Novel amphiphilic graft copolymers bearing hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) backbones and hydrophobic poly(butyl methacrylate) side chains

A novel amphiphilic graft copolymer consisting of hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) backbones and hydrophobic poly(butyl methacrylate) side chains was synthesized by successive atom transfer radical polymerization followed by hydrolysis of poly‐(methoxymethyl acrylate) backbone. A grafting‐from strategy was employed for the synthesis of graft copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (polydispersity index < 1.40). Hydrophobic side chains were connected to the backbone through stable C? C bonds instead of ester connections. Poly(methoxymethyl acrylate) backbone was easily hydrolyzed to poly(acrylic acid) backbone with HCl without affecting the hydrophobic side chains. The amphiphilic graft copolymer could form stable micelles in water. The critical micelle concentration in water was determined by a fluorescence probe technique. The morphology of the micelles was preliminarily explored with transmission electron microscopy and was found to be spheres. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6857–6868, 2006     

Synthesis of double hydrophilic graft copolymer containing poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(methacrylic acid) side chains via successive ATRP

A well‐defined double hydrophilic graft copolymer, with polyacrylate as backbone, hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(methacrylic acid) as side chains, was synthesized via successive atom transfer radical polymerization followed by the selective hydrolysis of poly(methoxymethyl methacrylate) side chains. The grafting‐through strategy was first used to prepare poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate] comb copolymer. The obtained comb copolymer was transformed into macroinitiator by reacting with lithium diisopropylamine and 2‐bromopropionyl chloride. Afterwards, grafting‐from route was employed for the synthesis of poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate]‐g‐poly(methoxymethyl methacrylate) amphiphilic graft copolymer. The molecular weight distribution of this amphiphilic graft copolymer was narrow. Poly(methoxymethyl methacrylate) side chains were connected to polyacrylate backbone through stable C? C bonds instead of ester connections. The final product, poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate]‐g‐poly(methacrylate acid), was obtained by selective hydrolysis of poly(methoxymethyl methacrylate) side chains under mild conditions without affecting the polyacrylate backbone. This double hydrophilic graft copolymer was found be stimuli‐responsive to pH and ionic strength. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4056–4069, 2008     

A successive route to amphiphilic graft copolymers with a hydrophilic poly(3‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate) backbone and hydrophobic polystyrene side chains

A successive method for preparing novel amphiphilic graft copolymers with a hydrophilic backbone and hydrophobic side chains was developed. An anionic copolymerization of two bifunctional monomers, namely, allyl methacrylate (AMA) and a small amount of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), was carried out in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with 1,1‐diphenylhexyllithium (DPHL) as the initiator in the presence of LiCl ([LiCl]/[DPHL]₀ = 2), at −50 °C. The copolymer poly(AMA‐co‐GMA) thus obtained possessed a controlled molecular weight and a narrow molecular weight distribution (M_w /M_n = 1.08–1.17). Without termination and polymer separation, a coupling reaction between the epoxy groups of this copolymer and anionic living polystyrene [poly(St)] at −40 °C generated a graft copolymer with a poly(AMA‐co‐GMA) backbone and poly(St) side chains. This graft copolymer was free of its precursors, and its molecular weight as well as its composition could be well controlled. To the completed coupling reaction solution, a THF solution of 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane was added, and this was followed by the addition of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide. This hydroboration changed the AMA units of the backbone to 3‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate, and an amphiphilic graft copolymer with a hydrophilic poly(3‐hydroxypropyl methacrylate) backbone and hydrophobic poly(St) side chains was obtained. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 1195–1202, 2000     

PAA-g-PVAc Amphiphilic Graft Copolymer Synthesized by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

A new amphiphilic graft copolymer containing hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) backbone and hydrophobic poly(vinyl acetate) side chains was synthesized via sequential atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) followed by selective hydrolysis of poly(methoxymethyl acrylate) backbone. Grafting‐from strategy was employed to synthesize PMOMA‐g‐PVAc graft copolymer (M_w/M_n=1.64) via ATRP. The final PAA‐g‐PVAc amphiphilic graft copolymer was obtained by selective acidic hydrolysis of PMOMA backbone in acidic environment without affecting the side chains. The critical micelle concentrations (cmc) in aqueous media were determined by a fluorescence probe technique. The micelle morphologies were found to be spheres.     

