自猝灭荧光探针法测定DNA

随着现代分子生物学和分子生物技术的发展，体内重要的遗传物质──脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）越来越引起人们的重视，对于DNA探针的研究也日渐深入．DNA探针作为研究DNA的有力工具，在90年代取得了长足的进展，新的靶扩增技术（PCR）已日臻完善，发光标记探针也已经与放射性同位素标记具有同等重要的地位，而且已应用于DNA杂交研究、疾病诊断和食品微生物检测等方面[1~5]．但是，研究开发新的、灵敏度高的DNA探针仍然是十分迫切和有意义的工作．本文报道了一种新的基于水杨酸、邻氨基苯甲酸荧光自碎灭的DNA探针技术，这对筛选灵敏度高…     

溴化乙锭标记DNA电化学探针的研究

以乙基-(3-二甲基丙基)碳化二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)为偶联活化剂,将电化学活性物质溴化乙锭(Ethidiumbromide,EB)成功地标记在人工合成的含有21个碱基的寡聚DNA片段上,制备成EB标记DNA探针;用电化学方法将待测样品DNA片段固定在石墨电极表面,在一定的温度、pH值和离子强度条件下与EB标记DNA探针进行杂交反应,从而对靶序列DNA片段进行识别和测定.此外,还讨论了该探针的电化学性质、荧光光谱、待测DNA片段在石墨电极表面的电化学固定、DNA链碱基长度对EB标记DNA电化学探针的影响以及探针的选择性、重现性和寿命,结果令人满意.     

二茂铁标记DNA电化学探针的研制及性质研究

以乙基－（3－二甲基丙基）碳化二亚胺盐酸(EDC)为偶联活化剂,利用缩合反应分别将电化学活性物质氨基二茂铁（Aminoferrocene,AFC)和苯基二茂铁（Ferrocencearboxadehyde,FCA)成功地标记在变性小牛胸腺DNBA片段上,制备成二茂铁标记DNA探针,分别采用电化学,紫外,红外光谱等方法研究了二茂铁标记DAN探针的性质,计算了二茂铁的标记效率,变性小牛胸腺DNA的反应效率以及二茂铁化合物与变性小牛胸腺DNA的反应比率,实验表明,氨基二茂铁和醛基二茂铁与DNA上的磷酸基是以1：1比率进行的反应,该标记反应不影响DNA链碱基的紫外吸收,二茂铁标记DNA探针在石墨电极上有良好的电化学影响,将制备好的二茂铁标记DNA电化学探置于冰箱中冷冻（温度低于－15度）保存3个月后用于测定,峰电流仅下降1．2％。     

基于纳米金探针和基因芯片的DNA检测新方法

运用荧光纳米金探针和基因芯片杂交建立一种新的DNA检测方法. 荧光纳米金探针表面标记有两种DNA探针: 一种为带有Cy5荧光分子的信号探针BP1, 起信号放大作用; 另一种为与靶DNA一部分互补的检测探针P532, 两种探针比例为5∶1. 当靶DNA存在时, 芯片上捕捉探针(与靶DNA的另一部分互补)通过碱基互补配对结合靶DNA, 将靶DNA固定于芯片上; 荧光纳米金探针通过检测探针与靶DNA及芯片结合, 在芯片上形成“三明治”复合结构, 最后通过检测信号探针上荧光分子的信号强度来确定靶DNA的量. 新方法检测灵敏度高, 可以检测浓度为1 pmol/L的靶DNA, 操作简单, 检测时间短. 通过改进纳米金探针的标记和优化杂交条件, 可进一步提高核酸检测的灵敏度, 这将在核酸检测方面具有重要的应用价值.     

基于高区别因子自组装三臂DNA纳米探针检测人体多重耐药基因

建立了一种新的基于高区别因子三臂DNA纳米探针的荧光分析法检测人体多重耐药(MDR)基因。此探针由保护链P1和互补链C1与信号报告部分(信号链S1和信号链S2)组成:P1与修饰了荧光猝灭基团Dabcyl的S1及C1部分碱基杂交;修饰了荧光基团FAM的S2与C1另一部分碱基杂交。探针内部Dabcyl和FAM相互靠近,荧光猝灭。当MDR基因存在时,其与三臂DNA纳米探针发生链替代反应,释放荧光信号。在最优条件下,单碱基错配产生的微小的热力学改变即可影响该探针链替代效率,从而实现高特异性检测MDR基因和其点突变基因(2m、3m、3d、5m、5d)。该探针对不同突变位点及同一突变位点的不同突变类型MDR基因均展现出良好的特异性,其检测3d的区别因子达到24.1,平均区别因子达到11.8。在混合人血清中,MDR基因的回收率为99.0%~101.7%。此外,本方法通用性好,不需要重新设计S1和S2即可实现对miR-21的特异性检测。     

