Mild rhodium(III)-catalyzed C-H activation and intermolecular annulation with allenes

All(enes) great! A novel Rh(III)-catalyzed oxidative coupling with allenes under mild conditions provides heterocycles with exocyclic double bonds. This reaction features low catalyst loadings, high regio- and stereoselectivity, and excellent substrate scope. The products were derivatized and preliminary mechanistic studies were conducted.     

Rh(III)-catalyzed tandem oxidative olefination-Michael reactions between aryl carboxamides and alkenes

Rh(III)-catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions between benzamides or heteroaryl carboxamides and olefins have been developed. The vinylation product can further undergo a Michael reaction leading to γ-lactam in the case of electron-withdrawing olefins.     

Rh(III)-catalyzed oxidative olefination of N-(1-naphthyl)sulfonamides using activated and unactivated alkenes

Rhodium(III)-catalyzed oxidative olefination of N-(1-naphthyl)sulfonamides has been achieved at the peri position. Three categories of olefins have been successfully applied. Activated olefins reacted to afford five-membered azacycles as a result of oxidative olefination-hydroamination. Unactivated olefins reacted to give the olefination product. 2-fold oxidative C-C and C-N coupling was achieved for allylbenzenes.     

三价铑催化N-甲氧基苯甲酰胺与炔丙醇[4+1]环化合成异吲哚啉酮

含N杂环结构广泛存在于具有生物活性的药物或天然产物骨架中.本文开发了一个高效合成含N杂环骨架的方法,这类方法在近年来一直是研究热点.在最近几年,过渡金属催化C–H键活化并随后与不饱和键发生环化反应被认为是一种环境友好且原子经济性高的构建功能化杂环的方法.在这些金属催化的体系中,三价铑催化与炔烃的环化反应体系,被认为是一种高效且有实际意义的合成含N杂环的体系.在这类体系,特别是构建六元环的体系中,炔烃通常作为一个C2合成子被广泛应用.为了克服这一局限性,Chang课题组和本课题组分别独立报道了通过三价铑催化,炔烃与芳烃硝酮偶联合成吲哚啉化合物,其中炔烃作为一个C1合成子参与反应.另一方面,本课题组还报道了炔丙醇与吡咯烷苯甲酰胺通过C–H键活化合成1-异色满酮结构,其中由于电子效应,芳基-铑物种对于炔烃的插入是在炔烃的2位.基于上述工作,本文希望通过置换炔丙醇中芳基与烷基的位置,使芳基-铑物种对于炔烃插入的方向发生改变,进而生成联烯中间体,然后发生环化反应生成五元环内酰胺结构.异吲哚啉酮骨架结构也是一类重要的含N杂环结构,广泛存在于多种天然产物及药物分子中,其合成方法受到广泛关注.尽管此前已有三价铑催化C–H官能团化的方法来构建异吲哚啉酮骨架结构,但通常需要活性极高或易爆的化合物作为反应底物.因此,本文报道一类以简单的炔丙醇与N-甲氧基苯甲酰胺作为起始原料,通过一步[4+1]环化合成异吲哚啉酮骨架结构.本文完成了32个不同官能团取代的异吲哚啉酮骨架结构的合成,反应均可以以中等到良好的收率得到目标产物.另外还进行了放大实验,结果表明可以以克级规模制备异吲哚啉酮化合物,反应剩余的Ag2CO3以及生成的单质银可以回收(收率78%).总之,我们将N-甲氧基苯甲酰胺与炔丙醇在三价铑催化作用下通过C–H键活化的方法环化高效合成N-取代的异吲哚啉酮骨架结构,且该骨架结构含有一个手性中心.催化体系温和,官能团容忍度好.     

三价铑催化苯甲酰胺与醌的C–H活化偶联(英文)

三价铑在氧化条件下催化N-烷基苯甲酰胺与醌反应生成芳基醌.在氧化还原中性条件下,经过偶联和内酯化反应可以得到2-羟基-6H-苯并[c]吡喃-6-酮.     

Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Heck Reaction of Salicylaldehydes

Your CHOice! An efficient Rh(III) -catalyzed dehydrogenative Heck reaction (DHR) of salicylaldehydes with different classes of olefins extends the oxidative Heck reaction to aldehyde C?H bonds. Several structural motifs similar to natural products and bioactive molecules such as aurones, flavones, 2'-hydroxychalcones, and flavanones could be efficiently produced. Initial mechanistic studies give insight into the reaction mechanism.     

Rhodium(III)-catalyzed cyclization-olefination of N-acetoxyl ketoimine-alkynes

N-Acetoxyl ketoimine-alkynes undergo Rh(III)-catalyzed oxidative olefination to afford (2-acetoxymethyl)isoquinolines bearing an ortho-olefinated aryl group via a sequence that involves (1) Rh(III)-catalyzed alkyne cyclization with intramolecular 1,3-acetoxyl migration and (2) isoquinoline-directed ortho C-H olefination.     

Synthesis of N-(2-pyridyl)indoles via Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidative coupling

Readily available Pd(II) chloride catalysts can catalyze selective and efficient oxidative coupling between N-aryl-2-aminopyridines and internal alkynes to yield N-(2-pyridyl)indoles. This process involves the ortho C-H activation of N-aryl-2-aminopyridines, and CuCl(2) was used as an oxidant. Compared to our previously reported Rh(III)-catalyzed synthesis of this class of product, this method is advantageous with a wider scope of alkynes and cost-effective Pd(II) catalysts. Molecular oxygen can be used as a terminal oxidant.     

Rh(I)L]-catalyzed cyclotetramerization of 1,3-butadiene: a theoretical investigation of alternative mechanistic paths for the generation of the [Rh(III)(octadienediyl)(PR3)]+ complex

A detailed theoretical investigation of alternative mechanistic paths for the formation of the [Rh(III)(octadienediyl)(PiPr3)]+ complex is presented, employing a gradient-corrected density functional theory (DFT) method (BP86). This process represents most likely the first step in the recently reported [Rh(I)L]-catalyzed cyclotetramerization of butadiene (M. Bosch, M. S. Brookhart, K. Ilg and H. Werner, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2000, 39, 2304). The favorable route for oxidative addition under C-C-bond formation starts from the prevalent [Rh(I)(butadiene)2(PiPr3)]+ form of the active catalyst through oxidative coupling between two cis-eta4-butadienes. This affords the [Rh(III)(bis-eta3-anti-octadienediyl)(PiPr3)]+ compound as the kinetic coupling product that consecutively undergoes transformation into the thermodynamically favorable bis-eta3-syn-octadienediyl-Rh(III) isomer via facile allylic conversions occurring in the octadienediyl framework. The computationally predicted energy profile is almost in quantitative agreement with the experimentally determined kinetics and allows a consistent rationalization of the experimental observations.     

Oxygen as an oxidant in rhodium(III) catalyzed oxidative C–H/C–H cross-coupling between indoles and oxazoles

A Rh(III)-catalyzed oxidative C–H/C–H cross-coupling between indoles and oxazoles with molecular oxygen as an oxidant has been developed to construct a variety of 2-(indol-2-yl)oxazoles. The chelation-assisted strategy endows this catalytic system with an excellent C2-site selectivity by introducing a pyrimidyl directing group. In addition, polycyclic pyridinium salts are also obtained via Rh(III)-catalyzed C–H activation/cyclization of 2-(indol-2-yl)oxazoles with alkynes.     

