Elasto-optic technique for measurement of elastic wave propagation in solids

The modulation of the optical path of the beam of a laser vibrometer in a specimen under acoustic excitation is measured at two planes, separated by a precisely known distance. The phase shift and the decrease in magnitude are used to calculate the phase velocity and attenuation, respectively. The method is demonstrated for a homogeneous specimen, and the results compare favorably with those obtained by a conventional ultrasonic technique. The method is then applied to measure specular and first diffraction-order reflection from a coplanar periodic array of particles in an elastic matrix and phase velocity spectra in a tetragonal periodic particulate composite. As expected, in a periodic composite the establishment of dispersive Floquet-type waves is observed throughout the entire periodic particulate composite.     

PARTITION OF UNITY FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR SHORT WAVE PROPAGATION IN SOLIDS

IntroductionIt is known that standard finite element procedure is unable to simulate the wavepropagation with high oscillations or gradients in space in the media with reasonableefficiency and accuracy due to the nature of polynomial interpolation approxi…     

Formation of approximate domains for nth order differential equations governing wave propagation

In order to clarify the two-region approximation governing the propagation of electromagnetic waves in an anisotropic ionized medium, the analysis is generalized to embrace nth order differential equations, thereby enabling the salient features behind the approximation to be isolated and investigated.     

固体中短波传播单位分解有限元法的解析积分

针对固体中短波传播数值模拟的单位分解有限元法中单元矩阵积分的被积函数的强烈振荡特性,应用直角坐标系下标准有限元形函数和单元内的波动方向知识提出了一种单元矩阵的解析积分方案。它对于平面三,六,四,八和九节点的直边单位分解有限单元是完全解析的,对于与这些单元相应的曲边单元则是半解析的。数值结果显示所提出的积分方案在计算效率上比高斯-勒让德积分有大幅度提高。     

On wave propagation in thermoelastic solids whose polarization quadric is an ellipsoid of revolution

Summary The propagation of plane waves of first and second order is considered for a thermoelastic solid characterized by Tolotti's isothermal potential. The variation of their amplitude in the time is also studied. In particular, thermodynamic influences on the behavior of the first order waves as well as the case when these plane waves are material surfaces are examined.

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Sommario Si studia la propagazione di un'onda piana sia del primo che del secondo ordine in solidi termoelastici comprimibili assumendo il potenziale isotermo proposto da C. Tolotti. Si determina inoltre la variazione nel tempo dell'ampiezza delle onde. In particolare per l'onda del primo ordine si esaminano le influenze termodinamiche sul fenomeno e si considera la possibilità che la superficie di discontinuità sia materiale.

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Work performed under the auspices of: Gruppo Nazionale perla Fisica Matematica del CNR presso l'Istituto di Matematiche Applicate U. Dini della Facoltà di Ingegneria dell'Università di Pisa.     

On the influence of material properties on the wave propagation in Mindlin-type microstructured solids

A mathematical model describing 1D wave propagation in Mindlin-type microstructured solids with nonlinearities in the macro- and microscale is used for studying propagation of solitary waves in such media. The results could be used for the stress analysis as well as for the nondestructive testing of material properties. The model equations are solved numerically under the localized initial conditions and periodic boundary conditions by the pseudospectral method. It is demonstrated how the values of the model parameters influence the wave propagation, the evolution and the interaction of waves under the framework of considered models. For this reason the solutions of the model equations are compared under different parameter combinations against one fixed combination of material parameters which is called ‘the reference case’.     

On constitutive equations for fiber-reinforced nonlinearly viscoelastic solids

In this paper, we are interested in developing constitutive equations for fiber-reinforced nonlinearly viscoelastic bodies, in particular for transversely isotropic nonlinearly viscoelastic solids. It follows from results in the theory of algebraic invariants that constitutive equations for such materials can be expressed in terms of functions of 18 independent invariants associated with deformation and fiber orientation. These invariants are analyzed, and we obtain restrictions such as positivity of some of them.     