A starlike amphiphilic graft copolymer with hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) backbones and hydrophobic polystyrene side chains

A well‐defined starlike amphiphilic graft copolymer bearing hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) backbones and hydrophobic polystyrene side chains was synthesized by successive atom transfer radical polymerization followed by the hydrolysis of poly‐(methoxymethyl acrylate) backbone. A grafting‐from strategy was employed for the synthesis of a graft copolymer with narrow molecular weight distribution. Hydrophobic polystyrene side chains were connected to the backbones through stable C? C bonds. The poly(methoxymethyl acrylate) backbones can be easily hydrolyzed with HCl without affecting the hydrophobic polystyrene side chains. This kind of amphiphilic graft copolymer can form stable sphere micelles in water. The sizes of the micelles were dependent on the ionic strength and pH value. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3687–3697, 2007     

氯化原位接枝反应制备羟基官能化CPE——结构表征

以高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)为基体,采用气-固氯化原位接枝反应合成了以氯化聚乙烯(CPE)为骨架聚合物、丙烯酸-2羟基乙酯(HEA)为支链的接枝共聚物.反应中不需要加入任何引发剂,以氯自由基引发接枝及氯代反应,得到羟基官能化CPE接枝聚合物.并用1H-NMR,FT-IR,GPC及X-射线衍射等对接枝共聚物的结构进行了表征.     

Random grafting statistics in graft distribution analysis

Graft distribution functions have been derived from random grafting statistics. Among the functions, the weight fraction of ungrafted backbone chains, the molecular weight distribution of the ungrafted backbone chains and the GPC apparent molecular weight distribution of the graft copolymer have been found to agree with experimental values determined for a graft copolymer system in which grafting was expected to be random. The other functions, which are not directly measurable, are therefore probably also correct. In analytical work the entire set of graft distribution functions may be computed for a graft copolymer system from the following experimental data: (1) molecular weight distribution of the starting backbone chains; (2) the chemical composition of the mixture of the graft copolymer and ungrafted backbone; (3) the graft side-chain molecular weight distribution, which may be assumed to be identical to that of the ungrafted homopolymer separable from the reaction mixture.     

Amphiphilic polymer gel electrolytes. I. preparation of gels based on poly(ethylene oxide) graft copolymers containing different ionophobic groups

Amphiphilic graft copolymers were prepared via the radical copolymerization of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macromonomers with fluorocarbon or hydrocarbon acrylates in toluene with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. ¹H NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the composition of the graft copolymers corresponded well to the monomer feed. For gel electrolytes prepared from the amphiphilic copolymers, the nature of the ionophobic parts of the amphiphilic graft copolymers had a great influence on the ion conductivity. Gel electrolytes based on graft copolymers containing fluorocarbon side chains showed significantly higher ion conductivity than electrolytes based on graft copolymers containing hydrocarbon groups. The ambient‐temperature ion conductivity was about 2.6 mS/cm at 20 °C for a gel electrolyte based on an amphiphilic graft copolymer consisting of an acrylate backbone carrying PEO and fluorocarbon side chains. Corresponding gels based on graft copolymers with PEO side chains and hydrocarbon groups showed an ambient‐temperature ion conductivity of about 1.2 mS/cm. The gel electrolytes contained 30 wt % copolymer and 70 wt % 1 M LiPF₆ in an ethylene carbonate/γ‐butyrolactone (2/1 w/w) mixture. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2223–2232, 2001     

Synthesis of polyallene‐based graft copolymer via 6‐methyl‐1,2‐heptadien‐4‐ol and styrene

