环境监测现状

目前，全国已形成了国家、省、市、县四级环境监测网络，共有专业、行业监测站4800多个，其中环保系统监测站2200多个，行业监测站2600多个，国控的空气质量监测网站103个，酸雨监测网站113个，水质监测网站135个。同时，还建有噪声监测网、辐射监测网和区域监测网等。到2005年，国控环境监测网络调整为：环境空气监测网站226个，测点数793个；酸雨监测网站239个，测点数472个；水质监测网站197个；监测断面1074个；生态监测网站15个。目前，我国已制定各类国家环境标准410项，覆盖了大气、水质、土壤、噪声、辐射、农药等领域。开展了环境质量监测，     

《中华临床医师杂志（电子版）》2011年度征稿征订

《中华临床医师杂志（电子版）》由国家卫生部主管，中华医学会主办，是中国科技论文统计源期刊，中国科技核心期刊。半月刊，全年出刊24期，定价672元，国内刊号CN11—9147／R，邮发代号80—728，以电子版、纸版导读同时面向全国公开出版发行，被万方数据库、中国期刊网、维普数据库、美国化学文摘、乌利希期刊指南、波兰哥白尼索引等国内外知名数据库收录。     

欢迎订阅2011年《计测技术》

《计测技术》创刊于1958年，是中航工业北京长城计量测试技术研究所（国防科技工业第一计量测试研究中心）主办的计量测试技术类期刊，双月刊，逢双月28日出版，国内外公开发行。《计测技术》是中国核心期刊（遴选）数据库收录期刊，中国学术期刊综合评价数据库统计源期刊，中国期刊全文数据库、中文科技期刊数据库、台湾CEPS期刊数据库全文收录期刊。国际刊号：ISSN1674—5795，国内刊号：CN11—5347／TB。本刊为国防科技工业系统、部队、民用计量测试部门、工厂、研究所、院校、相关设备制造商和各大公司服务。广泛刊载长、热、力、电、无线电、时间频率、光学、放射性、声学等计量测试、动态校准与管理稿件。设有理论与实践，新技术新仪器，计量、测试与校准，计算机技术与应用，误差与不确定度，计测管理，综合评述，经验与体会等主要栏目。     

总挥发性有机化合物（TVOC）的来源及其危害

TVOC是空气中三种有机污染物（多环芳烃、挥发性有机物和醛类化合物）中影响较为严重的一种。TVOC是指室温下饱和蒸气压超过133．32 Pa的有机物，其沸点微波50～250℃，在常温下可以蒸气的形式存在于空气中，它的毒性、刺激性、致癌性和特殊的气味性，会影响皮肤和黏膜，对人体产生急性损害。TVOC可有嗅味，有刺激性，而且有些化合物具有基因毒性。目前认为，TVOC能引起机体免疫水平失调，影响中枢神经系统功能，出现头晕、头痛、嗜睡、无力、胸闷等自觉症状；还可能影响消化系统，出现食欲不振、恶心等，严重时可损伤肝脏和造血系统，出现变态反应等。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中10种重金属元素

利用硝酸、盐酸、氢氟酸混合液和微波消解仪密闭消解样品，建立了一种微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）法同时测定土壤中铜、铅、锌、锰、钒、铬、镉、镍、锡、铊10种重金属的分析方法。取0.100 0 g土壤样品于消解罐中，采用4 mL硝酸+1 mL盐酸+1 mL氢氟酸消解体系按照设定程序进行微波消解，冷却，定容后利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行。结果表明，以铑元素作为内标，10种重金属元素在一定的质量浓度范围内与其信号强度呈线性关系，线性相关系数均不小于0.999 8，检出限为0.010～0.92 mg/kg。对3种标准物质进行测定，测定值的相对标准偏差为2.89%～7.72%(n=10)，相对偏差为-5.95%～4.11%。该方法分析流程简单，工作效率高，检出限低，适合大批量土壤样品的多元素同时分析。     

三明治型金属卟啉、酞菁配合物功能材料

本文简要论述了三明治型（二层和三层）金属［稀土金属（Ｓｃ，Ｙ，Ｌｎ）、锕系金属（Ｔｈ，Ｐａ，Ｕ，Ｎｐ，Ａｍ）、早期过渡金属（Ｔｉ，Ｚｒ，Ｈｆ）、主族金属（Ｉｎ，Ｓｎ，Ｂｉ）］的卟啉、酞菁配合物在气体传感、电致变色显示和非线性光学材料等方面的研究情况，并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

220例婴幼儿、学龄前儿童头发微量元素含量浅析

任意取城镇６个月－７岁男女儿童２２０例，取其枕意味着不测定Ｚｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｃａ、Ｐｂ的含量，分年龄，怀别统计其正常值，非正常值发生率。结果发现，缺锌，中发生率与年龄有关，缺Ｃａ、高Ｃａ发生率与年龄，性别有关。     