含寡聚腺嘌呤序列DNA探针在金纳米粒子上的固定及杂交性能

利用寡聚腺嘌呤序列(OAS)与金的强相互作用,在金纳米粒子(AuNPs)上固定不同密度DNA探针(DNAprobe),详细探究不同条件(OAS长度、AuNPs粒径、NaCl浓度等)下单链DNAprobe的固定效果,以及制备的纳米探针(Au-probe)与互补DNA目标分子(DNAtarget)的杂交性能.利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)、激光粒度仪等对制备的AuNPs的形貌、粒径、表面DNAprobe固定及杂交性能等进行了研究.结果表明,随OAS碱基数量由10增加到30和50,Au-probe上固定的DNAprobe数量降低.对粒径为10.2和24.3 nm的AuNPs,杂交效果最佳的NaCl浓度分别为300和25 mmol/L.随着AuNPs粒径增大,AuNPs单位面积上的DNAprobe固定量及DNAtarget杂交量均呈下降趋势.     

核酸探针技术

本文对核酸探针技术进行了较全面的综述，介绍了核探针的制备及非放射性标记方法，并对核酸的Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ转印杂交，Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ转印杂交，ＩｎＳｉｔｕ转印杂交及斑点杂交法的原理及应用进行了简明的评述。     

羧基二茂铁-脱氧核糖核酸探针的制备和脱氧核糖核酸分析的应用

在偶联活化剂碳二亚胺的存在下,通过羧基二茂铁(FCA)上的羧基与DNA分子上的氨基共价键合,将FCA标记在氨基修饰的寡聚核苷酸片段上,制备成FCA-ssDNA探针。探针与固定在电极上的ssDNA在一定的条件下进行杂交反应,测定杂交后FCA对Lum inol-H2O2体系的电致化学发光催化信号,从而对目标ssDNA进行序列识别及含量测定。实验结果表明,该探针能够很好的识别三碱基错配序列,对完全互补序列的响应可以达到5×10-11mol/L。     

基于分子信标荧光纳米探针的李斯特菌DNA均相检测方法

基于分子信标(MB)识别和荧光纳米粒子探针技术,建立了均相体系中李斯特菌目标DNA的高灵敏检测新方法.首先以羊抗人免疫球蛋白(IgG)标记的异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)为核材料,成功制备了FITC-IgG@SiO2核壳荧光纳米粒子,有效防止了传统方法中采用单一FITC制备纳米颗粒时泄露严重的问题.随后以FITC-IgG@SiO2荧光纳米粒子和纳米金分别标记单核细胞增生李斯特菌序列特异性分子信标探针5'端和3'端,成功构建了单核细胞增生李斯特菌序列特异性分子信标荧光纳米探针.在实验优化条件下,α(令α=F/F0,F代表MB和目标DNA杂交以后的荧光强度,F0代表MB完全闭合时的荧光强度)与目标DNA浓度在1～200pmol/L浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出下限为0.3pmol/L,相对标准偏差为2.6%(50pmol/L,n=11).将该方法应用于食品样品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌的检测,结果与国标法一致.     

基于环状DNA-银纳米簇荧光探针对微囊藻毒素-LR的传感检测

以新型环状DNA为模板, 制备了环状DNA-银纳米簇(Circular DNA-AgNCs)荧光探针, 构建了一种无酶无标记检测微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的荧光传感分析方法. 设计的环状DNA由MC-LR适体链(Apt)和适体链的互补链(cDNA)杂交形成, 且cDNA可作为DNA模板用于合成AgNCs. 利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)和荧光光谱(FL)表征了AgNCs的形貌和光学特性.结果表明, 当存在目标物MC-LR时, 由于MC-LR与环状DNA中Apt高特异性和高亲和力结合, 导致环状DNA解体, 释放出的cDNA-AgNCs在610 nm处呈现强荧光. 在优化实验条件下, 环状DNA-AgNCs荧光探针对MC-LR检测的线性范围为0.005~500 μg/L, 检出限为1.7 ng/L(S/N=3). 该荧光探针具有制备简单、 无需任何标记和灵敏度高等特点, 为环境水样中微囊藻毒素-LR的快速和准确测定提供了一种简单、 可靠和有效的方法.     