A series of well‐defined graft copolymers with a polyallene‐based backbone and polystyrene side chains were synthesized by the combination of living coordination polymerization of 6‐methyl‐1,2‐heptadien‐4‐ol and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene. Poly(alcohol) with polyallene repeating units were prepared via 6‐methyl‐1,2‐heptadien‐4‐ol by living coordination polymerization initiated by [(η³‐allyl)NiOCOCF₃]₂ firstly, followed by transforming the pendant hydroxyl groups into halogen‐containing ATRP initiation groups. Grafting‐from route was employed in the following step for the synthesis of the well‐defined graft copolymer: polystyrene was grafted to the backbone via ATRP of styrene. The cleaved polystyrene side chains show a narrow molecular weight distribution (M_w/M_n = 1.06). This kind of graft copolymer is the first example of graft copolymer via allene derivative and styrenic monomer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5509–5517, 2007     

Synthesis and characterization of pH‐sensitive and thermosensitive double hydrophilic graft copolymers

A series of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐co‐poly(N^ε‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐L ‐lysine) graft copolymers (PNIPAm‐co‐PZLLys) with different side chains (degree of polymerization, DP = 5～40) and unit ratios (from 30 to 70 mol %) were prepared via free radical polymerization, followed by cleaving benzyloxycarbonyl groups (Z groups) to obtain the double hydrophilic graft copolymer, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐co‐poly(L ‐lysine) (PNIPAm‐co‐PLLys). The pH‐ and temperature‐response properties of the graft copolymers in aqueous solution were studied. The experimental results indicate L15‐N30 and L15N‐70, that is, the PNIPAm‐co‐PLLys having the poly(L ‐lysine) of DP = 15 as side chains as well as 30 and 70 mol %, respectively, of PNIPAm as backbone, have coil‐to‐helix transitions from pH 6 to pH 12 at room temperature and form uniform nanoscale micelle‐like dispersions in aqueous solution at pH 12. The graft copolymers also could form uniform and nanoscale micelle‐like structures at 50 °C in pH 6 buffer solution due to slightly polymer aggregation. With temperature and pH increased, both the deprotonated PLLys side chains and PNIPAm backbone become hydrophobic, leading to polymer precipitation. These results illustrate that a double tunable hydrophilic graft copolymer had been successfully synthesized via a simple radical polymerization, and could form micelles without serious polymer aggregation at a lower pH and a higher temperature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Solution behavior of polyimide‐graft‐polystyrene copolymers in selective solvents

A polyimide‐graft‐polystyrene (PI‐g‐PS) copolymer with a polyimide backbone and polystyrene side chains was synthesized by the “grafting from” method using styrene polymerization on a polyimide multicenter macroinitiator via ATRP mechanism. The side chain grafting density z = 0.86 of PI‐g‐PS is rather high for graft‐copolymers synthesized by the ATRP method. Molecular characteristics and solution behavior of PI‐g‐PS were studied in selective solvents using light scattering and viscometry methods. In all solvents, the backbone tends to avoid contact with a poor solvent. To describe the conformation and hydrodynamic properties of PI‐g‐PS macromolecules in thermodynamically good solvents for side chains and PI‐g‐PS, the wormlike spherocylinder model is used. Macromolecules of the studied graft‐copolymer are characterized by high equilibrium rigidities (Kuhn segment length >20 nm). In Θ‐conditions, PI‐g‐PS macromolecules may be modeled by a rigid prolate ellipsoid of revolution with a low asymmetry form and a collapsed backbone as the ellipsoid core. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014 , 52, 1539–1546     

氯化原位接枝制备CPE-g-MMA接枝共聚物

氯化原位接枝制备CPE-g-MMA接枝共聚物;接枝共聚物结构;氯化原位接枝;力学性能     

Acidic solution properties of beta-casein-graft-dextran copolymer prepared through Maillard reaction

The copolymer of beta-casein-graft-dextran was prepared using the Maillard reaction and the acidic solution properties of the copolymer were studied with dynamic light scattering. At pH range 4-5 where is close to the isoelectric point of beta-casein, the copolymer forms micelles which are spherical verified by atomic force microscopy imaging. The size and existent time of the micelles depend on the graft degree and the length of dextran side chains of the copolymers. During storage at pH 4.6, the micelles formed by the copolymers with short side chains and low graft degree tend to precipitate, while the micelles formed by the copolymers with long side chains and high graft degree tend to dissociate. The micellization of the copolymers can be suppressed by adding NaCl. Optical microscopy and turbidity studies show that the copolymers dissolved in molecular state and with higher hydrophilicity have better emulsifying ability.     

