双冷针冷冻手术中冻结相变传热的数值模拟

建立了生物组织(含正常组织与肿瘤)冻结过程相变传热的数学模型.模型中采用树状分形方法模拟血管的结构形态,同时考虑了组织在冻结过程中存在冻结区、糊状区和未冻结区三个区域.对生物组织在同时插入两根探针时冻结过程中温度场分布及冰晶生长规律进行了模拟.模拟结果表明:在冷冻初期,冰晶的生长速度较快,到了后期冰晶生长速度明显减慢;探针间距在冷冻初期对冰晶生长产生较大影响,随着冷冻时间的增加这种差别会逐渐减少.     

肿瘤冻融相变传热过程的数值模拟

本文建立了肿瘤组织多孔介质冻融相变传热的数学模型.采用显热容法研究模拟了冷热交替治疗过程中肿瘤组织中温度场分布以及冰晶增长和融化过程.研究结果表明,当冷刀进入组织以后,组织内会产生冰晶的生长.当冷刀的温度上升时,开始时在冷刀侧附近冰晶融化,出现一个冰晶融化的相界面;随着冷刀温度的上升,逐步出现两个冰晶融化的相界面.血液灌注率的存在使组织冻结速度变慢.     

蓄冷板冻结过程的数值模拟与实验研究

文中对蓄冷板内共晶液的热力学特性进行了分析。运用数值方法对不同温度下的NaCl蓄冷板冻结过程进行模拟研究,并实验验证了模拟的准确性。研究结果表明:当环境温度低于共晶液的共晶温度-21.2℃时,蓄冷板内共晶液开始相变所需的冷冻时间与环境温度有较大影响;蓄冷板出现结晶后直至共晶液完全冻结的相变过程受环境温度的影响较小。     

蓄冰球内多孔泡沫金属对流体冻结传热影响的试验研究

通过试验比较注有相同水量的多孔泡沫金属蓄冰球与普通蓄冰球冻结传热过程的动态特性,研究了多孔泡沫金属对蓄冰球内流体冻结传热过程的影响。试验发现:两种蓄冰球中的流体工质均需达到一定过冷度后才发生相变;在相同制冷工况下,蓄冰球内多孔泡沫金属流体工质进入相变状态快,并且完成工质总相变过程的时间短。研究表明,多孔泡沫金属具有良好的动态相变换热特性,能有效强化蓄冰球内流体冻结传热。     

基于液氮低温冷刀系统的冻结组织温度场分布研究

设计了基于液氮的低温冷冻治疗系统,并进行动物组织实验研究,得到组织关键测温点的温度变化;并对冷冻过程进行数值模拟,将实验结果与模拟冷冻结果进行对比,根据二者的差异对数值模拟中采用的组织热物性参数进行修正,使模拟结果更接近于实际冷冻过程.     

低温微创手术治疗探头周围组织温度分布研究

采用低温方法对人体深部肿瘤进行杀伤时,既要求对肿瘤组织有最大的杀伤效果,又要保证正常组织,特别是一些重要器官组织,能免受冷冻伤害。文中对冷冻治疗探头形成冰球的大小、以及冻结界面周围组织温度分布进行传热分析和测试,以给出安全区和危险区的范围,这可以为外科手术医生设计低温手术方案提供参考依据。     

液氮喷淋流态化速冻系统及冷冻性能研究

液氮喷淋流态化速冻新系统是以液氮为冷源,结合液氮喷淋预冻和流态化速冻两种冻结方法于一体的食品速冻装置。本文建立了基于新系统的食品冷冻过程的焓法数学模型,计算了黄瓜片在不同冻结条件下的降温过程和冷冻时间,同时对冻品质量进行了分析。     

冷空气中水滴的冷却与冻结过程研究

本文通过实验和数值模拟手段研究冷空气中水滴的冷却和随后的冻结过程.微小水滴被黏附在热电偶感温点上并置于冷空气中,测量了水滴冷却和冻结过程中的温度变化.用显微镜观察了冻结过程的现象,建立了水滴冻结的相变动力学模型.在此基础上的数值模拟结果基本与实验相符.     

