离子液体作为流动相添加剂高效液相色谱法同时测定黄连中5种生物碱

建立了高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定黄连中5种生物碱含量的方法。黄连药材经甲醇超声提取后,用Spherigel C_(18)色谱柱(250×4.6 mm,5μm)进行HPLC测定,流动相为含有1-己基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐添加剂的甲醇-水(25:75,V/V),流动相流速为1.0 m L/min,检测波长为345 nm,同时测定了黄连药材中药根碱、表小檗碱、黄连碱、巴马汀和小檗碱含量。在1~200μg/m L浓度范围内,5种生物碱的线性相关系数均大于0.9990,药根碱、表小檗碱、黄连碱、巴马汀和小檗碱的检测限(LOD)分别为0.19,0.13,0.11,0.18,0.15 mg/L。测定了3种不同产地的黄连生物碱的含量并进行加标回收,回收率在98%~102%之间。     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定黄连、左金丸及反左金丸中三种生物碱的含量

用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)法,以CH3CN-0.1%,H3PO4的0.5%SDS溶液(50:50)为流动相体系,有效分离了黄连、左金丸和反左金丸样品中的小檗碱型生物碱组分.该方法线性关系良好,相关系数均在0.9999以上,回收率高.同时测定了黄连、左金丸(黄连-吴茱萸6:1)及反左金丸(黄连-吴茱萸1:6)中药根碱、巴马汀以及小檗碱等3种生物碱的含量,并比较了其间存在的差别.本方法分离度高,准确、简便、快捷.     

黄连生物碱的反相高效液相-电喷雾离子阱串联质谱的研究

采用反相高效液相-电喷雾离子阱串联质谱法对由乙醇提取的黄连生物碱进行了研究.优化出了反相高效液相色谱分离黄连生物碱的条件:流动相为V(乙腈):V(H2O)(三乙胺2 mmol/L)=30:70;柱温为30℃;流速为0.5 mL/min,并结合电喷雾串联质谱检测出了黄连生物碱中的小檗碱、药根碱、巴马汀、黄连碱以及微量的表...     

月桂酰基苹果酸酯胶束电动色谱-质谱法同时测定牛黄上清片中5种生物碱

建立了基于月桂酰基苹果酸酯的胶束电动色谱-质谱法同时分离测定牛黄上清片中黄连碱、小檗碱、药根碱、黄柏碱以及川芎嗪5种有效成分含量的新方法。以7.5 mmol/L月桂酰基苹果酸酯-15 mmol/L氨水-50 mmol/L醋酸铵(含12.5%的乙腈,pH=7.0)为电泳介质,未涂层弹性石英毛细管(88 cm×50 μm)为分离通道,50%异丙醇水溶液(含3 mmol/L乙酸)为鞘液,在25 kV的运行电压下,各组分可以在18 min内得到基线分离。各组分的浓度与其峰面积呈现良好的线性关系,迁移时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差均小于5%,样品中5种生物碱成分的样品加标回收率在96.0%～105%之间。该法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,可用于牛黄上清片中这5种有效成分含量的同时测定。     

毛细管电泳安培法检测黄连中的生物碱

本文建立了一种简单快速的毛细管电泳安培检测法分离检测黄连中的黄连碱、盐酸小檗碱、巴马汀、和药根碱.以150 μm的铂电极为工作电极,考察并优化了影响分离和检测的条件.在80 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液中添加50%甲醇(pH 6.0),分离电压15 kV,检测电位1.2 V (vs.Ag/AgCl)的条件下,黄连碱、盐酸小檗碱、巴马汀和药根碱在8min内获得良好分离.黄连碱、盐酸小檗碱、巴马汀和药根碱的峰电流面积和浓度分别在1.0×10-5～2.0×10-7,1.0×10-5 ～8.0×10-8 mol/L,1.0×10-5～1.0×10-7 mol/L和1.0×10-5～2.0×10-7mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系.检出限(S/N=3)低达10-8mmol/L.方法应用于微波辅助溶剂提取黄连中生物碱的测定,回收率在97.0%～104%,RSDs≤3.8%,结果满意.     

