关于研发机构非显著工艺创新的最优许可研究

研发机构创新成功后,应该重视知识资产的主动管理,在专利许可谈判中科学合理地确定专利许可策略,以追求收益最大化.本文的目的是进一步完善与具体化Kamien,Tauman与Oren(1992)的模型,深入研究研发机构在不同许可机制下对在位厂商的非显著创新许可收益,以及最优许可策略选择.主要结论是:给定厂商数量,当创新规模较小时,研发机构的最优策略为提成许可,其次是不限许可数量的F(F)许可与一级价格密封投标拍卖许可;当创新规模较大时,研发机构的最优策略为拍卖许可,提成许可次之,最后是不限许可数量的F(F)许可.     

古诺竞争的选址模型研究

在Paul提出的圆环形城市模型基础上,通过引入成本分布函数,扩展了Pal和Matsushima的模型,建立了一个新的带有成本因子的选址与产量竞争的双寡头竞争模型.结果表明:如果成本分布函数是常数,那么两企业均衡地分布于圆环形城市将达到完美的纳什均衡;如果成本分布函数是严格凸函数,当运输系数较小时,企业将在产品成本分布函数最小点处集聚,并各自达到利润最大化.     

在位创新厂商对潜在进入者的专利许可研究

通过研究技术市场竞争性对创新者许可激励的影响,为在位创新厂商确定对潜在进入者的固定费用许可策略提供理论指导.首先利用消费者效用函数推导出在位创新厂商向潜在进入者发放许可时的差异C ournot寡占均衡一般式.然后,利用特定寡占均衡,研究多个对称创新厂商(技术市场存在竞争)与唯一创新厂商(技术市场无竞争)向潜在进入者发放许可的最优策略.着重分析了产品替代系数、厂商数量与知识可占有程度对创新者许可策略的影响.结果表明:在技术市场竞争压力下,多家对称创新厂商的最优策略是不向潜在进入者发放许可;而唯一创新厂商的均衡许可数量与知识可占有程度、产品替代系数以及在位厂商的数量成正比与交易费用成反比.     

考虑专利许可的制造商与再制造商竞争策略

研究了在专利完善市场受专利保护的原制造商面对再制造商竞争所采取得两种策略:无许可再制造与许可再制造。在再制造成本差异及消费者异质的情况下,分别建立了无回收数量限制的单周期模型和受回收数量限制的两周期模型,利用博弈理论求解原制造商和再制造商竞争情况下的最优决策。通过比较分析和数值仿真,讨论了不同参数对新产品和再制造品定价策略及双方利润的影响,并给出了相关结论。结果表明,原制造商倾向于采用许可再制造策略,这是在于原制造商可以通过收取专利许可费来分享再制造所带来的收益;而对再制造商而言,只有许可再制造所带来的节省成本足够高时,才有意愿接受原制造商的专利技术支持。     

不完全成本信息下差异产品厂商古诺竞争博弈分析

在成本信息不完全条件下研究了具有替代性产品的古诺竞争问题,并对完全信息与不完全信息两种情形下的均衡结果做了比较。研究表明,在不完全信息下,产品间的替代性、成本函数的概率值以及低成本识别因子对成本信息优势厂商和劣势厂商的均衡产量大小和均衡利润高低均有影响,但对各厂商间的均衡价格高低无影响。无论上述参数如何取值,低成本厂商在不完全信息条件下的贝叶斯纳什均衡产量、均衡价格、均衡利润以及市场份额均低于完全信息条件下的纳什均衡结果;而对高成本厂商而言,结果恰好相反。     

差异Bertrand寡占厂商的技术许可策略

利用消费者效用函数推导出产品市场差异Bertrand价格竞争均衡的一般式;结合技术许可的收入效应与租金耗散效应,分析了差异Bertrand多家对称创新厂商与差异Bertrand双寡头中的唯一创新厂商对竞争对手的固定费用许可策略.结果表明:(1)多家对称创新厂商与唯一创新厂商均选择不向潜在进入者发放许可;(2)只要产品差异程度符合一定条件,差异Bertrand双寡头中的唯一创新厂商将向技术劣势在位竞手许可其各种规模的工艺创新.     

差异化竞争下考虑再制造专利许可的闭环供应链生产决策

针对高端产品和低端产品的差异化竞争,构建高端制造商将再制造专利许可作为外部竞争要素情形的闭环供应链竞合决策模型,研究消费者异质需求下再制造专利许可对闭环供应链生产决策、利润和环境效益的影响。研究结果表明:再制造专利许可是高端制造商的有效产品差异化竞争策略,可提高高端制造商利润,降低低端制造商利润;再制造专利许可策略对环境并不总是有利的,但消费者对再制造品的支付意愿越强,其环境效益越高。     

下游差异Cournot厂商的提成许可策略与创新激励

不同的上游市场结构对下游厂商的许可策略、创新激励产生不同的影响.文章分别基于上游原料供应商为独占垄断、双头垄断以及完全竞争的假设,结合提成许可策略,比较分析了下游产品市场差异Cournot厂商的创新激励.结果表明：上游厂商的市场势力越强,下游厂商的显著创新激励越低,但显著创新的提成许可激励却越高.这一结果为厂商与政府的创新管理提供了理论依据.     