Use of peptide nucleic acid probes for detecting DNA single-base mutations by capillary electrophoresis

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligomers can be used as probes in pre-gel hybridization experiments, as an alternative to Southern hybridization. In this technique, the PNA probe is hybridized to a cyanine-5 labeled DNA sample denatured at low ionic strength, and the mixture is directly injected for size separation into a capillary electrophoresis (CE) system equipped with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detector. The neutral backbone of PNA allows hybridization to occur at low ionic strength and assures an efficient CE separation of the PNA/DNA hybrids from both double-stranded and single-stranded DNA. We have used as a model system the cystic fibrosis R553X and R1162X single-base mutations and we have assessed the influence of various factors, such as temperature and denaturants concentration on DNA/PNA hybrid stability in order to achieve the high specificity required for a single base pair discrimination.     

Paramagnetic Particles and PNA Probe for Automated Separation and Electrochemical Detection of Influenza

Considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of rapid and sensitive methods allowing the detection of viral nucleic acid. We herein describe an assay for identification of a specific influenza sequence. The suggested method was based on isolation using paramagnetic particles coupled with electrochemical detection of isolated product. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) was used as a probe for hybridization and identification of the influenza-derived specific sequence. The use of PNA can show numerous benefits: PNA probe is not degradable by enzymes and the duplex of PNA with RNA/DNA is more thermostable and more resistant to pH changes than DNA/DNA or RNA/RNA duplexes. This PNA probe assay can be applied as a magnetically guidable tool for detection of DNA/RNA samples under different conditions.     

Paramagnetic Particles and PNA Probe for Automated Separation and Electrochemical Detection of Influenza

Considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of rapid and sensitive methods allowing the detection of viral nucleic acid. We herein describe an assay for identification of a specific influenza sequence. The suggested method was based on isolation using paramagnetic particles coupled with electrochemical detection of isolated product. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) was used as a probe for hybridization and identification of the influenza-derived specific sequence. The use of PNA can show numerous benefits: PNA probe is not degradable by enzymes and the duplex of PNA with RNA/DNA is more thermostable and more resistant to pH changes than DNA/DNA or RNA/RNA duplexes. This PNA probe assay can be applied as a magnetically guidable tool for detection of DNA/RNA samples under different conditions.

     

Kinetic discrimination in recognition of DNA quadruplex targets by guanine-rich heteroquadruplex-forming PNA probes

Guanine-rich peptide nucleic acid probes hybridize to DNA G quadruplex targets with high affinity, forming PNA-DNA heteroquadruplexes. We report a surprising degree of kinetic discrimination for PNA heteroquadruplex formation with a series of DNA targets. The fastest hybridization is observed for targets folded into parallel morphologies.     

Electrochemical detection of hybridization using peptide nucleic acids and methylene blue on self-assembled alkanethiol monolayer modified gold electrodes

An electrochemical hybridization biosensor based on peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes is presented. PNA probes were attached covalently through a competition of free amines on the guanine bases and also at the 5^′ end of the probe, using N-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-N^′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) onto a carboxylate terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) preformed on a gold electrode (AuE). The covalently immobilized probe could selectively hybridize with the target DNA to form a hybrid on the surface despite the bases being attached to the SAM. The changes in the peak currents of methylene blue (3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride, MB), an electroactive label, were observed upon hybridization of probe with the target. Effective discrimination against point mutation was also obtained. Performance characteristics of the sensor are described, along with future prospects.     

Sequence Specific Electrochemical DNA Detection Based on Solution‐Phase Competitive Hybridization