A note on periodic solutions of Riccati equations

In this note, we show that under certain assumptions the scalar Riccati differential equation x′=a(t)x+b(t)x ²+c(t) with periodic coefficients admits at least one periodic solution. Also, we give two illustrative examples in order to indicate the validity of the assumptions.     

On the wave dispersion in microstructured solids

Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics - In this paper, elastic wave propagation in a one-dimensional micromorphic medium characterized by two internal variables is investigated. The evolution...     

Plane strain dynamics of elastic solids with intrinsic boundary elasticity, with application to surface wave propagation

In this paper, in a development of the static theory derived by Steigmann and Ogden (Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 453 (1997) 853), we establish the equations of motion for a non-linearly elastic body in plane strain with an elastic surface coating on part or all of its boundary. The equations of (linearized) incremental motions superposed on a finite static deformation are then obtained and applied to the problem of (time-harmonic) surface wave propagation on a pre-stressed incompressible isotropic elastic half-space with a thin coating on its plane boundary. The secular equation for (dispersive) wave speeds is then obtained in respect of a general form of incompressible isotropic elastic strain-energy function for the bulk material and a general energy function for the coating material. Specialization of the form of strain-energy function enables the secular equation to be cast as a quartic equation and we therefore focus on this for illustrative purposes. An explicit form for the secular equation is thereby obtained. This involves a number of material parameters, including residual stress and moment in the properties of the coating. It is shown how this equation relates to previous work on waves in a half-space with an overlying thin layer set in the classical theory of isotropic elasticity and, in particular, the significant effect of omission of the rotatory inertia term, even at small wave numbers, is emphasized. Corresponding results for a membrane-type coating, for which the bending moment, inertia and residual moment terms are absent, are also obtained. Asymptotic formulas for the wave speed at large wave number (high frequency) are derived and it is shown how these results influence the character of the wave speed throughout the range of wave number values. A bifurcation criterion is obtained from the secular equation by setting the wave speed to zero, thereby generalizing the bifurcation results of Steigmann and Ogden (Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 453 (1997) 853) to the situation in which residual stress and moment are present in the coating. Numerical results which show the dependence of the wave speed on the various material parameters and the finite deformation are then described graphically. In particular, features which differ from those arising in the classical theory are highlighted.     

非均匀吸收介质中地震波的广义传播矩阵解法

本文在复频域内,通过应用混合变量粘弹性波方程和线性常微分方程组的指数矩阵解法,给出了一种计算非均匀吸收介质中地震波传播的广义传播矩阵解法。该方法适用于各种粘弹性模型,可模拟任意震源及所产生的各种体波、面波,数值结果表明具有很高的计算精度。     

Quasi-kinematic flood wave propagation

Summary In the flood waves of natural streams, the plot of discharge versus simultaneous water level values at a river station usually show a little shift from the socalled steady rating curve. In other terms, natural flood waves normally have small loops and may be considered to be quasi-kinematic. Very often, on the basis of the steady rating curve and of the observed hydrograph at an upstream gage station, we can quickly and easily forecast the values and time of flood peaks at one or more downstream channel sections. This article describes a set of very simple formulas first to check whether the flood wave may be considered to be quasi-kinematic, and then to estimate the speed and the attenuation with which it moves downstream. For a number of prismatic channels, the results were compared with those obtained with equally simple, currently used formulas (Jones, Henderson) and with the exact solutions. The comparisons showed that the formulas proposed in this article are more general and accurate than the other known simple formulas and that, for flood loops of less than 10%, give results that are very near to being exact.

