AraBOX and XyliBOX based catalysts for cyclopropanations,Diels Alder cycloadditions and allylic additions

The syntheses of three novel chiral 4,4′BOX ligands are described. The three ligands each have a chiral backbone and chiral sidearms, two of which are diastereomeric. These new ligands have been applied as copper complexes to asymmetric cyclopropanation reaction of styrene with ethyldiazoacetate. Enantioselectivities of up to 70% were obtained, which is the highest ee reported from the use of this ligand class in this reaction to date. The multiple stereogenic centres in the ligand resulted in a substantial additive effect and this is discussed along with interpretation of the results for previously described 4,4′BOX ligands, and a major computational study of the multiple reaction channels involved with ligands of this type. The use of complexes of 4,4′BOX ligands, as catalysts, in an allylic alkylation is also reported for the first time and ee’s of >70% have been achieved in this reaction. These ligands were also applied to a Diels–Alder test reaction and again outperformed previous examples of this ligand type.     

C1 and C2-symmetric carbohydrate phosphorus ligands in asymmetric catalysis

Carbohydrates are increasingly used as starting materials for the synthesis of enantiopure ligands. They contain a considerable number of stereocenters, and compounds with all possible configurational combinations are readily available. This tutorial review focuses on ligands obtained by the introduction of phosphorus functionalities (mainly phosphinite, phosphite or phosphine) into a carbohydrate framework. They are classified according to their structural features. In this review, ligands are organised as C1 ligands with a pyranoside or furanoside structure, and C2 ligands. Particular attention is paid to water soluble ligands prepared from carbohydrates. General methods for the preparation of the ligands are presented in order to show how the backbones can be obtained from simple carbohydrates. The catalytic results obtained in commonly studied processes are presented in tables in order to facilitate the comparison between the ligands. The advantages and limitations of the use of ligands based on carbohydrates are discussed.     

超分子双膦配体的构筑及应用研究进展

超分子双膦配体是一类新兴起的基于非共价键作用构筑的双膦配体,近年来引起人们的重视.与传统的共价键连接的双膦配体相比,利用非共价相互作用的可逆性和选择性,超分子双膦配体具有合成简便,组合灵活,易于合成超分子配体库,并利用组合化学的方法对催化体系进行优化和筛选等优点.详细综述了近几年发展的基于氢键、配位键、主客体作用和静电作用等弱相互作用的超分子双膦配体,重点讨论了它们的构建方法以及在不对称催化反应中的应用,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

双过氧钒配合物与吡啶类配体相互作用的NMR研究

为探讨单齿/双齿吡啶类配体对反应平衡的影响,在模拟生理条件下(0.15mol·L-1NaCl溶液),应用多核(1H、13C和51V)多维(COSY,HSQC和HMBC)以及变温NMR技术研究双过氧钒配合物[OV(O2)2(D2O)]-/[OV(O2)2(HOD)]-(简写为bpV)与系列吡啶类配体的相互作用,研究结果表明bpV与有机配体的反应性从强到弱的顺序为:2,2′-联吡啶2,2′-联吡啶-4,4′-二甲酸根吡啶异烟酸根,这说明双齿吡啶类配体配位能力强于单齿配体,而不带羧基的吡啶类配体(单齿或双齿)配位能力强于所对应的带羧基的取代吡啶,竞争配位导致一系列新的6配位(配体为吡啶或异烟酸根)或7配位(配体为2,2′-联吡啶或2,2′-联吡啶-4,4′-二甲酸根)的过氧钒物种[OV(O2)2LL′]n-(LL′=吡啶类配体,n=1,2,3)生成。     

含茂、非茂混合配体钛族络合物的合成与催化烯烃聚合的研究进展

目前金属有机钛族络合物的发展呈现出多元化的趋势:茂络合物、非茂络合物以及茂非茂混合配体络合物,而其中茂、非茂混合配体络合物是近年来发展的一个新亮点.关于茂钛族络合物、非茂钛族络合物近年已经有过许多的综述,而关于茂、非茂混合配体钛族络合物的综述却很少.综述了近年来茂、非茂混合配体钛族络合物合成与催化烯烃聚合的研究进展.     