准确检测干胶含量仅需6s

测定胶乳中干胶含量，对指导割胶生产，制胶、胶乳收购，橡胶事业的科研及经营管理都非常重要。但是，在20世纪70年代以前，我国测定天然胶乳干胶含量都统一采用标准法，但是这种方法耗时（需要8～12h）、耗电、操作繁琐，仅适用于测量小量样品，随后又出现了比重法、光电法、红外测胶仪等十余种测干胶的仪器和方法，但是这些方法误差较大。     

软水与硬水区别

水分为软水、硬水，凡不含或含有少量钙、镁离子的水称为软水，反之称为硬水。水的硬度成分，如果是由碳酸氢钙或碳酸氢镁引起的，系暂时性硬水（煮沸暂时性硬水，分解的碳酸氢钙，生成的不溶性碳酸盐而沉淀，水由硬水变成软水）；如果是由含有钙、镁的硫酸盐或氯化物引起的，系永久性硬水。依照水的总硬度值大致划分，总硬度为0～30mg／L称为软水，总硬度在60mg／L以上称为硬水，高品质的饮用水不超过25mg／L，高品质的软水总硬度在10mg／L以下。在天然水中，远离城市未受污染的雨水、雪水属于软水；泉水、溪水、江河水、水库水，多属于暂时性硬水，部分地下水属于高硬度水。     

一种全自动微藻分析仪

本发明涉及海洋浮游植物检测的技术领域，是一种基于双特异分子探针分析方法的全自动生化分析仪，包括采样预处理模块，裂解破碎模块，探针液槽模块，升降盘模块，恒温模块，单、多吸液头模块，定量移液和加液模块，恒温震荡模块，洗板模块，酶标模块，三维机械手，气、液控制系统，电器控制系统等装置。本发明的优点是可以全自动的流程，实现近海水域的表、中、深三层水样的藻类检测与分析，可以并行测定多达20个水样，一个水样中可测定多种优势藻类的含量，克服了传统方法人力、物力上的浪费，减小了由于复杂的手工操作带来的人为误差，提高了检测的速度和精度。本发明不仅能船装载使用，也可置于岸上使用。     

Fermented Oyster Extract Attenuated Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy by Decreasing Oxidative Stress

It is well known that oxidative stress induces muscle atrophy, which decreases with the activation of Nrf2/HO-1. Fermented oyster extracts (FO), rich in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and lactate, have shown antioxidative effects. We evaluated whether FO decreased oxidative stress by upregulating Nrf2/HO-1 and whether it decreased NF-κB, leading to decreased IL-6 and TNF-α. Decreased oxidative stress led to the downregulation of Cbl-b ubiquitin ligase, which increased IGF-1 and decreased FoxO3, atrogin1, and Murf1, and eventually decreased muscle atrophy in dexamethasone (Dexa)-induced muscle atrophy animal model. For four weeks, mice were orally administered with FO, GABA, lactate, or GABA+Lactate, and then Dexa was subcutaneously injected for ten days. During Dexa injection period, FO, GABA, lactate, or GABA+Lactate were also administered, and grip strength test and muscle harvesting were performed on the day of the last Dexa injection. We compared the attenuation effect of FO with GABA, lactate, and GABA+lactate treatment. Nrf2 and HO-1 expressions were increased by Dexa but decreased by FO; SOD activity and glutathione levels were decreased by Dexa but increased by FO; NADPH oxidase activity was increased by Dexa but decreased by FO; NF-κB, IL-6, and TNF-α activities were increased by Dexa were decreased by FO; Cbl-b expression was increased by Dexa but restored by FO; IGF-1 expression was decreased by Dexa but increased by FO; FoxO3, Atrogin-1, and MuRF1 expressions were increased by Dexa but decreased by FO. The gastrocnemius thickness and weight were decreased by Dexa but increased by FO. The cross-sectional area of muscle fiber and grip strength were decreased by Dexa but increased by FO. In conclusion, FO decreased Dexa-induced oxidative stress through the upregulation of Nrf2/HO-1. Decreased oxidative stress led to decreased Cbl-b, FoxO3, atrogin1, and MuRF1, which attenuated muscle atrophy.     

方波伏安法评估聚苯胺膜修饰电极的电荷传输速度

研究导电聚合物的电荷传输机制与速度对于其在应用方面的研究极为重要［‘］．例如在电池的研究中，充放电的速度决定于导电聚合物的电荷传输速度；在电致变色器件的研究中，响应时间也是决定于导电聚合物在氧化还原态间的变化速度，即电荷传输速度．显然较低的电荷传输速度不利于器件的实用化，因此人们必须找到一种能够迅速准确评价电荷传输速度的方法，由于导电聚合物是一个特殊的体系，用一般的电化学方法对其电荷传输速度进行测定时常常遇到这样或那样的问题［‘j．一般说来，导电聚合物的氧化还原过程中均伴随着抗衡离子的运动．体系…     

