Electrospun octa(3-chloropropyl)-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-modified polyvinylidene fluoride/poly(acrylonitrile)/poly(methylmethacrylate) gel polymer electrolyte for high-performance lithium ion battery

Gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on octa(3-chloropropyl)-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OCP-POSS)-modified polyvinylidene fluoride/poly(acrylonitrile) /poly(methylmethacrylate) (PVDF/PAN/PMMA) fibrous membrane was prepared by electrospinning method to improve the thermal stability of GPE and prevent the leakage of liquid electrolyte for lithium ion battery. The effect of OCP-POSS content on the morphology, porosity and electrolyte uptake, mechanical strength, thermal stability of spinning fibrous membrane and ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability window, and interface resistance of GPE was investigated. The cycle performance of cells assembled with GPE was also tested. The results show that the spinning fibrous membrane with 10 wt% OCP-POSS possesses high electrolyte uptake (660%) and excellent thermal stability. The ionic conductivity of corresponding GPE is 9.23 × 10^?3 S cm^?1 at room temperature and the electrochemical stability window is up to 5.82 V; the interface resistance of 10 wt% OCP-POSS modified GPE decreases by 42% after 168 h compared with pure PVDF/PAN/PMMA GPE. Furthermore, cells assembled with 10 wt% OCP-POSS modified GPE show high discharge capacity (166.5 mA h g^?1 at 0.1 C) and excellent cycle stability during 50 cycles. The results indicate that the GPE could improve the safety of lithium ion battery and show great potential in lithium ion battery applications.     

Preparation and performance characterization of polymer Li-ion batteries using gel poly(diacrylate) electrolyte prepared by in situ thermal polymerization

A gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) was prepared by in-situ thermal polymerization of 1,3-butanediol diacrylate (BDDA) in a EC/EMC/DMC electrolyte solution at 100 °C. The GPE with 15 wt.% polymer content appears as apparently dry polymer with sufficient mechanical strength and shows a high ionic conductivity of 3.2×10^–3 S cm^–1 at 20 °C. The MCMB–LiCoO₂ type polymer Li-ion batteries (PLIB) prepared using this in-situ internal polymerization method exhibit a very high initial charge–discharge efficiency of 92.1%, and can deliver 94.4% of its nominal capacity at 1.0 C rate and 70.7% of its room temperature capacity at –20 °C. Also, the PLIB cells show very good cycling ability with >85% capacity retention after 300 cycles. The excellent charge–discharge properties of the PLIB cells are attributed to the integrated structure in which the polymer matrix spreads over entire region of the cell acting as a strong binder and electrolyte carrier to produce a stabilized electrode–electrolyte interface. In addition, the fabricating process of the polymer cell is quite simple and convenient for practical applications.     

辐照交联法制备锂离子电池用凝胶聚合物电解质及其性能

采用γ-射线辐照交联法制备了具有网络结构的聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯/新戊二醇二丙烯酸酯(PVDF-HFP/NPGDA)基凝胶聚合物电解质(GPE). 考察了不同辐照剂量对凝胶电解质形貌结构、热稳定性和电化学性能的影响以及不同辐照剂量和不同温度下电导率的变化. 结果表明, 随辐照剂量的增加, 凝胶电解质的固化程度提高, 电导率下降. 电导率随温度的变化符合VTF方程. 当辐照剂量为5 kGy 时, 制备的凝胶电解质具有较高的离子电导率和电化学稳定窗口, 室温下分别为7.8×10-3 S·cm-1和4.7 V(vs Li/Li+). 以其为电解质制备的LiMn2O4∣GPE∣Li聚合物锂离子电池具有较好的循环性能.     