激光诱导间质肿瘤热疗的数值模拟和实验研究

本文在考虑生物组织物性动态变化的情况下建立了激光诱导间质肿瘤热疗(LITT)的物理数学模型,采用MonteCarlo方法数值模拟了LITT中激光能量在生物组织内的传输过程,基于Pennes生物传热方程和Arrhenius方程数值求解了组织内的温度分布和热损伤体积的变化,分析了热物性及血液灌注率的动态变化对LITT过程的影响,并与相应的离体实验结果进行了对比。数值模拟结果表明,组织的热物性及血液灌注率的动态变化对于热损伤体积的变化具有重要的影响。因此在激光诱导间质肿瘤热疗的数值模拟中应该考虑热物性及血液灌注率的动态变化以期为临床治疗方案的制定提供更为准确的依据。     

冷冻速率对蚕豆热物性变化规律影响的实验研究

研究了不同冷冻速率下蚕豆热物性的变化规律。利用Hot Disk得到蚕豆在-30～30℃下的热导率变化曲线;通过DSC和低温冷冻实验台,冷冻速率在5～80℃/min条件下将蚕豆切片进行冷冻实验,得到了不同冷冻条件下冻结点、结晶点及比热容的变化规律。测试结果表明:蚕豆热导率随着温度的降低先减小再增大;冻结点随着降温速率的增大而增大;蚕豆的结晶点在降温速率小于20℃/min时出现浮动,但总体上,结晶点随着降温速率的增大而降低。在不同降温速率下,比热容随温度的变化规律基本相同,但在冷冻相变过程中发生剧烈变化。通过对冷冻过程中蚕豆热物性的实验研究,为冷冻干燥种子的传热传质分析提供了实验数据的支撑。     

Fast radial NMR microimaging studies of the freezing of extruded pasta

Fast radial NMR microimaging protocols are presented for studying time dependent profiles of unfrozen water and ice during the freezing of extruded pasta (spaghetti). The radial imaging profiles of unfrozen water are analysed with an approximate analytic solution based on a generalized Plank model of freezing as well as by a more exact numerical simulation. The potential of the imaging technique for studying freezing kinetics in other food materials is discussed.     

过冷水滴碰撞结冰的实验与模拟研究

以宏观结冰/霜过程中过冷水滴的碰撞结冰现象为背景,实验对比了亲水和超疏水表面上常温水滴碰撞、常温水滴碰撞结冰和过冷水滴碰撞结冰的过程,建立了过冷水滴碰撞结冰过程的数值模型,研究了We数和接触角对碰撞结冰的影响。结果表明:相比于常温水滴的碰撞及其碰撞结冰过程,过冷水滴碰撞结冰过程的稳态铺展系数更大;随着过冷度和We数的增大以及接触角的减小,过冷水滴的碰撞结冰与常温水滴的碰撞在水滴形态和铺展系数上的差异逐渐增大。     

基于光子晶体的物质的量浓度测量研究

利用平面波展开法对二维光子晶体在H极化下的光子带隙进行数值计算。考虑了溶液温度和物质的量浓度对光子带隙的影响。结果表明,以半乳糖和木糖的水溶液作为空气孔中介质材料,当溶液物质的量浓度一定时,光子带隙随溶液温度的变化而改变;而当溶液温度一定时,光子带隙随溶液物质的量浓度发生变化。较高物质的量浓度和较高温度的溶液更容易形成光子带隙。在某些情况下,木糖的光子带隙大于半乳糖的光子带隙。     

Modeling of Ice-Water Phase Change in Horizontal Annulus Using Modified Enthalpy Method

Phase change in ice-water systems in the geometry of horizontal cylindrical annulus with constant inner wall temperature and adiabatic outer wall is modeled with an enthalpy-based mixture model. Solidification and melting phenomena under different temperature conditions are analyzed through a sequence of numerical calculations. In the case of freezing of water, the importance of convection and conduction as well as the influence of cold pipe temperature on time for the complete solidification is examined. As for the case of melting of ice, the influence of the inner pipe wall temperature on the shape of the ice-water interface, the flow and temperature fields in the liquid, the heat transfer coefficients and the rate of melting are analyzed. The results of numerical calculations point to good qualitative agreement with the available experimental and other numerical results.     

Photoinduced magnetism, dynamics, and cluster glass behavior of a molecule-based magnet

We overview several recent experimental and numerical observations, which are at odds with the vortex glass theory of the freezing of disordered vortex matter. To reinvestigate the issue, we performed numerical simulations of the overdamped London-Langevin model, and use finite size scaling to analyze the data. Upon approaching the transition the initial vortex-glass-type criticality is arrested at some crossover temperature. Below this temperature the time scales continue growing very quickly, consistent with the Vogel-Fulcher form, while the spatial correlation length ξ stops exhibiting any observable divergence. We call this mode of freezing the vortex molasses scenario.     