Proline-based P, N ligands in asymmetric allylation and the Heck reaction.

A series of phosphine-oxazoline ligands based on proline are reported. These ligands are synthesized from commercially available trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline in four steps. The ability of this type of ligand to catalyze allylic alkylation in an asymmetric fashion as well as the asymmetric Heck reaction is reported. The best of these ligands gave a palladium complex, which catalyzed the addition of dimethylmalonate to cyclopentenyl acetate in excellent yield and up to 96% ee. This same system catalyzed the Heck reaction between dihydrofuran and cyclohexene in up to 86% ee. These ligands appear to differ from the traditional phosphine-oxazoline ligands in that the stereochemistry of the stereogenic carbon next to the oxazoline is not necessarily the dominant chiral center in the induction of selectivity.     

Synthesis and properties of nanosilicon stabilized by butyl and perfluorobutyl ligands

Nanocrystalline silicon stabilized by butyl and perfluorobutyl ligands that form improper surface states of silicon nanocrystals were synthesized. The presence of perfluorobutyl ligands on the surface of silicon nanocrystals was proved by IR spectroscopy. Nanocrystals with perfluorobutyl ligands form aggregates, which decreases the efficiency of photoluminescence. The nanocrystals with butyl ligands have smaller size but their photoluminescence can be clearly recorded.     

羧酸类金属有机框架材料的合成及应用

金属-有机框架材料(Metal-Organic?Frameworks,简称MOFs)是由金属离子（簇）与有机桥接配体通过配位共价键或弱相互作用自组装形成的一类具有分子内孔隙的有机-无机杂化材料。羧酸类MOFs材料中金属中心和有机羧酸配体的可变性导致了其结构和功能的多样性,在气体的吸附与分离、荧光、传感、药物传输以及电催化等多个领域展现了独特的应用前景,并被认为是当今科学上最有前途的材料之一。对于有机配体的选择,从早期易坍塌的含氮杂环类配体过渡到了如今稳定性好的羧酸类配体,解决了不少以前出现的MOFs材料结构单一易坍塌问题。     

The role of inner- and outer-sphere ligands in pivalate and cymantrenecarboxylate complexes of transition metals

The formation of transition metal complexes with pivalate and cymantrenecarboxylate ligands in the presence of axial cyclopentadienyl and α-substituted pyridine ligands is discussed. The latter present steric hindrances due to repulsion from the O atoms of the carboxylate bridges. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of outer-sphere ammonium cations: their hydrogen bonding to fluoride bridges limits the growth of cyclic chromium(III) complexes with the pivalate and fluoride ligands that possess the properties of molecular magnets.     

Modular Synthesis of Phosphite and Phosphoramidite Ligands for Rh-Catalyzed Hydroformylation

Rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins is an important method for synthesizing aldehydes, and it is worth noting that regioselectivity and enantioselectivity of the product controlled by ligand are the most commonly used strategies. The modular synthesis of phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands have significant advantages of simple synthesis and high catalytic activity, which was why these ligands have been widely used in hydroformylation reactions. Herein, we focus on the synthesis methods and design ideas of such ligands, as well as their application effects in hydroformylation reactions. This review aims to provide a reference for the design and synthesis of ligands in hydroformylation subsequently.     

