribution of brain parenchyma and venous vessels in fMRI studies.     

A study on small-world brain functional networks altered by postherpetic neuralgia

Understanding the effect of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) pain on brain activity is important for clinical strategies. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to relate PHN pain to small-world properties of brain functional networks. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to construct functional brain networks of the subjects during the resting state. Sixteen patients with PHN pain and 16 (8 males, 8 females for both groups) age-matched controls were studied. The PHN patients exhibited decreased local efficiency along with non-significant changes of global efficiency in comparison with the healthy controls. Moreover, regional nodal efficiency was found to be significantly affected by PHN pain in the areas related to sense (postcentral gyrus, inferior parietal gyrus and thalamus), memory/affective processes (parahippocampal gyrus) and emotional activities (putamen). Significant correlation (p < 0.05) was also found between the nodal efficiency of putamen and pain intensity in PHN patients. Our results suggest that PHN modulates the local efficiency, and the small-world properties of brain networks may have potentials to objectively evaluate pain information in clinic.