Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of ZnO nanowire arrays

In this paper we report a chemical method named coordination reaction method to synthesize ZnO nanowire arreys. ZnO nanowires with the diameter about 80nm were successfully fabricated in the channels of the porous anodic alumina (PAA) template by the above coordination reaction method. The microstructures of ZnO/PAA assembly were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the ZnO nanowires can be uniformly assembled into the nanochannels of PAA template. The growth mechanism of ZnO nanowires and the conditions of the coordination reaction are discussed. Photoluminescence (PL) measurement shows that the ZnO/PAA assembly system has a blue emission band caused by the various defects of ZnO. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Surface‐morphology evolution of ZnO nanostructures grown by hydrothermal method

Surface‐morphology evolution of ZnO nanocrystals has been observed by the hydrothermal process. The effects of stirring time and ammonia content on the morphology evolution have been discussed, respectively. Extension of stirring time of the precursor results in morphology transformation from star‐like to wire‐like ZnO nanocrystals. ZnO nuclei aggregation and uniform Zn(OH)₂ precipitation can readily explain these two morphologies, respectively. By increasing the ammonia content in the solution, the morphology of ZnO crystals is transformed from an irregular shape to hexagon sheets to nanorods, and the side length of ZnO crystals is decreased accordingly. Hollow structures are realized at the subsequent solution aging process. Variation of zinc ammonic complex and minimum surface energy can well explain the morphology evolution of ZnO nanostructures.     

Solvothermal synthesis and growth mechanism of asymmetric ZnO hierarchical structures in diethylene glycol with ammonia solution

Several novel asymmetric ZnO hierarchical structures were synthesized in diethylene glycol (DEG) with different amount of ammonia solution via solvothermal process. The submicron‐rods or nanorods as the building units are distributed on the two sides in an asymmetric manner, resulting in formation of the shiitake‐like or bouquet‐like morphology. A possible formation mechanism was proposed on the basis of the experimental result. The consumption of the precursor could lead to a two‐step nucleation and growth process. The relative content of the [Zn(OH)₄]²⁻ and the [Zn(NH₃)₄]²⁺ precursors varies with the amount of ammonia solution, which affect the size and morphology of the asymmetric structures. The [Zn(OH)₄]²⁻ complex and the [Zn(NH₃)₄]²⁺ complex are absorbed on the positive (0001)‐Zn polar surface and the negative (000–1)‐O polar surface respectively, which lead to the alteration of growth rate of these polar surfaces.     

ZnO纳米线/纳米棒混合阵列的制备及其光致发光性能研究

使用无催化剂热蒸发法,在ZnO/Si薄膜衬底上制备了ZnO纳米线/纳米棒混合阵列.其中,纳米线的直径为10～20nm,纳米棒的直径为60～160 nn,二者混合在一起垂直生长于衬底表面.从衬底的上游到下游位置,混合,阵列中纳米线的含量逐渐下降,纳米棒逐渐增多.室温光致发光测试发现尺寸较小的纳米线阵列的紫外光发光强度比大尺寸纳米棒阵列高约5倍.持续激发光照射下,纳米线阵列的发光强度逐渐上升,停止光照后又逐渐下降到初始值,这可以用纳米线表面O2分子的解吸附和吸附过程来理解.     

Photodegradation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals by ZnO Nanorod Arrays

ZnO nanorod arrays (NRAs) were synthesized via magnetron sputtering and a low temperature aqueous solution growth in a short period time. The morphology and crystal structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The ZnO NRAs were applied to conduct photo degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and bisphenol A (BPA). The results indicate that ZnO NRAs exhibited different performances in dealing with various EDCs but do not have selectivity for a multicomponent mixture.     

水热法合成氧化锌晶体

本文采用水热法,通过改变矿化剂浓度,合成了具有不同晶体形态的氧化锌晶体.在430℃,填充度为35;,矿化剂浓度为1M KOH时,只合成了氧化锌微晶.氧化锌晶体的长度为几百纳米到几微米,晶体形状为六棱锥体.当矿化剂为3M KOH或2M KOH、1M KBr时,合成了高质量的氧化锌晶体.反应 24h后,合成的最大晶体长度(c轴方向)超过1mm,晶体呈单锥六棱柱体,显露柱面m{1010}、锥面p{1011}、负极面o面{0001}.另外还生成多种不同形态的微晶体,最小几微米,中等的几十微米,为六棱锥体,显露锥面p{1011}、负极面o面{0001},没有显露柱面.     

Synthesis of TeO2 nanowires via a facile thermal oxidation method

TeO₂ is of considerable interest for piezoelectric, ther‐moelectric, acousto‐optic and nonlinear optical applica‐tions. In this work, we report a facile synthetic tech‐nique for obtaining high‐quality TeO₂ nanowires (NWs) via a thermal oxidation of Te NWs in a large quantity. The synthetic conditions were systematically optimized to transform from Te NWs to TeO₂ NWs using a furnace oven. The optimal conditions for the formation of high‐quality TeO₂ NWs were found to be 300 °C for 1 hr in an oven furnace. The NWs were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron mi‐croscopy, high resolution transmission electron micros‐copy and Raman scattering. Diffuse reflectance spec‐trum was also used to determine the band gap (3.78 eV) of synthesized TeO₂ NWs.     