以离子液体作流动相添加剂的高效液相色谱法测定复方苦参注射液中4种生物碱

将离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(［BMIM］BF4)作为流动相添加剂建立了同时测定复方苦参注射液中4种主要生物碱的HPLC分析方法。以Agilent TC-C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm)为分离柱,甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液(含2.2×10-4mol/L ［BMIM］BF4)(5:95, v/v)为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,进样量20 μL,在205 nm下检测。结果表明,苦参碱、槐定碱、氧化槐果碱以及氧化苦参碱的质量浓度分别在25.8～155.0 mg/L, 40.0～240.0 mg/L, 21.7～130.0 mg/L和37.5～225.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9990,平均回收率(n=9)在96.2%和98.9%之间。离子液体的加入能明显改善C18柱分离生物碱的色谱峰形并提高分离度。本法简便、快速、重复性好,可用于复方苦参注射液中生物碱的分离与测定。     

灰色关联分析结合色度法评价不同产地黄连质量

为了建立黄连色度测量方法并分析其与有效成分含量之间的相关性,应用灰色关联分析（GRA）与主成分分析（PCA）对不同产地黄连药材进行质量评价。收集了来自15个不同产区黄连药材,依据国际照明委员会CIE L*a*b*数字化系统,采用分光测色计测定15批黄连药材色度值,采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）测定表小檗碱、黄连碱、巴马汀和盐酸小檗碱4种生物碱含量,并运用SPSS 23.0软件对色度与生物碱含量进行相关性分析。将黄连药材中生物碱类成分含量、药材水分、灰分、浸出物含量及色度值作为考察指标,采用GRA法构建黄连质量评价模型并采用SIMCA-P 14.1软件进行PCA及正交偏最小二乘法分析;结果表明,色度测量方法准确可靠;相关性分析结果显示,黄连色度L^* 、a^* 、b^* 、E_ab^* （总色度值）值与表小檗碱、黄连碱、巴马汀和盐酸小檗碱的含量均有显著相关性。GRA分析结果显示,产地为重庆市的黄连与最优参考序列的相对关联度最高、质量最优;PCA分析结果显示产地为陕西省铜川市的黄连对主成分贡献率较高。GRA与色度测定所建立的黄连质量评价模型可作为黄连药材质量评价的参考依据。     

离子抑制剂对苯甲酸等9种食品添加剂的反相液相色谱行为的影响

研究了反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)流动相中酸性离子抑制剂三氟乙酸(TFA)与缓冲盐离子抑制剂TFA-乙酸铵(AmAc)对安赛蜜、糖精、咖啡因、阿斯巴甜、苯甲酸、山梨酸、甜菊糖苷、脱氢乙酸和纽甜等9种食品添加剂色谱保留行为的影响。着重探讨了TFA与TFA-AmAc作为离子抑制剂的有机调节剂作用,考察了乙腈-TFA水溶液和乙腈-TFA-AmAc水溶液流动相体系中溶质的保留因子与离子抑制剂体积分数之间的关系。在最佳流动相组成(乙腈-TFA (0.01%, v/v)-AmAc (2.5 mmol/L)水溶液)条件下梯度洗脱,苯甲酸等9种食品添加剂实现了基线分离。9种食品添加剂在10.0～100.0 mg/L内具有良好的线性关系(r2＞0.9991);检出限为0.33～2.36 mg/L,定量限为1.11～7.80 mg/L;9种食品添加剂在空白干红葡萄酒中的添加回收率为87.61%～108.4%,其相对标准偏差为2.2%～9.4%。本实验结果对于食品中多组分食品添加剂的RP-HPLC分离分析方法的建立和优化具有较好的指导意义。     

以离子液体为流动相添加剂高效液相色谱法分离钩藤药材中的钩藤碱和异钩藤碱

以常用流动相添加剂三乙胺作为对照,建立了以离子液体为流动相添加剂,分离钩藤药材中钩藤碱和异钩藤碱的高效液相色谱方法。以分离度及相关色谱参数为指标,选择了离子液体中咪唑阳离子烷基链长度及阴离子的种类。并分别考察了咪唑阳离子烷基链长度、离子液体浓度、流动相pH值和流动相比例对钩藤碱和异钩藤碱分离的影响,初步探讨了离子液体的分离机理。结果显示,咪唑阳离子的烷基链越长,阴离子的离子液体序列越高,分离效果越好,即[HMIM][BF_4]为最优的流动相添加剂。当[HMIM][BF_4]浓度为16 mmol/L,流动相pH值为3.0,甲醇比例为37%时,钩藤碱和异钩藤碱能够实现基线分离,满足样品分离测定的需求。     