聚苯乙烯大单体与丙烯酸酯接枝共聚物对聚苯乙烯表面的改性研究

研究了由大单体技术合成的侧链为聚苯乙烯、骨架由丙烯酸丁酯或甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯/丙烯酸丁酯组成的接枝共聚物对聚苯乙烯的表面改性效果(试样浇注于玻璃纸上成膜)。发现仅添加0.5wt％的接枝共聚物就可完全改变聚苯乙烯膜两面的临界表面张力γ-c与表面能中的色散力部份γ_s~D,少量添加的接枝共聚物在改性聚苯乙烯膜的两面呈现出明显的表面富集现象。虽然两类接枝共聚物的极性有较大的差异,但改性聚苯乙烯成膜后的自由表面均显示出与聚丙烯酸丁酯相同的低表面能(γ_s~D=37×10~(-3)牛顿·米~(-1)),而添加三元接枝共聚物的改性膜与玻璃纸接触的表面却具有高于聚苯乙烯的表面能|(γ_s~D=54×10(-3)牛顿·米~(-1))。这种改性膜的两面具有不同的表面能是由于接枝共聚物中不同的组分在膜的两面富集所致,已通过ESCA的表面测试结果证实,并与按Gibbs吸附式的计算值相符。     

Synthesis and Characterization of Butyl Acrylate-based Graft Polymers with Thermo-responsive Branching Sites via the Diels-Alder Reaction of Furan/Maleimide

Thermo-responsive butyl acrylate/furfuryl methacrylate copolymer-based(PBF backbone) graft(co)polymers with dynamic covalent linkages between their backbones and side chains via the Diels-Alder reaction of furan/maleimide were synthesized. Atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP) was used to synthesize graft copolymers with thermo-responsive transformation from graft copolymers to linear polymers with bimodal or wide MWD. The NMR measurements indicated that the Diels-Alder reaction and retroDiels-Alder reaction occurred, depending on the change of the temperature, meaning that the side chains could be cleaved and reformed according to the variation of the temperature. GPC measurements demonstrated that the molecular weights of the polymers were thermoresponsive. Furthermore, three graft copolymers with various branching chains(PBF-g-PBA, PBF-g-P(BMA-co-MA) and PBF-g-PBMA)were compared to study the influence of compatibility between the backbone and the branching chain on the efficiency of Diels-Alder reaction after the cleavage of the DA linkage. The results showed that the ability of the side chains to come back to the main chain was strongly affected by the compatibility between the backbone and the side chains and the flexibility of the polymer chains.     

Biomedical behavior of some amino-containing polymers in contact with blood constituents

The present paper is concerned with studies for elucidation of the relationship between the structure of HA copolymers and their adsorption property toward lymphocyte subpopulations, B cell and T cell. HA is a polyamine graft copolymer of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) as the backbone. In the earlier part of this paper, discussion will be made on our synthetic approach to HA copolymers having polyamine graft chains of controlled length and number, while, in the later part, the outline of our recent studies of biomedical behavior of HA copolymers in terms of selective adsorption of B cell against T cell will be presented. A possible mechanism for the cell separation will also be discussed.     

Amphiphilic Graft Copolymers as Phase-Transfer Catalysts in a Solid-Liquid System

Abstract

Amphiphilic graft copolymers consisting of a hydrophobic backbone and poly(oxyethylene) (PEO) side chains were employed as solidliquid phase-transfer catalysts (PTC) in the substitution of octylbromide by solid potassium phenoxide in toluene. A wide variety of structures were synthesized via ester substitution of poly(phthalimidoacrylate) (PPIA) or poly(phthalimidoacrylate-co-styrene) [poly(PIA-co-St)] with amino-functionalized methoxy-PEO (MPEO-NH₂). The phase-transfer catalytic activity (PTA) of these soluble graft copolymers was studied as a function of the structure of the backbone, the length of the side chains, and the graft density. The graft copolymers of a high degree of grafting showed PTA higher than that of parent PEOs. GPC was used to study the behavior of the graft copolymers in toluene at 90°C. It is believed that the phase-transfer reaction is accelerated in the PEO microphase.     