对相关市场条件下贸易竞争的博弈机制及福利效应的研究

在古诺双头模型的框架内分析了市场风险和相关因素对贸易竞争均衡和福利水平的影响.与传统模型不同,假设各国市场具有潜在相关的随机需求,且出口企业具有风险规避的态度,并利用博弈模型研究了市场风险和相关因子对竞争力和成本优势形成的产出效应及定价行为的影响.推论表明国际市场的不确定性和相关性削弱了企业在完全信息条件下参与贸易竞争的动机,而各国的福利水平则取决于企业风险态度、市场风险和相关系数的特定组合.     

分权体制下地方政府财政支出的环境效应研究

运用2000~2015年31个省级行政单位的数据,构建固定效应面板模型,实证研究分权体制下地方政府支出的环境效应.以"工业三废"作为环境质量衡量指标,考虑到中国式财政分权对地方财政支出的影响,引入财政分权度与财政支出规模的交叉项进行研究.研究结果显示:财政支出对环境质量的影响具有不确定性,财政分权与"工业三废"存在正相关关系,且通过财政支出规模间接的对"工业三废"产生负向影响.分权体制下政府财政支出规模对环境质量的影响存在区域差异,财政分权通过财政支出规模对高污染区域的"工业三废"减排作用最大,中度污染区域次之,轻度污染区域最小.     

Decentralized Business Strategies in a Multi-Unit Firm

In a multi-unit firm, such as a retail chain or a multi-plant manufacturer, we compare the business strategies developed by unit managers with the strategies that maximize corporate profit. The setting is one in which units face different markets and where learning spillovers between two units are enhanced if their strategies are more similar. When there is a small number of units, we find a tendency for managers' strategies to be excessively tailored to their local market. When the firm has many units, unit strategies can be either excessively or insufficiently standardized.     

空间差异厂商间的专利授权分析

现有文献关于空间差异环境专利授权的最优合同基于固定费与可变费,而不是更一般的授权合同.针对这一问题,分析了厂商间的两部制最优专利授权策略.无论专利大小如何,授权合同同时包括固定费与可变费项,不授权不是最优的.专利对内部人的激励高于外部人.与专利发明之前比较,专利增加社会福利但不增加消费者剩余.     

Stability of the Cournot equilibrium for a Cournot oligopoly model with n competitors

In this paper a Cournot-like model is constructed with an iso-elastic demand function for n competitors. The Cournot equilibrium is constructed for general constant unit costs. Finally, it is proved that for identical unit costs the Cournot point is a sink for two or three competitors and a saddle for more than four players.     

Coordination of Advertising Strategies in a Fashion Licensing Contract

The aim of this paper is to characterize cooperative and noncooperative advertising strategies of a licensor and licensee involved in a licensing contract in the fashion business. Licensing is the process of leasing a legally protected entity (brand, name, logo, etc.) in conjunction with a product or product line. It is based on a contractual agreement between two business entities: the owner of the property, called licensor; and the renter of the rights, called licensee. Licensing is seen as a win-win strategy, in which the two partners can achieve their objectives (e.g., expanding the brand, its market reach, etc.). We show that, if the licensor, who acts as the leader, uses an incentive strategy that depends on the licensee advertising, then it can reach the jointly optimal solution in a decentralized way. This research project was initiated following a discussion by the first author with an Italian designer involved in licensing in the fashion business. Research supported by NSERC, Canada.     

A nonlinear Cournot duopoly with advertising

This paper aims at studying local and global dynamics in a nonlinear duopoly with quantity-setting firms and non-cooperative advertising investments that affect the degree of (horizontally) differentiated products. It concentrates on persuasive advertising in a model where each firm has limited information and uses a behavioural rule to set the quantity for the subsequent period. By using some mathematical techniques and numerical simulations, our results show the existence of weak (à la Milnor) attractors, multistability and chaotic dynamics. In the long term, firms may continuously shift from states in which they invest in advertising to states in which advertising investment is absent.     

Explicit Stability Zones for Cournot Game with 3 and 4 Competitors

The dynamical system of 3 and 4 competitors in a Cournot game is studied. The stability of its fixed points (Nash-equilibria) are also investigated. The stable and unstable regions are explicitly shown. The bifurcation characteristics are found. Periodic orbits with different periods 7, 25, 18, 13, 17 etc., are detected in both cases. The study of these models is very rich in bifurcation phenomena.