水滴撞击结冰过程的分子动力学模拟

利用三维分子动力学模拟方法,研究了纳米尺度水滴撞击冷壁面的结冰过程.数值模拟中,统计系统采用微正则系综,势能函数选用TIP4P/ice模型,温度校正使用速度定标法,牛顿运动方程的求解采用文莱特算法,水滴内部结冰过程则通过统计垂直方向水分子温度分布来判定.研究发现,当冷壁面温度降低时,水滴完全结冰的时间减小,但水滴降至壁面温度的时间却增大;同时随着壁面亲水性降低,水滴内部热传递速度减慢(尤其是冷壁面与水滴底端分子层间),水滴内部温度趋于均匀,但水滴完全结冰时间延长.     

Freezing Temperature in Dilute Ising Spin Glasses with Long-Range Interactions

The onset of spin-glass freezing in dilute Ising systems with long-range interactions is investigated with the use of numerical simulations. We show that taking pair correlations explicitly into account results in the renormalization of the interaction matrix and suppression of the density of localized states compared with conventional mean field theory. Application of the theory to the RKKY interaction in the dilute limit raises the question of the appropriate boundary eigenvalue of the effective interaction matrix that separates localized and extended states. We identify the onset of spin-glass freezing with the temperature T _g at which this boundary eigenvalue is equal to one. Numerical simulations reproduces the linear concentration dependence of T _g in the very dilute limit, in agreement with scaling relations, and show a significant improvement over the conventional mean-field theory in the value obtained for the freezing temperature.     

What is 'unfreezable water', how unfreezable is it,and how much is there?

Water that remains unfrozen at temperatures below the equilibrium bulk freezing temperature, in the presence of ice, is sometimes called unfreezable or bound. This paper analyses the phenomenon in terms of quantitative measurements of the hydration interaction among membranes or macromolecules at freezing temperatures. These results are related to analogous measurements in which osmotic stress or mechanical compression is used to equilibrate water of hydration with a bulk phase. The analysis provides formulas to estimate, at a given sub-freezing temperature, the amount of unfrozen water due to equilibrium hydration effects. Even at tens of degrees below freezing, this hydration effect alone can explain an unfrozen water volume that considerably exceeds that of a single 'hydration shell' surrounding the hydrophilic surfaces. The formulas provided give a lower bound to the amount of unfrozen water for two reasons. First, the well-known freezing point depression due to small solutes is, to zeroth order, independent of the membrane or macromolecular hydration effect. Further, the unfrozen solution found between membranes or macromolecules at freezing temperatures has high viscosity and small dimensions. This means that dehydration of such systems, especially at freezing temperatures, takes so long that equilibrium is rarely achieved over normal experimental time scales. So, in many cases, the amount of unfrozen water exceeds that expected at equilibrium, which in turn usually exceeds that calculated for a single hydration shell.     

Investigation of aggregation of porphyrin derivative Fe(TPP)Cl at low temperature by time-resolved fluorescence spectrum

The time-resolved fluorescence spectrum I(, t) of the porphyrin derivative Fe(TPP)Cl in solution is measured. Experiments show that when the temperature is at least 5 K above the freezing point of the solvent, the sample fluorescence does not change with temperature. But when the temperature approaches the freezing point of the solvent, the fluorescence relaxation of the high concentration sample solution is faster than that of the above normal one. Furthermore, fluorescence spectra for various times after excitation have different shapes. Analysis shows that in this case the fluorescence is composed of two components with different relaxations and spectra. The two components are attributed to monomer and aggregates respectively.     

Preparation and Characterization of Poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone) Scaffolds by Thermally Induced Phase Separation

Abstract

The technique of thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) is favorable for the fabrication of a porous scaffold due to a number of advantages. In this work the poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLLGC) terpolymer was synthesized by melt copolymerization and porous scaffolds thereof from its solution in 1,4-dioxane were fabricated by using the TIPS method. The effects of fabrication parameters, including polymer concentration and freezing temperature, on the morphology, pore size and mechanical properties were studied. The results showed that the average pore size of the PLLGC porous scaffold increased with a decrease in PLLGC concentration and the pore size resulting from freezing at 4?°C (about 20–100?μm) was significantly larger than for other samples (20–50?μm) frozen at lower temperatures. The porosity of the scaffolds decreased with increasing PLLGC concentration or decreasing freezing temperature. On the other hand, the compressive strength of the scaffolds increased with the increase of PLLGC concentration or the decrease of freezing temperature, as would be expected. The present results can be applied in design to control the processing parameters of TIPS for a scaffold with desired pore morphology.