底物与条件控制苯胺与丙烯醛/烯酮的化学选择性偶联反应（英文）

金属催化碳氢键活化已经成为制备高附加值有机化合物的一类高效方法,由于碳氢键广泛存在,所以对它们进行化学、区域、立体选择性的活化作为一大挑战已经被人们日益所关注,然而氧化还原选择性控制的研究十分少见.通常而言,有机氧化还原反应定义为得失氢氧原子,例如消除氢负离子为氧化反应,而失去一个质子则为中性反应.在已有的研究中单独的氧化、还原反应已经被广泛研究,而且被大量用于医药合成、精细化工品的制备以及各类先进材料的生成.但是在同一反应体系下同时调控三种氧化态的研究目前未见报道,因此发展这类选择性控制的反应十分重要.我们此前已经实现了Rh(Ⅲ)/Ir(Ⅲ)催化苯胺和烯酮还原偶联合成四氢喹啉和高烯丙基苯胺两种产物,同时也能得到中性的1,2-二氢喹啉产物.在此工作的基础上,我们希望能够进一步实现相同反应组分的氧化偶联.为此,我们仔细分析取代的苯胺与烯酮的可能反应路径,发现可能的关键物种G—含有Rh(Ⅲ)的六元杂环中间体有望实现这类氧化过程,当用丙烯醛做底物时,物种G有可能实现円-氢消除得到氧化的二氢喹啉酮和Cp*RhXH,通常Cp*RhXH很容易发生自身的还原消除得到Cp*Rh(Ⅰ)使反应终止,但是,丙烯醛的存在有可能重新活化Cp*RhXH使得催化循环一直进行下去.另一种情况是中间体G发生质子解然后脱水得到亚胺物种,亚胺很容易被亲核试剂进攻得到中性的氮杂缩醛类产物.当然,外加银盐氧化剂还有可能得到另一种氧化型的喹啉盐.基于这种思路,我们发展了Rh(Ⅲ)-催化碳氢活化N-取代的苯胺与丙烯醛/烯酮的选择性偶联反应,反应可以化学选择性专一地制备三类不同的杂环化合物.当氮-吡啶基苯胺与丙烯醛反应时,反应类型为氧化过程,经历了转移氢化的过程,其中烯醛为主要的氢受体,得到二氢喹啉酮产物;如果定位基换成嘧啶时,在相似的反应条件下,反应类型为氧化还原中性过程,生成氮杂缩醛醚类产物;氮-吡啶基苯胺和烯酮反应在AgBF_4的氧化作用下同样可以发生氧化反应得到喹啉盐类化合物.至此,我们实现了导向基团对氧化反应和中性反应的控制,氧化剂的种类对反应路径的改变.反应的底物范围广泛,官能团容忍性好,我们期待这类氧化还原多样性的杂环合成方法能促进更多新颖反应的发现.     

Synthesis of Dibenzo[c,e]oxepin‐5(7H)‐ones from Benzyl Thioethers and Carboxylic Acids: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Double C?H Activation Controlled by Different Directing Groups

A rhodium(III)‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of benzyl thioethers and aryl carboxylic acids through the two directing groups is reported. Useful structures with diverse substituents were efficiently synthesized in one step with the cleavage of four bonds (C H, C S, O H) and the formation of two bonds (C C, C O). The formed structure is the privileged core in natural products and bioactive molecules. This work highlights the power of using two different directing groups to enhance the selectivity of a double C H activation, the first of such examples in cross‐oxidative coupling.     

Synthesis of Dibenzo[c,e]oxepin‐5(7H)‐ones from Benzyl Thioethers and Carboxylic Acids: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Double CH Activation Controlled by Different Directing Groups

A rhodium(III)‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of benzyl thioethers and aryl carboxylic acids through the two directing groups is reported. Useful structures with diverse substituents were efficiently synthesized in one step with the cleavage of four bonds (C? H, C? S, O? H) and the formation of two bonds (C? C, C? O). The formed structure is the privileged core in natural products and bioactive molecules. This work highlights the power of using two different directing groups to enhance the selectivity of a double C? H activation, the first of such examples in cross‐oxidative coupling.     

RhIII-Catalyzed Double Dehydrogenative Coupling of Free 1-Naphthylamines with α,β-Unsaturated Esters

The Rh^III-catalyzed, consecutive double C−H oxidative coupling of free 1-naphthylamine and α,β-unsaturated esters through C−H/C−H and C−H/N−H bonds is reported. The one step reaction leads to the formation of biologically important alkylidene-1,2-dihydrobenzo[cd]indoles scaffolds. This efficient process is much more synthetically convenient and useful than others because the starting materials, such as 1-naphthylamine derivatives are readily available and the free amine serves as a directing group.     