一种新型物理交联型凝胶聚合物电解质的制备与表征

以甲氧基聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(MPEGM)和十六烷基聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(HPEGM)为单体, 三乙二醇二甲醚(TEGDME)为增塑剂, 与锂盐(高氯酸锂, LiClO₄)和光引发剂(安息香二甲醚, DMPA)复合制成光敏体系, 经紫外(UV)固化得到物理交联型凝胶聚合物电解质(GPE)薄膜. 用红外(IR)光谱、差热分析(DSC)、拉伸测试和交流阻抗(AC) 等方法对聚合物基体和电解质的性能进行了研究.结果表明: 当共聚物P(MPEGM-co-HPEGM)中HPEGM含量为50%(w)时, 十六烷基链段(C₁₆)在聚氧化乙烯(PEO)链段静电斥力的作用下发生聚集, 自组装形成了物理交联, 提高了共聚物的空间稳定性; 温度和电解质中各组分的含量对电导率均有较大的影响, 综合性能较好的电解质在30℃时电导率可达0.87×10^-3 S·cm^-1; 采用循环伏安法测得该电解质的电化学窗口为0~4.5 V (vs. Li/Li⁺), 可以满足锂离子电池的应用要求; 组装成的LiFePO₄/GPE/Li电池, 在30℃下以0.1 C和0.2 C倍率进行充放电测试, 首次放电容量分别为154.7和148.0 mAh·g^-1.     

一种新型凝胶态聚合物电解质的制备和性能

采用一种新型胶联剂新戊二醇二丙烯酸酯(noepentyl glycol diacrylate, NPGDA)和聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯(poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), PVDF-HFP), 液态电解液组成电解质混合溶液, 然后加入引发剂并加热引发聚合反应制备了一种具有互穿聚合物网络结构的凝胶态聚合物电解质, 可以用于制备聚合物锂离子二次电池. 考察了不同PVDF-HFP/NPGDA质量比对凝胶态聚合物电解质性能的影响. 结果表明, PVDF-HFP/NPGDA质量比可以影响凝胶态聚合物电解质的结构形貌、电化学特性以及聚合物锂离子二次电池的性能. 研究发现, 当m(PVDF-HFP)/m(NPGDA)＝1:1时制备的凝胶态聚合物电解质具有较高的离子电导率和电化学稳定窗口, 室温下分别为6.99×10^-3 S•cm^-1和4.8 V(vs Li⁺/Li), 以其为电解质制备的聚合物锂离子二次电池具有较好的电化学性能.     

Electrospun cellulose acetate/poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibrous membrane for polymer lithium-ion batteries

The membranes for gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) for lithium-ion batteries were prepared by electrospinning a blend of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) with cellulose acetate (CA). The performances of the prepared membranes and the resulted GPEs were investigated, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), porosity, hydrophilicity, electrolyte uptake, mechanical property, thermal stability, AC impedance measurements, linear sweep voltammetry, and charge–discharge cycle tests. The effect of the ratio of CA to PVdF on the performance of the prepared membranes was considered. It is found that the GPE based on the blended polymer with CA:PVdF =2:8 (in weight) has an outstanding combination property-strength (11.1 MPa), electrolyte uptake (768.2 %), thermal stability (no shrinkage under 80 °C without tension), and ionic conductivity (2.61 × 10^?3 S cm^?1). The Li/GPE/LiCoO₂ battery using this GPE exhibits superior cyclic stability and storage performance at room temperature. Its specific capacity reaches up to 204.15 mAh g^?1, with embedded lithium capacity utilization rate of 74.94 %, which is higher than the other lithium-ion batteries with the same cathode material LiCoO₂ (about 50 %).     

锂离子电池PMMA-VAc聚合物电解质的制备与性质研究

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)为单体, 用乳液聚合法合成聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-醋酸乙烯酯聚合物(PMMA-VAc), 并以此聚合物制备了新型聚烯烃膜支撑的聚合物膜及聚合物电解质. 用红外光谱(FTIR)、凝胶色谱(GPC)、差热和热重分析(DSC/TG)、扫描电镜(SEM)及电池充放电实验等方法研究了聚合物、聚合物膜和聚合物电解质的性质. 红外光谱结果表明, MMA与VAc通过各自的C＝C双键打开聚合成PMMA-VAc. PMMA-VAc易于分散在混合碳酸酯溶剂中并形成凝胶, 凝胶粘度随PMMA-VAc浓度的增加而增加, 当浓度为4%时成膜效果最佳. PMMA-VAc膜具有大量的微孔结构, 具有极强的吸液性能. PMMA-VAc膜具有良好的热稳定性: 在380 ℃范围内保持稳定. 聚烯烃膜支撑的PMMA-VAc膜室温下的离子电导率为1.85×10^－3 S•cm^－1, 用作为锂离子电池的聚合物电解质时, 电池具有良好的循环稳定性和倍率性能.     