Synthesis and Some Properties of Graft Copolymers with Uniform Polyoxyethylene Side Chains

Abstract

Graft copolymers with uniform polyoxyethylene (PEO) side chains were synthesized by transesterification of poly(methyl, ferf-butyl fumarate) (PMtBF) or poly(methyl, tert-butyl fumarate-co-styrene) poly-(MtBF-co-St) with potassium alkoxide of PEO monoether. The grafting efficiency increased with enhanced alkoxide reactivity, but the main factor in the ester exchange proved to be the structure of the backbone. This effect was ascribed to the thermodynamic incompatibility between fumaric polymers and PEO. The polymers were characterized by spectral methods, GPC, and DSC. In THF the graft copolymers comprising a polyfumarate backbone with PEO side chains eluted at higher elution volumes than did the backbone homopolymers. In benzene their intrinsic viscosities were lower than those of the backbones. In aqueous eluents, micelles were detected, and their aggregation number depended on the composition of the copolymer and the eluent.     

聚醋酸乙烯酯和共聚物大分子引发剂引发异丁烯正离子接枝共聚合反应

以AIBN为引发剂,通过自由基聚合方法先合成一定分子量(Mn=1.9×104g mol)和分子量分布(MWD,Mw Mn<2.5)的聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)和醋酸乙烯酯(VAc)与醋酸异丙烯酯(IPAc)的无规共聚物聚(PVIPA).再以PVAc或PVIPA作为大分子引发剂,与共引发剂TiCl4配合,引发异丁烯进行正离子接枝共聚反应,并分别考察大分子引发剂用量、TiCl4浓度以及添加剂2,6二叔丁基吡啶(DtBP)或2甲基吡啶(MPY)对异丁烯聚合转化率和PVIPA或PVAc引发效率的影响,并进一步表征接枝共聚物的微观结构与组成含量.实验结果表明,PVIPA和PVAc可引发异丁烯进行正离子接枝共聚反应,前者的引发效率高于后者.加入适量DtBP或MPY时,可不同程度地提高引发效率.DtBP对减少聚合体系中微量水的引发和提高PVAc引发效率的作用更为明显,引发效率可达90%以上,加入适量添加剂MPY时,PVIPA引发效率可达60%左右.适当增加大分子引发剂用量和TiCl4浓度,也可提高PVIPA的引发效率至接近70%.在合适的实验条件下,可以得到极性主链为PVIPA与非极性支链为聚异丁烯(35.2%mol)的接枝共聚物PVIPA g PIB,该接枝共聚物的Mn为3.7×104g mol,分布指数MWD为2.52,且PIB支链平均分子量约为5.4×103g mol.     

PPEGMEA‐g‐PDEAEMA: Double hydrophilic double‐grafted copolymer stimuli‐responsive to both pH and salinity

A series of well‐defined double hydrophilic double‐grafted copolymers, consisting of polyacrylate backbone, hydrophilic poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylene glycol) side chains, were synthesized by successive atom transfer radical polymerization. The backbone, poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate] (PPEGMEA) comb copolymer, was firstly prepared by ATRP of PEGMEA macromonomer via the grafting‐through route followed by reacting with lithium diisopropylamide and 2‐bromopropionyl chloride to give PPEGMEA‐Br macroinitiator of ATRP. Finally, poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate]‐g‐poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) graft copolymers were synthesized by ATRP of 2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate using PPEGMEA‐Br macroinitiator via the grafting‐from route. Poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) side chains were connected to polyacrylate backbone through stable C? C bonds instead of ester connections, which is tolerant of both acidic and basic environment. The molecular weights of both backbone and side chains were controllable and the molecular weight distributions kept relatively narrow (M_w/M_n ≤ 1.39). The results of fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic laser light scattering and transmission electron microscopy showed this double hydrophilic copolymer was stimuli‐responsive to both pH and salinity. It can aggregate to form reversible micelles in basic surroundings which can be conveniently dissociated with the addition of salt at room temperature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3142–3153, 2009