Facile fabrication of porous ZnO by a template free method

In this paper, a template free method has been employed to fabricate porous ZnO. Brick shaped precursor was first synthesized by a mild hydrothermal process. Accompanied with the decomposition of the precursor during the subsequent annealing treatment, porous ZnO with the inherited morphology of the precursor was obtained. The as‐prepared products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It exhibited that the porous hierarchical frame consists of nano‐sheets with wurtzite‐type. The size of the pores as well as the size of the particles varied with the annealing temperature. Mechanism speculation showed that the crystal‐aggregation in the growth process of the precursor is the key to the establishment of pore structure. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Fabrication of hollow ZnO nanostructures by a CTAB‐assisted chemical bath deposition method

ZnO films consisted of hollow nanostructures were prepared by a CTAB‐assisted chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. ZnO rings, bowls and assemblies of hollow structures were successfully obtained on different substrates. Dense ZnO films consisted of sunken prisms can also be achieved by controlling the concentration of CTAB. The influences of reactant concentrations, types of the substrates and pre‐coated ZnO nanoparticles on the formation of ZnO films were examined. XRD patterns indicated the Wurtzite structure of ZnO and the preferred growth direction is [001]. The role of CTAB in CBD process was discussed and the evolution of different ZnO nanostructures was studied based on the observation of SEM. A plausible crystal growth mechanism was proposed for the formation of ZnO rings and bowls. The investigation of optical properties showed that high concentration of CTAB can improve the ultraviolet emission.     

Shape‐controlled synthesis of ZnO architectures

Several ZnO nanoarchitectures have been selectively prepared through hydrothermal method including urchin‐shaped, flower‐shaped, butterfly‐shaped, and cacti‐shaped microstructures. The influence of reaction temperature and the concentration of amphiphilic copolymer on the morphologies and shapes of ZnO samples have been studied. The samples were characterized using XRD, TEM, and SEM. It was found that ZnO nanorods or their assemblies were fabricated at higher temperature, whereas ZnO nanosheet architectures were produced at lower temperature. These flower‐shaped architectures possess high BET surface area of 27.43 m²/g. Room temperature UV‐VIS and PL spectra of the as‐obtained ZnO nanoarchitectures have been examined. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

采用MOCVD方法在GaAs衬底上生长ZnO(002)和ZnO(100)薄膜

采用金属有机化学汽相沉积生长法（MOCVD）,在不同的衬底表面处理条件和生长温度下,在GaAs衬底上生长出了ZnO薄膜。随着化学腐蚀条件的不同,可生长出优先定位不同的ZnO（100）和ZnO（002）薄膜。该薄膜的晶体结构特性是由X光衍射谱仪（XRD）所获得的,而其光学特性是由光荧光谱仪（PL）来测的。与ZnO（002）相比,ZnO（100）薄膜具有更优越的晶体结构特性,并且在同样的生长温度下都具有相似的光学特性。对于腐蚀条件不同的GaAs衬底所进行的XPS分析结果表明,ZnO薄膜优先定位变化的主要原因在于腐蚀过程中形成的富As层。     

单晶TiO2纳米线束阵列的水热合成及场发射性能研究

采用水热合成技术,以钛酸丁酯、盐酸和去离子水作为前驱物,在透明导电玻璃(FTO)衬底上合成了垂直于衬底牛长的二氧化钛(TiO2)纳米线束阵列.纳米线束呈四方柱状结构,宽度100～200nm,长度约3μm.HRTEM表明每根纳米线束实际上是由20～40根直径约为4～6 nm的细小纳米线聚集在一起而形成的.系统研究了盐酸浓度对纳米线生长的影响,分析了盐酸在晶体生长中的作用.研究了TiO2纳米线束阵列的场致电子发射特性,其场发射开启电场为5.7 V/ μm(对应电流密度10μA/ cm2),阈值电场为9.5 V/ μm,同时表现出较好的场发射稳定性.低的合成温度和好的场发射性能表明TiO2纳米线束阵列在场发射冷阴极器件上具有良好的应用前景.     

ZnWO4单晶衬底上ZnO薄膜的晶核发育与形貌分析

ZnWO4单晶的a晶面与氧化锌c晶面晶格匹配很好,是制备氧化锌薄膜的优良衬底.本文采用溶胶-凝胶法在ZnWO4单晶衬底上制备出透明的ZnO薄膜.通过光学显微镜对薄膜晶核发育过程和形貌进行了详细的分析.实验结果表明:在结晶刚开始,系统将经历成核--长大的过程,随着生长过程的进行,在主晶轴上(一次轴)上又长出二次轴、三次轴等等,最后逐渐形成树枝状晶核.由于ZnO晶核是在非平衡条件下生长的,故在晶核发育过程中又出现了三种不同的生长形态--成核生长、枝晶生长和分形生长.     