A novel gel polymer electrolyte based on lithium salt with an ethyl cellulose

A novel gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) that contains Li⁺ ions was fabricated. An appropriate amount of ethyl cellulose (EC) was added to 1 M lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate to prepare the GPE. The ionic conductivity (σ) of the GPE depends on the EC content, and the GPE with an EC content of 4.5 wt.% exhibits a maximum σ of 6.47 mS/cm, a viscosity of 141 mPa?s, and a transmittance of over 80% (visible region) at room temperature. High σ and transparent GPE can be obtained. In this work, the EC was used as natural thickener to enhance the viscosity of the liquid-state electrolyte and could improve the leakage of electrolyte solution.     

热塑性聚氨酯基聚合物电解质的制备与表征

采用非溶剂诱导相转化法（NIPS）制备了热塑性聚氨酯/醋酸纤维素（TPU/CA）新型聚合物隔膜。然后,将隔膜浸入液体电解质中得到TPU/CA凝胶聚合物电解质（GPEs）。研究TPU与CA的质量比对GPEs性能的影响。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、热重（TG）、差示扫描量热（DSC）、线性扫描伏安（LSV）、电化学阻抗（EIS）等对TPU/CA膜进行表征。结果表明,在共混隔膜中引入CA可以降低TPU的结晶度,增加隔膜的吸液率。其中,室温下TPU/CA = 7/3基电解质的离子电导率为1.04 mS·cm^-1,电化学窗口为5.1 V(vs. Li/Li⁺)。组装的电池LiFePO₄/TPU/CA/Li在0.5 C循环100次后,仍具有较高的放电比容量和较好的容量保持率,具有良好的循环稳定性。这些结果表明,这种新型的TPU/CA共混GPEs是锂离子电池的理想选择。     

新型锂离子电池聚合物电解质的制备

应用倒相法,以PVDF-HFP(偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯)的混合物为基体制备锂离子电池电解质基质,制得的多孔PVDF基质薄膜具有优良的化学性能及机械性能,其拉伸强度为10²kg/cm²,吸附锂离子电池电解液(1mol/LLiPF₆的EC/DEC溶液)的能力达到自身重量的350%以上,吸液后其室温电导率在10-3S/cm以上,用它组装成原理电池以后呈现了良好的电化学性能.     

MCM-48改性PVDF-HFP复合多孔型聚合物电解质

采用倒相法,以MCM-48介孔分子筛作填料,由偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯的共聚物(PVDF-HFP)制备一种复合多孔型聚合物电解质.其离子电导率比未改性的PVDF-HEP提高了约97%(从0.89mS/cm提高到1.75mS/cm),离子迁移数提高约39%(从0.57提高到0.79),且聚合物的结晶度和电化学稳定性没有明显改变.由该复合聚合物电解质组装的扣式电池首次充放电效率为91%,经过30次循环后,容量几乎没有衰减;1C放电容量为0.1C放电容量的80%.     

基于静电纺丝和静电喷射技术的P(VDF-HFP)/Al2O3/P(VDF-HFP)复合隔膜的制备与电化学性能分析

通过静电纺丝和静电喷射技术, 将三氧化二铝(Al₂O₃)纳米颗粒沉积在两层聚四氟乙烯六氟丙烯[P(VDF-HFP)]静电纺丝隔膜之间, 制备出了具有“三明治”结构的P(VDF-HFP)/Al₂O₃/P(VDF-HFP)复合锂离子电池隔膜. 分析了隔膜的形态结构、 热收缩性能、 拉伸性能、 电化学性能以及隔膜在电池中的循环性能. 测试结果表明, 该复合隔膜比纯P(VdF-HFP)膜拥有更高的吸液率, 隔膜更容易吸收电解液从而形成凝胶聚合物电解质(GPEs). 该复合隔膜的拉伸强度在4 MPa左右, 相对应的断裂伸长率为261.57%. 复合隔膜在室温下的离子电导率为1.61×10^-3 S/cm, 且表现出了较高的电化学稳定性(电化学稳定窗口达到5.4 V). 在电池的循环测试中, 使用钴酸锂(LiCoCO₂)作为正极材料, 由该复合隔膜组装的电池的首次放电比容量达到了理想的水平, 为145 mA·h·g^-1.     