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Sommario Nei fenomeni di piena dei corsi d'acqua naturali la successions nel tempo dei valori di portata e livello idrometrico in una sezione d'alveo presenta, nella gran parte dei casi, modesti scostamenti dalla cosiddetta scala di deflusso di moto permanente: in altri termini normalmente le onde naturali di piena hanno cappi modesti e possono ritenersi quasi cinematiche. Molto spesso, data una stazione di monte in cui sia nota la scala di deflusso el'drogrammadei livelli, occorre prevedere semplicemente e rapidamente i valori e gli istanti dei colmi di portata e livello in una o più sezioni a valle. In questo articolo vengono presentate formule molto semplici per verificare dapprima che l'onda di piena possa ritenersi quasi cinematica, e stimare quindi la velocità e l'attenuazione con cui i colmi si propagano verso valle. I confronti fatti, per alcuni alvei cilindrici, con la soluzione esatta e con i risultati ottenibili con formule altrettanto semplici e di uso corrente (Jones, Henderson), mostrano che le formule proposte sono più generali e corrette di queste ultime, e danno risultati quasi esatti finchè i cappi di piena relativi sono inferiori al 10%.

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List of symbols P(x, z) steady rating curve - Q volumetric rate of discharge - q=Q-P flood loop - g gravitational acceleration - I water surface slope - c=dP/dA kinematic wave velocity - y water depth - p, s time and space steps - x, t channel distance starting upstream; time - z water surface height above datum - A, B channel cross section area and surface width - F=B Q ²/gA ³ Froude number - L,L ₀,L ₁,L ₂,L ₃ characteristic lengths of the channel - T=L/c characteristic time of the channel - f _x =f/x, f _f =f/t etc for the partial derivatives - Df/Dt,Df/Dx for the derivatives of functionf following the discharge peak     

Multiresolution Symplectic Scheme for wave propagation in complex media

A fast adaptive symplectic algorithm named Multiresolution Symplectic Scheme (MSS) was first presented to solve the problem of the wave propagation (WP) in complex media, using the symplectic scheme and Daubechies‘ compactly supported orthogonal wavelet transform to respectively discretise the time and space dimension of wave equation. The problem was solved in multiresolution symplectic geometry space under the conservative Hamiltonian system rather than the traditional Lagrange system. Due to the fascinating properties of the wavelets and symplectic scheme, MSS is a promising method because of little computational burden, robustness and reality of long-time simulation.     

MULTI-SOLITARY WAVE SOLUTIONS FOR VARIANT BOUSSINESQ EQUATIONS AND KUPERSHMIDT EQUATIONS

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A theory of pulse propagation in anisotropic elastic solids

A theory is described for the propagation of pulses in anisotropic elastic media. The pulse is initially defined by a harmonically modulated Gaussian envelope. As it propagates the pulse remains Gaussian, its spatial form characterized by a complex-valued envelope tensor. The center of the pulse follows the ray path defined by the initial velocity direction of the pulse. Relatively simple expressions are presented for the evolution of the amplitude and phase of the pulse in terms of the wave velocity, the phase slowness and unit displacement vectors. The spreading of the pulse is characterized by a spreading matrix. Explicit equations are given for this matrix in a transversely isotropic material. The rate of spreading can vary considerably, depending upon the direction of propagation. New reflected and transmitted pulses are created when a pulse strikes an interface of material discontinuity. Relations are given for the new envelope tensors in terms of the incident pulse parameters. The theory provides a convenient method to describe the evolution and change of shape of an ultrasonic pulse as it traverses a piecewise homogeneous solid. Numerical simulations are presented for pulses in a strongly anisotropic fiber reinforced composite.     

On formulas for the Rayleigh wave velocity in pre-stressed compressible solids

In this paper, formulas for the velocity of Rayleigh waves in compressible isotropic solids subject to uniform initial deformations are derived using the theory of cubic equation. They are explicit, have simple algebraic forms, and hold for a general strain energy function. Unlike the previous investigations where the derived formulas for Rayleigh wave velocity are approximate and valid for only small enough values of pre-strains, this paper establishes exact formulas for Rayleigh wave velocity being valid for any range of pre-strains. When the prestresses are absent, the obtained formulas recover the Rayleigh wave velocity formula for compressible elastic solids. Since obtained formulas are explicit, exact and hold for any range of pre-strains, they are good tools for evaluating nondestructively prestresses of structures.