膦配体电子和空间效应对钯催化羰化酯化反应的影响

膦配体修饰的钯催化剂在不饱和化合物羰化酯化反应中使用广泛,其催化活性在很大程度上取决于金属周围的配体环境。膦配体电子和空间效应的调变,可以实现定向催化,甚至可以预测催化行为。新催化反应的开发和现有催化反应的优化都可以通过膦配体的合理设计来实现。配体已经是成为公认的最重要的需要详细研究的变量之一。本文综述了钯催化烯烃羰化酯化反应中,单齿膦配体、双齿膦配体、半稳定膦配体电子和空间效应对活性和选择性的调控作用,并对面临的问题和未来的发展方向进行了探讨,以期对未来设计高效高选择性羰化酯化反应催化体系提供指导。     

亲和色谱仿生配基的筛选和设计

利用选择性好、稳定性高、价格低廉的仿生配基作为亲和色谱的功能基团,实现对目的蛋白质的亲和分离,可以弥补常规的单克隆抗体和其他天然蛋白质配基在价格、稳定性方面的不足,从而拓展亲和色谱技术的应用范围。本文综述了亲和色谱仿生配基在筛选和设计方面的研究进展,重点介绍了组合方法和基于结构的仿生配基的设计及其应用。     

Pyroglutamate-derived hydroxyamide ligands: synthesis and application to asymmetric catalysis

The synthesis of a series of chiral hydroxy amide ligands is described. These ligands were used in a ruthenium-catalysed transfer hydrogenation reaction where one ligand gave the product in 72% ee. The ligands were also used in two titanium-catalysed reactions, an alkylation where ee’s of up to 74% were achieved and a phenyl acetylene addition where more modest selectivities were observed.     

(Chiral) lithium–(magnesium–)zinc and lithium–cobalt combinations as dual reagents for aromatic deproto-metalation and aryl transfer to aldehydes

The deprotonating ability of mixed lithium–zinc or lithium–magnesium–zinc combinations containing amido and alkyl ligands in tetrahydrofuran were compared using anisole as substrate and iodine to quantitatively trap the formed arylmetal species. The results showed that the deprotonating ability is hampered if a Grignard reagent is employed to introduce the alkyl ligand, and is reduced when 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidino ligands are replaced by less hindered/basic chiral amido or alkyls. Concerning the interception of the generated lithium–zinc aryl species by aldehydes, the presence of amido ligands leads to side reactions/lower yields, and no clear improvement was observed if lithium–magnesium–zinc aryl species are used. Racemic mixtures to very low enantioselectivities were noted when chiral amido ligands were incorporated in the composition of the bases.Still with enantioselective aryl transfer to aldehyde as purpose, the deprotonating ability of mixed lithium–cobalt combinations containing amido and alkyl ligands were compared using anisole as substrate and anisaldehyde to trap the formed arylmetal species. As before, the deprotonating ability is reduced when 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidino ligands are replaced by less hindered/basic alkyls or chiral amido. The trapping step using aldehydes being in this case more efficient, even in the presence of amido ligands, the alcohols were obtained in higher yields. With recourse to a lower interception temperature, and using only bis[(R)-1-phenylethyl]amino as ligands, 32 and 22% yield, and 69 and 65% ee were obtained using, respectively, anisaldehyde and 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde to intercept the metalated anisole.     

Ligand displacement reactions of dimer and trimer pyridyl ligand/transition metal complexes

Ligand exchange reactions of pyridyl ligand/transition metal complexes are examined in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer to evaluate the ability of multidentate ligands to displace other pyridyl ligands in complexes where the charge is highly delocalized and there is a great degree of ligand repulsions. Partially or fully coordinated transition metal ions in dimer or trimer species involving small mono- or bidentate pyridyl ligands undergo ligand displacement reactions with larger bi- and tridentate pyridyl ligands. Larger ligands with greater chelation abilities, such as 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2′:6,2″-terpyridine, are often able to simultaneously displace two nonchelating ligands from a partially coordinated metal ion. However, the analogous reactions involving displacement of bidentate chelating ligands from more fully coordinated transition metal ion complexes are nearly quenched. In other cases, mixed-ligand dimer and trimer complexes are observed, indicating step-wise displacement of the initially complexed ligands.     