Adaptation of electrodes and printable gel polymer electrolytes for optimized fully organic batteries

Despite intensive scientific efforts on the development of organic batteries, their full potential is still not being realized. The individual components, such as electrode materials and electrolytes, are in most cases developed independently and are not adjusted to each other. In this context, we report on the performance optimization of a full-organic solid-state battery system by the mutual adaptation of the electrode materials and an ionic liquid (IL)-based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). The formulation of the latter was designed for a one-step manufacturing approach and can be applied directly to the electrode surface, where it is UV-cured to yield the GPE without further post-treatment steps. Herein, a special focus was placed on the applicability in industrial processes. A first significant capacity increase was achieved by the incorporation of the IL into the electrode composite. Furthermore, the GPE composition was adapted applying acrylate- and methacrylate-based monomers and combinations thereof with the premise of a fast curing step. Furthermore, the amount of IL was varied, and all combinations were evaluated for their final performance in cells. The latter variation revealed that a high ionic conductivity is not the only determining factor for a good cell performance. Next to a sufficient conductivity, the interaction between electrode and electrolyte plays a key role for the cell performance as it enhances the accessibility of the counter ions to the redox-active sites.     

Preparation and performance analysis of PE-supported P(AN-co-MMA) gel polymer electrolyte for lithium ion battery application

Copolymer, poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl methacrylate) (P(AN-co-MMA)), was synthesized by solution polymerization with different mole ratios of monomers, acrylonitrile (AN) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). Polyethylene (PE) supported copolymer and gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) were prepared with this copolymer and their performances were characterized with FTIR, TGA, SEM, and electrochemical methods. It is found that the GPE using the PE-supported copolymer with AN to MMA = 4:1 (mole) exhibits an ionic conductivity of 2.06 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature. The copolymer is stable up to 270 °C. The PE-supported copolymer shows a cross-linked porous structure and has 150 wt% of electrolyte uptake. The GPE is compatible with anode and cathode of lithium ion battery at high voltage and its electrochemical window is 5.5 V (vs. Li/Li⁺). With the application of the PE-supported GPE in lithium ion battery, the battery shows its good rate and initial discharge capacity and cyclic stability.     

Room temperature cross-linkable gel polymer electrolytes for lithium ion batteries by in situ cationic polymerization of divinyl ether

We demonstrated room temperature cross-linkable gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) prepared by in situ cationic polymerization of tri(ethylene glycol) divinyl ether (TEGDVE) with LIBF₄ that yields protonic acid and Lewis acid as an acidic initiating system by the reaction with water as an impurity in the liquid electrolyte. FTIR analysis reveals that TEGDVE in the liquid electrolyte is successfully polymerized into gel polymer electrolyte. The resulting gel polymer electrolyte showed promising electrochemical properties including ionic conductivity, wide range in working potential and stable cycle performance as a lithium ion conducting medium.     

Flexible lithium metal capacitors enabled by an in situ prepared gel polymer electrolyte

The rapid development of next-generation flexible electronics stimulates the growing demand for flexible and wearable power sources with high energy density. Li metal capacitor (LMC), combining with a Li metal anode and an activated carbon cathode, exhibits extremely high energy density and high power density due to the unique energy storage mechanism, thus showing great potential for powering wearable electronic devices. Herein, a flexible LMC based on an in situ prepared PETEA-based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) was reported for the first time. Owing to the high ionic conductivity of PETEA-based GPE (5.75 × 10⁻³ S/cm at 20 °C), the assembled flexible LMC delivers a high capacitance of 210 F/g at 0.1 A/g within the voltage range from 1.5 V to 4.3 V vs. Li/Li⁺, a high energy density of 474 Wh/kg at 0.1 A/g and a high power density of 29 kW/kg at 10 A/g. More importantly, PETEA-based GPE endows the LMC with excellent flexibility and safety, which could work normally under abuse tests, such as bending, nail penetration and cutting. The in situ prepared PETEA-based GPE simplifies the fabrication process, avoids the risk of leakage and inhibits the growth of Li dendrite, making LMC a promising flexible energy storage device for the flexible electronic field.     