用于乳糖含量测定的新型氨基键合硅胶色谱固定相的制备及评价

基于合成的氨基键合硅胶色谱固定相,按照2015版《中华人民共和国药典》乳糖项下含量测试方法,建立了高效液相色谱-示差折光检测（HPLC-RI）分离乳糖与蔗糖的分析方法。考察了3种不同类型的氨基色谱固定相制备的色谱柱（300 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）对乳糖和蔗糖的保留时间、分离度和峰面积稳定性等色谱行为的影响。以乙腈-水（70 ∶ 30,v/v）为流动相进行等度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,进样量为10 μL。结果表明：使用异丙基侧链保护的氨基色谱柱时,乳糖和蔗糖的分离度为3.03,实现了二者的良好分离,且各目标物峰形良好;乳糖峰面积的RSD仅为1.14%,小于药典规定的2.0%。该法满足2015版《中华人民共和国药典》方法中乳糖含量测定的要求,适合作为乳糖含量测定的质控色谱柱。     

加速溶剂萃取法快速提取黄连中的生物碱

探讨了快速溶剂萃取法（ASE）提取黄连中生物碱的可行性,并比较了该方法与回流提取法和超声提取法的优越性。以黄连中盐酸小檗碱的提取率为指标,以高效液相色谱法（HPLC）为检测方法,用正交实验对快速溶剂萃取法从黄连中提取盐酸小檗碱的工作条件进行优化。最佳仪器参数：提取溶剂为80%乙醇＋0.5%HCl,提取温度为130℃,静态提取时间为10 min,提取次数为1次。快速溶剂萃取法可作为黄连中生物碱分析测定的前处理方法。     

Determination of Coptis Chinensis Franch and Phellodendron Amurense Rupr in Qingwei-Huanglian Wan by Pls-HPLC Method

Abstract

Coptis chinensis Franch contains berberine(1), palmatine(2), jatrorrhizine(3) and etc. And phellodendron amurense Rupr also contains above components. Qingwei-Huanglian Wan is made from Coptis chinensis Franch, phellodendron amurense Rupr and etc. Berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine in Qingwei-Huanglian Wan were determined by HPLC. The optimal composition of mobile phase CH₃COOEt-HCOOH-EtOH (15:3:2) for HPLC separation of berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine was successfully determine by using window diagram technique. Detection wavelength was 345nm. Flow rate: 1.5ml/min. Calibration graphs for (1), (2) and (3) were rectilinear for 0.06–0.39μg, 0.06–0.61μg and 0.01–0.12μg respectively. The basic principle and method of partial least squares method (PLS) is presented in this paper. The data from HPLC were treated with PLS program to obtain the contents of Coptis chinensis corresponding with the requirement. All these indicate that PLS-HPLC method is new and feasible for the determination of crude drugs in Chinese Patent Medicine.

2. PLS is a new multivariate statistical method, and its performance is better than other traditional methods such as ordinary multivariate regression and principal components regression. This is because the calibration technique, which makes good use of the information in concentration matrix Y and content matrix X, is used in PLS method.

3. The method is applicable to the quanlity control of the products. The contents of IV and V in VI can be predicted accurately fast, if the method described here is used by factories making VI.     

Method validation for determination of alkaloid content in goldenseal root powder