Iron(III)-catalyzed synthesis of selenoesters from α-amino carbonyl derivatives at room temperature

An Fe(III)-catalyzed efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of selenoester derivatives in high yields through the coupling of α-amino carbonyl/glycine derivatives and diselenides under ambient air. A library of benzoselenoate derivatives having a variety of substituents has been synthesized. A plausible reaction pathway has been predicted. Experimental results suggest that the reaction proceeds through a radical pathway. Operational simplicity, compatibility with various α-amino carbonyls and diselenides, high yields, fast reaction and mild reaction conditions are the notable advantages of this procedure. We have also shown the practical application of the synthesized selenoesters which is useful to generate peptide bonds in biological sciences.     

Oxidative coupling of NH isoquinolones with olefins catalyzed by Rh(III)

Rh(III)-catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions between isoquinolones with 3-aryl groups and activated olefins have been achieved using anhydrous Cu(OAc)(2) as an oxidant to give tetracyclic products. The nitrogen atom acts as a directing group to facilitate ortho C-H activation. This reaction can be one-pot starting from methyl benzohydroxamates, without the necessity of the isolation of isoquinolone products. A broad scope of substrates has been demonstrated, and both terminal and internal activated olefins can be applied. In the coupling of N-methylmaleimide, a Wacker-like mechanism was proposed, where backside attack of the NH group in isoquinolones is suggested as a key step. Selective C-H activation has also been achieved at the 8-position of 1-naphthol, leading to an olefination product.     

Enantioselective synthesis of indenopyrazolopyrazolones enabled by dual directing groups-assisted and rhodium(III)-catalyzed tandem C-H alkenylation/[3 + 2] stepwise cycloaddition

The Cp^XRh(III)-catalyzed asymmetric cascade C-H coupling/intramolecular cyclization of azomethine imines with propargyl carbonates has been developed, affording a variety of chiral tetracyclic indenopyrazolopyrazolone frameworks with good substrate/functional group tolerance and enantioselectivity (up to 97:3 er). Combined experimental studies and DFT calculations revealed the Rh(III)-catalyzed stepwise annulation process and clarified the synergy coordination mode of dual directing groups in tuning the selectivity.     

Unlocking Migratory Insertion in Gold Redox Catalysis

Exploration of elementary reactions in organometallic catalysis is an important method with which to discover new reactions. In this article, we report a gold(I)-catalyzed iodo-alkynylation of benzyne involving the merging of challenging migratory insertion and an oxidative addition process in gold catalytic cycle. A wide range of structurally diverse alkynyl iodides are good coupling partners in this iodo-alkynylation transformation. Both aliphatic and aromatic alkynyl iodides can react with benzynes smoothly to afford highly functionalized 1,2-disubstituted aromatics in moderate to good yields. Its good functional group compatibility and late-stage application of complex molecules demonstrate its synthetic robustness. Studies of the mechanism reveals the feasibility of oxidative addition and the DFT calculations demonstrate the possible migratory insertion of benzyne into Au^III-carbon bonds in the Au^I/Au^III redox catalytic cycle, representing an important step towards an elementary reaction in gold chemistry research.     

Catalytic flow-injection determination of copper at nanogram levels by using color formation of N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine with m-phenylenediamine in the presence of pyridine and ammonia as activators

A spectrophotometric flow-injection method for determining copper(II) has been developed. It is based on the catalytic effect of copper(II) on the oxidative coupling of N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine with m-phenylenediamine in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Pyridine and ammonia as activators increased the absorbance for the copper(II)-catalyzed coloration, and the dye formed was stabilized by adding a non-ionic surfactant. The working range of the method was 0.1-2.0 ng ml(-1) of cooper(II) with a relative standard deviation 2.4% at a sampling rate of 30 h(-1). Interference from iron(III) was effectively suppressed by citric acid. Copper in natural water samples can be determined easily.     

Rhodium-catalyzed regioselective C-H functionalization via decarbonylation of acid chlorides and C-H bond activation under phosphine-free conditions

Efficient rhodium(I)-catalyzed regioselective functionalization of aromatic C-H bonds has been realized with acid chlorides as the coupling partners via decarbonylation and C-H activation under phosphine-free conditions.