籽晶辅助化学水浴沉积法制备ZnO纳米棒阵列

采用籽晶辅助化学水浴沉积法,即先用磁控溅射法在硅片上制备c轴取向的ZnO薄膜,以此作为籽晶层,利用化学水浴沉积法制备ZnO纳米棒阵列.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD),研究了ZnO薄膜籽晶层的沉积温度、水浴温度和前驱体溶液中Zn源的初始浓度等对ZnO纳米棒阵列生长的影响,由此得到了结晶性好且几乎垂直于衬底方向的ZnO纳米棒阵列的生长条件,为制备基于ZnO纳米棒阵列的器件提供了条件.     

ZnO纳米钉的制备和光学性质研究

通过化学气相沉积(CVD)方法在Si(100)衬底上制备出新型的ZnO纳米钉结构.X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明纳米钉是六角纤锌矿结构.纳米钉顶部对角线在450～750 nm之间,纳米钉长度为几个微米.研究了不同气氛下退火样品的可见发光性质,认为绿光发射来自于导带电子和反位氧中空穴的辐射复合.     

Low temperature synthesis of spindle‐like ZnO nanostructures under microwave irradiation

A simple and general microwave route is developed to synthesize nanostructured ZnO using Zn(acac)₂·H₂O (acac = acetylacetonate) as a single source precursor. The reaction time has a great influence on the morphology of the ZnO nanostructures and an interesting spindle‐like nanostructure is obtained. The microstructure and morphology of the synthesized materials are investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). It is found that all of them with hexagonal wurtzite phase are of single crystalline structure in nature. Ultraviolet–visible (UV‐vis) absorption spectra of these ZnO nanostructures are investigated and a possible formation mechanism for the spindle‐like ZnO nanostructures is also proposed.     

Co掺杂ZnO薄膜的湿化学法制备及其光致发光光谱

采用湿化学法在Si衬底上生长了纳米棒结构的Co掺杂ZnO薄膜,并研究了掺杂浓度对生成样品结构和性能的影响.研究表明这种湿化学法成本低廉、收益高、重复性良好.样品的XRD结果表明掺杂的ZnO没有出现杂相.SEM结果表明掺杂样品是由ZnO纳米棒团簇结构组成,且团簇的密度随着Co掺杂浓度的增大而增大.薄膜的光致发光光谱结果表明Co掺杂导致薄膜的带隙发生红移,同时也证明了Co原子有效地进入了ZnO晶格.     

Ti离子注入对ZnO纳米棒阵列性能的影响

本文研究了Ti离子注入对ZnO纳米棒阵列结构、形貌、光学特性和疏水性的影响.XRD测试表明注入前后ZnO纳米棒均为六方纤锌矿晶体结构.然而,随着对ZnO纳米棒阵列注入剂量的增加,样品沿(002)晶面优先生长的趋势降低,而且当注入剂量达到5×1017/cm2时,甚至出现ZnTiO3( 104)晶面衍射峰,说明了这种物质的存在,而后面的XPS表征也进一步证明了Ti-Zn-O化学键的存在.样品形貌测试表明,离子注入后由于受刻蚀和溅射的作用,不仅使得ZnO纳米棒表面形貌发生了很大的变化,透光率也显著下降.离子注入后ZnO纳米棒表面疏水性受形貌变化的影响也发生了改变,使得其疏水性增强,当Ti离子注入量为1×1017/cm2时ZnO纳米棒表面接触角达到了151.4°.总之,离子注入作为一种较新颖的表明改性方法,通过对ZnO纳米棒阵列改性处理可以明显扩展其潜在应用价值.     

硝酸银辅助的氧化锌纳米线的气相法制备

以硝酸银作为催化剂前驱物,通过低成本的CVD法,成功合成了氧化锌纳米线.利用场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、高性能X射线能谱仪(EDS)、荧光光谱仪等研究了氧化锌纳米线的形貌、相结构、化学成份和光致发光特性.研究结果表明:所获得的氧化锌纳米线具有六方纤锌矿结构;平均直径为50nm,长度在3～5μm之间;室温下,氧化锌纳米线除了有明显的紫外发射外,在421nm附近还有紫光发射.整个氧化锌纳米线的生长由气-液-固机制所控制.     

Facile morphology‐controlled hydrothermal synthesis of flower‐like self‐organized ZnO architectures

Flower‐like self‐organized crystalline ZnO architectures were obtained through a facile and controlled hydrothermal process. As‐synthesized products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), electron diffraction and UV‐Vis spectroscopy. XRD and electron diffraction results confirmed the obtained materials are pure wurtzite ZnO. The effects of different ratios of starting materials and solvent on the morphologies of ZnO hydrothermal products were also evaluated by SEM observations. It is suggested that the use of water, rather than ethanol as the solvent, as well as employing a precursor of Zn(Ac)₂ and 2NaOH (v/v) in hydrothermal reactions are responsible for the generation of specific flower‐like self‐assembled ZnO structures. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)