A fast, practical ambient extraction methodology followed by isocratic liquid chromatography (LC) analysis with UV detection was validated for the determination of berberine, hydrastine, and canadine in goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) root powder. The method was also validated for palmatine, a major alkaloid present in the possible bioadulterants Coptis, Oregon grape root, and barberry bark. Alkaloid standard solutions were linear over the evaluated concentration ranges. The analytical method was linear for alkaloid extraction using 0.3-2 g goldenseal root powder/100 mL extraction solvent. Precision of the method was demonstrated using 10 replicate extractions of 0.5 g goldenseal root powder, with percent relative standard deviation for all 4 alkaloids < or = 1.6. Alkaloid recovery was determined by spiking each alkaloid into triplicate aliquots of neat goldenseal root powder. Recoveries ranged from 92.3% for palmatine to 101.9% for hydrastine. Ruggedness of the method was evaluated by performing multiple analyses of goldenseal root powder from 3 suppliers over a 2-year period. The method was also used to analyze Coptis root, Oregon grape root, barberry bark, and celandine herb, which are possible goldenseal bioadulterants. The resulting chromatographic profiles of the bioadulterants were significantly different from that of goldenseal. The method was directly transferred to LC with mass spectrometry, which was used to confirm the presence of goldenseal alkaloids tetrahydroberberastine, berberastine, canadaline, berberine, hydrastine, and canadine, as well as alkaloids from the bioadulterants, including palmatine, jatrorrhizine, and coptisine.     

微量热法研究黄连及其主要组分配伍的抑菌作用

基于微量热法,研究黄连、黄连的主要组分小檗碱、药根碱、巴马汀及其配伍模拟方的抑菌作用.以HPLC法测定黄连中小檗碱、药根碱和巴马汀的含量,并根据其含量比值配伍模拟方;微量热法测定黄连、小檗碱、药根碱、巴马汀及其模拟方对痢疾杆菌的生长代谢曲线,得出相应的热动力学参数,并进行对应分析.结果表明黄连、小檗碱、药根碱、巴马汀及其模拟方对痢疾杆菌的生长代谢均有不同程度的抑制作用,黄连作用最强,单体生物碱作用弱,配伍模拟方作用增强,但并未显现明显协同作用,黄连的抑菌作用可能为多种活性成分的综合作用.     

Analysis of four alkaloids of Coptis chinensis in rat plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

A sensitive and precise high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrochemical detection (ECD) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of four isoquinoline alkaloids including berberine, jatrorrhizine, coptisine and palmatine in Chinese medicine Coptis chinensis. The typical HPLC analysis was performed on WondaSil^® C18-WR column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with the mobile phase comprising 40 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)–acetonitrile (40:60, v/v) at the flow rate of 0.8 mL min⁻¹. The electrochemical detection employed a three electrode system with a bare glassy carbon electrode at +1.3 V versus the Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The limits of detection (LODs) of four alkaloids ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 μmol L⁻¹ and the LOD of berberine was 80 times lower than LOD obtained by UV detection. The rat plasma samples were assayed after oral administration of the traditional Chinese medicine Coptis chinensis by the proposed HPLC-ECD method. The recoveries of this method were ranging from 88.0 to 116%, with the relative standard deviation lower than 3.1% for intra-day precision and 5.7% for inter-day precision. These results show that HPLC-ECD is a useful tool for the quality control of herbal medicine Coptis chinensis and also for pharmacokinetic studies.     

Analysis of protoberberine alkaloids in several herbal drugs and related medicinal preparations by non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis

A simple, rapid, reproducible, and universal non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis method has been developed for the separation and determination of three major active protoberberine alkaloids including berberine, palmatine, and jatrorrhizine within 7 min. The effects of the concentrations of acetic acid and electrolyte, the ratio of organic solvent, and the applied voltage on the separation were investigated. The optimum running buffer was composed of 50 mM ammonium acetate, 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid, and 10% (v/v) acetonitrile in methanol. The applied voltage was 18 kV. The analytes were detected by UV at 214 nm. The linearities between peak areas and the concentrations of the analytes were also investigated, and they exhibit excellent linear behavior over the concentration ranges (correlation coefficients: 0.9975-0.9986). The method was successfully applied to determine the three alkaloids in several families of herbal drugs (Rhizoma Coptidis, Cortex Berberidis, Cortex Phellodendri, Herba Chelidonii, Caulis Mahoniae) and their relevant medicinal preparations for the first time, and the recoveries of the three constituents ranged between 95.6-103.2% for berberine, 97.5-103.3% for palmatine, and 96.1 -103.6% for jatrorrhizine.     