Synthesis and characterization of 4-(alkylaminoisonitrosoacetyl)biphenyls and their complexes

Three new substituted 4-(alkylaminoisonitrosoacetyl)biphenyls (ligands) derived from 4-biphenylhydroxymoyl chloride and corresponding amines were synthesized. The following aromatic and aliphatic amines were used for ligands: ethanolamine, 2-amino-4-methylphenol, and 2-(aminomethyl)pyridine. Mononuclear or binuclear cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), and lead(II) complexes with these ligands were synthesized. These compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, AAS, infrared spectra, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The ligands were additionally characterized by ¹H NMR. The results suggest that the ligands act as tridentate ligands. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Subduction of coset representations. An application to enumeration of chemical structures with achiral and chiral ligands

Molecules derived from a parent skeleton are enumerated where both achiral ligands as well as chiral ligands are allowed. Chirality fittingness of an orbit is proposed in order to permit chiral ligands. The enumeration is conducted with and without consideration of obligatory minimum valency (OMV). The effect of the OMV is formulated by assigning different weights to the respective orbits of the parent skeleton. The importance of coset representations and their subduction by subgroups is discussed. The subduced representations are classified into three classes through their chirality fittingness, which determines the mode of substitution with chiral and achiral ligands. Several novel concepts such as a unit subduced cycle index and a subduced cycle index are given in general forms.     

Discovery and synthesis of novel phosphine-based ligands for aryl aminations

Three families of ligands were prepared for use in Pd-catalyzed aryl aminations and possibly other Pd-catalyzed reactions. The first series is derived from diarylsulfones, the second from trityl imidazole, and the third from 2-bromobenzophenone. While these ligands were not very general in terms of substrate scope, they do work fairly well under certain specific conditions. Additionally, the preparation of these ligands is amenable to bulk synthesis.     

金属催化的不对称氢化反应研究进展与展望

手性过渡金属络合物催化的不对称氢化反应是合成光学活性化合物的重要方法. 本文从手性配体及手性催化剂、不对称催化新反应、新方法和新策略三个方面简要评述新世纪以来过渡金属催化的不对称氢化反应研究领域的新进展. 从新世纪初至今, 手性单磷配体得到了复兴, 出现了如MonoPhos、SiPhos、DpenPhos等高效单齿亚磷酰胺酯配体; 磷原子手性(P-手性)配体也得到了快速发展, 如BenzP*、ZhanPhos、TriFer等已成为新的高效手性双膦配体; 螺环骨架手性配体成为新世纪手性配体设计合成的亮点, 除了SiPhos、SIPHOX、SpinPHOX等高效手性螺环配体外, 手性螺环吡啶胺基磷配体SpiroPAP的铱催化剂成为目前最高效的分子催化剂. 不对称催化氢化新反应研究也取得了突破, 如非保护烯胺、杂芳环化合物及N-H亚胺的氢化等反应都实现了高对映选择性. 自组装手性催化剂、树枝状手性催化剂、铁磁性纳米负载的可回收手性催化剂, 以及“混合”配体手性催化剂等新方法和新策略也在不对称催化氢化反应中得到了应用. 然而, 手性过渡金属络合物催化的不对称氢化研究仍然充满挑战, 也期待新的突破.     

Synthesis and Characterizations of Keplerate Nanocapsules Incorporating L- and D-Tartrate Ligands

Five new tartrate-containing Keplerate compounds have been synthesized and characterized in the solid state and in solution. These characterizations evidenced the total replacement of inner sulfate ligands by L- or D-tartrate ligands in aqueous medium under heating during several days. To our knowledge these compounds correspond to the first Keplerate molecules incorporating chiral ligands. The ¹H NMR studies supported by X-ray crystallographic analysis are consistent with the coordination of 24–30 tartrates within the Mo₁₃₂ capsule which are located in close vicinity. The NMR signals of the encapsulated ligands appear particularly broad which precludes the use of advanced NMR methodologies but the solid state NMR provided further characterization of ligand substitution within the capsule by carboxylates. To our knowledge it is the first time that a solid state NMR study of a Keplerate is reported in the literature.