Nanocomposite blend gel polymer electrolyte for proton battery application

A proton-conducting nanocomposite gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) system, [35{(25 poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) + 75 poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP))?+?xSiO₂}?+?65{1 M NH₄SCN in ethylene carbonate (EC) + propylene carbonate (PC)}], where x?=?0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12, has been reported. The free standing films of the gel electrolyte are obtained by solution cast technique. Films exhibit an amorphous and porous structure as observed from X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) studies indicate ion–filler–polymer interactions in the nanocomposite blend GPE. The room temperature ionic conductivity of the gel electrolyte has been measured with different silica concentrations. The maximum ionic conductivity at room temperature has been observed as 4.3?×?10^?3?S?cm^?1 with 2 wt.% of SiO₂ dispersion. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity shows a typical Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) behavior. The electrochemical potential window of the nanocomposite GPE film has been observed between ?1.6 V and 1.6 V. The optimized composition of the gel electrolyte has been used to fabricate a proton battery with Zn/ZnSO₄·7H₂O anode and PbO₂/V₂O₅ cathode. The open circuit voltage (OCV) of the battery has been obtained as 1.55 V. The highest energy density of the cell has been obtained as 6.11 Wh?kg^?1 for low current drain. The battery shows rechargeability up to 3 cycles and thereafter, its discharge capacity fades away substantially.     

Enhanced electrochemical properties of a novel polyvinyl formal membrane supporting gel polymer electrolyte by Al2O3 modification

Polyvinyl formal (PVFM)‐based dense polymer membranes with nano‐Al₂O₃ doping are prepared via phase inversion method. The membranes and also their performances as gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) for lithium ion battery are studied by field emission scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, mechanical strength test, electrolyte uptake test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and charge–discharge test. The polymer membrane with 3 wt % nano‐Al₂O₃ doping shows the improved mechanical strength of 12.16 MPa and electrolyte uptake of 431.25% compared with 10.47 MPa and 310.59% of the undoped sample, respectively. The membrane absorbs and swells liquid electrolyte to form stable GPE with ionic conductivity of 4.92 × 10^?4 S cm^?1 at room temperature, which is higher than 1.77 × 10^?4 S cm^?1 of GPE from the undoped membrane. Moreover, the Al₂O₃‐modified membrane supporting GPE exhibits wide electrochemical stability window of 1.2–4.8 V (vs. Li/Li⁺) and good compatibility with LiFePO₄ electrode, which implies Al₂O₃‐modified PVFM‐based GPE to be a promising candidate for lithium ion batteries. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014 , 52, 572–577     

“Water-in-salt”聚合物电解质制备及其电化学性能研究

为提高柔性锂离子电池安全性和循环稳定性能,本实验以自由基聚合结合冷冻干燥得到的聚丙烯酰胺膜为电解质载体,引入21 mol·kg^-1 LiTFSI 高浓度电解液,得到“water-in-salt”聚合物电解质。通过聚合物膜的形貌和孔道结构表征,红外光谱分析,离子电导率及电化学稳定窗口测试等对其基本物化特性进行了研究。冷冻干燥得到的聚丙烯酰胺膜内部具有大量微孔结构,有利于电解液的载入。将该吸附了电解液的聚合物电解质膜与锰酸锂(LiMn₂O₄)正极和磷酸钛锂(LiTi₂(PO₄)₃)负极组装全电池进行充放电性能测试。结果表明,制得的柔性聚合物电解质具有良好的拉伸性能,高离子电导率(20°C,4.34 mS·cm^-1)和宽电化学稳定窗口(3.12 V)。以“water-in-salt”聚合物电解质为隔膜组装的LiMn₂O₄||LiTi₂(PO₄)₃ 全电池表现出优异的倍率性能和长循环稳定性。     

PVA碱性凝胶聚合物电解质薄膜电化学稳定性研究

应用溶解—铸膜法制备聚乙烯醇(polyvinylalcohol,PVA)碱性凝胶聚合物电解质(gelpolymerelectrolyte,GPE)薄膜.交流阻抗(EIS)测试表明,随着KOH含量的增加,该薄膜的离子电导率表现为先增大而后减小的变化趋势,当KOH含量为42%(bymass,下同)时,电导率达到最大值,为2.01×10-3S/cm.X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明,当膜中KOH含量大于20%时,晶态的PVA就逐渐转变为非晶态结构.又当KOH含量增加到一定值后,由于体系中未电离的非晶态KOH量的增多而导致离子电导率下降.循环伏安(CV)和拉曼光谱(Raman)结果表明,该薄膜具有很好的电化学稳定性,可应用于碱性二次电池.