Affinity chromatography with immobilized DNA stationary phase for biological fingerprinting analysis of traditional Chinese medicines

A stationary phase for high performance affinity chromatography with immobilization of DNA onto silica gel was prepared and characterized. The effect of the ionic strength, concentration of Mg2+, EDTA and CH3CN in the mobile phase on the retention of alkaloids were investigated. With this stationary phase, biological fingerprinting analysis of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) Coptis chinensis Franch and Rheum palmatum L. was performed with both one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) chromatography. The 1-D chromatography was performed with isocratic and gradient elution and 2-D chromatography was developed with immobilized DNA column combined with silica monolithic ODS column. It was found that 7 compounds in Coptis chinensis Franch including berberine, palmatine and jatrorrhizine, 14 compounds in Rheum palmatum L. including aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophannol-8-O-glucophranoside and physionl-8-O-glucophranoside were active in binding to the immobilized DNA.     

New oil‐in‐salt liquid‐phase microextraction on permutite for the extraction and concentration of alkaloids in Coptis chinensis

A novel oil‐in‐salt liquid‐phase microextraction was developed and introduced for the extraction and concentration of the trace levels of active alkaloids in Coptis chinensis prior to being analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Also, the oil‐in‐salt extraction mechanism was analyzed, the enrichment factor and extraction recovery were redefined, and the proposed method was compared with other methods. In the approach, the mixed solvent of pentanol/octanol (6:4, v/v) and NaCl (20% w/v) are immobilized on the permutite surface in turn to form oil‐in‐salt double membranes, through which the target analytes can be molecularized though salting‐out effect and be extracted by organic solvent. The main parameters affecting the approach were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the enrichment factors of the analytes were 30–117, the linear ranges were 0.002–2 μg/mL for jatrorrhizine, coptisine, and palmatine, and 0.001–3 μg/mL for berberine (r ² ≥ 0.9923). The limits of detection were less than 1 ng/mL. Satisfactory recoveries (84.3%–120.3%) and precision (0.9%–7.5%) were also obtained. These results confirm that the approach is a simple and reliable sample pretreatment procedure and allows for the quantification of active alkaloids in C. chinensis at actual concentration levels.     

高效毛细管电泳-电喷雾飞行时间质谱联用分析黄连中的生物碱

建立了高效毛细管电泳-电喷雾飞行时间质谱联用(HPCE-ESI-TOF/MS)快速定性分析黄连中生物碱类化合物的分析方法. 使用未涂层石英毛细管, 以50 mmol/L乙酸铵-0.5%甲醇溶液(用氨水调至pH＝7.2)作为运行缓冲液, 分离电压为25 kV; 鞘液组成为50%甲醇-49.5%水-0.5%乙酸, 鞘液流速为4 μL/min; 质谱选用正离子模式, 碰撞电压(Fragmentor)为100 V. 结果表明, 通过各色谱峰紫外光谱和质谱测得精确分子量结果, 结合文献, 对黄连中7种生物碱进行了鉴定. 表明本方法简便、快速, 是黄连中生物碱类化合物快速分离、鉴别的有效方法.     

Quality evaluation and species differentiation of Rhizoma coptidis by using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Rhizoma coptidis, a broadly used traditional Chinese medicine, derives from the dried rhizomes of Coptis chinensis Franch, Coptis deltoidea C.Y. Cheng et Hsiao and Coptis teeta Wall. Quantitative determination of protoberberine alkaloids in R. coptidis is critical for controlling its quality. In this study, a rapid, simple and accurate quantitative ¹H NMR (qNMR) method was developed for simultaneous determination of berberine, jatrorrhizine, epiberberine, coptisine, palmatine and columbamine in R. coptidis from the three species. Method validation was performed in terms of selectivity, precision, repeatability, stability, accuracy, robustness and linearity. The average recoveries obtained were in the range of 96.9–102.4% for all the six alkaloids. In addition, the qNMR data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), and the results showed that the contents of the active alkaloids have significant difference among the three species. Compared with the conventional HPLC approach, the proposed qNMR method was demonstrated to be a powerful tool for quantifying the six alkaloids due to its unique advantages of high robustness, rapid analysis time and no need of standard compounds for calibration curves preparation. These findings indicate that this method has potential as a reliable method for quality evaluation of herb medicines, especially for protoberberine alkaloid-containing ones.