We report a novel electrochemical method for detecting sequence‐specific DNA based on competitive hybridization that occurs in a homogeneous solution phase instead of on a solution‐electrode interface as in previously reported competition‐based electrochemical DNA detection schemes. The method utilizes the competition between the target DNA (t‐DNA) and a ferrocene‐labeled peptide nucleic acid probe (Fc‐PNA) to hybridize with a probe DNA (p‐DNA) in solution. The neutral PNA backbone and the electrostatic repulsion between the negatively‐charged DNA backbone and the negatively‐charged electrode surface are then exploited to determine the result of the competition through measurement of the electrochemical signal of Fc. Upon the introduction of the t‐DNA, the stronger hybridization affinity between the t‐DNA and p‐DNA releases the Fc‐PNA from the Fc‐PNA/p‐DNA hybrid, allowing it to freely diffuse to the negatively charged electrode to produce a significantly enhanced electrochemical signal of Fc. Therefore, the presence of the t‐DNA is indicated by the appearance or enhancement of the electrochemical signal, rendering a signal‐on DNA detection, which is less susceptible to false positive and can produce more reliable results than signal‐off detection methods. All the competitive hybridizations occur in a homogeneous solution phase, resulting in very high hybridization efficiency and therefore extremely short assay time. This simple and fast signal‐on solution‐competition‐based electrochemical DNA detection strategy has promising potential to find application in fields such as nucleic acid‐based point‐of‐care testing.     

Kinetic mechanisms in morpholino-DNA surface hybridization

Morpholinos (MOs) are DNA analogues whose uncharged nature can bring fundamental advantages to surface hybridization technologies such as DNA microarrays, by using MOs as the immobilized, or "probe", species. Advancement of MO-based diagnostics, however, is challenged by limited understanding of the surface organization of MO molecules and of how this organization impacts hybridization kinetics and thermodynamics. The present study focuses on hybridization kinetics between monolayers of MO probes and DNA targets as a function of the instantaneous extent of hybridization (i.e., duplex coverage), total probe coverage, and ionic strength. Intriguingly, these experiments reveal distinct kinetic stages, none of which are consistent with Langmuir kinetics. The initial stage, in which duplex coverage remains relatively sparse, indicates confluence of two effects: blockage of target access to unhybridized probes by previously formed duplexes and deactivation of the solid support due to consumption of probe molecules. This interpretation is consistent with a surface organization in which unhybridized MO probes localize near the solid support, underneath a layer of MO-DNA duplexes. As duplex coverage builds, provided saturation is not reached first, the initial stage can transition to an unusual regime characterized by near independence of hybridization rate on duplex coverage, followed by a prolonged approach to equilibrium. The possible origins of these more complex latter behaviors are discussed. Comparison with published data for DNA and peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes is carried out to look for universal trends in kinetics. This comparison reveals qualitative similarities when comparable surface organization of probes is expected. In addition, MO monolayers are found capable of a broad range of reactivities that span reported values for PNA and DNA probes.     

Label‐Free and Label Based Electrochemical Detection of Hybridization by Using Methylene Blue and Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes at Chitosan Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes

A chitosan modified carbon paste electrode (ChiCPE) based DNA biosensor for the recognition of calf thymus double stranded DNA (dsDNA), single stranded DNA (ssDNA) and hybridization detection between complementary DNA oligonucleotides is presented. DNA and oligonucleotides were electrostatically attached by using chitosan onto CPE. The amino groups of chitosan formed a strong complex with the phosphate backbone of DNA. The immobilized probe could selectively hybridize with the target DNA to form hybrid on the CPE surface. The detection of hybridization was observed by using the label‐free and label based protocols. The oxidation signals of guanine and adenine greatly decreased when a hybrid was formed on the ChiCPE surface. The changes in the peak currents of methylene blue (MB), an electroactive label, were observed upon hybridization of probe with target. The signals of MB were investigated at dsDNA modified ChiCPE and ssDNA modified ChiCPE and the increased peak currents were observed, in respect to the order of electrodes. The hybridization of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes with the DNA target sequences at ChiCPE was also investigated. Performance characteristics of the sensor were described, along with future prospects.     

Label‐Free Bioelectronic Detection of Point Mutation by Using Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes

An electrochemical hybridization biosensor based on peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes with a label‐free protocol is described. The detection of PNA‐DNA and DNA‐DNA hybridizations were accomplished based on the oxidation signal of guanine by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) at carbon paste electrode (CPE). It was observed that the oxidation signals of guanine obtained from the PNA and DNA probe modified CPEs were higher than those obtained from the PNA‐DNA and DNA‐DNA hybrid modified CPEs due to the accessible unbound guanine bases. The detection of hybridization between PNA probe and point mutation containing DNA target sequences was clearly observed due to the difference of the oxidation signals of guanine bases, because the point mutation was guanine nearly at the middle of the sequence. The effect of the DNA target concentration on the hybridization signal was also observed. The PNA probe was also challenged with excessive and equal amount of noncomplementary DNA and also mixtures of point mutation and target DNA.