湿化学法制备硅纳米线阵列及其光电化学产氢性能分析

为了探究不同方法条件下制备的硅纳米线阵列电极产氢性能异同,文中分别采用了两步金属辅助催化无电刻蚀法、一步金属辅助催化无电刻蚀法以及阳极氧化法来制备硅纳米线阵列用作为光电分解水电池光阴极材料。通过FESEM、XRD和UVVis-IR DRS等手段对实验样品的形貌、晶型、减反性表征,发现相比于其他2种方法所得硅纳米线样品,两步金属辅助催化无电刻蚀法制备的硅纳米线结构晶型保持更好,表面缺陷更少。光电化学测试表明两步金属辅助催化无电刻蚀法制备的硅纳米线光电化学性能表现最优,其光电流密度值是一步法的4倍,阳极氧化法的40倍;转移电荷电阻仅是一步法制备的硅纳米线阵列阻值的1/3,阳极氧化法制备的1/1 000。     

铂修饰光阴极及其在纳晶太阳能电池中的应用

分别用真空镀膜法、热分解法和电化学法制备了铂金修饰导电玻璃,并以此作为光阴极组装了染料敏化纳晶TiO₂太阳能电池.用SEM观察了铂金修饰导电玻璃表面形貌,发现用真空镀膜法制备的铂金膜结构缺陷多、不均匀,存在较多的污点.用热分解法制备的铂金膜具有多孔状结构,但存在较多的有机物分解的残留物.用电镀法制备的铂金膜结构均匀、排列规则、缺陷少、污染少.测定了所制备铂金膜的电阻,结果表明由电镀法所制得的铂金膜电阻最小,用热解法和真空镀膜法制得的铂金膜电阻较大.测定了DSSC电池的光电性能,发现用电镀法制得的铂金膜的催化性能最好,大大提高了DSSC电池的性能;其次是热分解法,由真空镀膜法制备的铂金膜对电池的性能没有多大改善.     

Problems encountered with the routine application of HPLC to the analysis of carbamate pesticides

Summary This paper describes the determination of all carbamate pesticides mentioned in the Austrian regulations for pesticides and of some other carbamates commonly used in the EEC. Clean-up procedure is carried out by ethyl acetate extraction. Purification is by a liquid-liquid extraction step followed by use of a florisil column. Final detection of the carbamates is carried out by HPLC on silica gel and GLC respectively The method works well for all carbamates under consideration. Only benzimidazolamine-2, the decomposition product of benomyl and carbendazime cannot be determined by the method described. Therefore determination of benomyl, carbendazime and benzimidazolamine-2 was by hydrolysis of benomyl and carbendazime to benzimidazolamine-2, which is then determined by reversed-phase chromatography.     

New designer drug 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthio-beta-phenethylamine (2C-T-2): studies on its metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Studies are described on the metabolism and the toxicological analysis of the phenethylamine-derived designer drug 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthio-beta-phenethylamine (2C-T-2) in rat urine using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) after enzymatic cleavage of conjugates, liquid-liquid extraction and derivatization. The structures of 14 metabolites were assigned tentatively by detailed interpretation of their mass spectra. Identification of these metabolites indicated that 2C-T-2 was metabolized by sulfoxidation followed by N-acetylation and either hydroxylation of the S-ethyl side chain or demethylation of one methoxy group, O-demethylation of the parent compound followed by N-acetylation and sulfoxidation, deamination followed by reduction to the corresponding alcohol followed by partial glucuronidation and/or sulfation or by oxidation to the corresponding acid followed either by partial glucuronidation or by degradation to the corresponding benzoic acid derivative followed by partial glucuronidation. Furthermore, 2C-T-2 was metabolized by N-acetylation of the parent compound followed either by O-demethylation and sulfoxidation or by S-dealkylation, S-methylation and sulfoxidation. The authors' systematic toxicological analysis (STA) procedure using full-scan GC/MS after acid hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction microwave-assisted acetylation allowed the detection of an intake of a dose of 2C-T-2 in rat urine, which corresponds to a common drug users' dose. Assuming similar metabolism, the described STA procedure should be suitable for proof of an intake of 2C-T-2 in human urine.     

Si(CH3)3Cl修饰的HZSM-5酸性及正己烷芳构化的催化性能研究

随着芳烃需求量的增加,低分子烃的芳构化受到广泛重视.由于HZSM-5的独特骨架结构及酸性,使其对低分子烃有良好芳构化性能~[1～3],但研究工作大多放在HZSM-5本身的硅铝比调变及加入某些金属(如Ga,Zn)来提高其芳构化性能~[4～7],而以非金属对其进行改性处理则很少见.本文以Si(CH_3)_3CI对HZSM-5进行CVD处理,并对其酸性及对正已烷芳构化能力进行了考察,研究了催化剂的结焦情况.     

Comparison study of several numerical integration schemes used in calculations of density functional theory

Several numerical integration schemes for the evaluation of matrix elements in density functional theory calculations have been studied and compared by computational practice. The best scheme was found to be the combination of the atomic partition function proposed by Becke with the scaled generalized Gauss-Laguerre quadrature formula for radial integration suggested by Yang, which achieve the highest convergence rate to the numerical integration. With the same number of integration points, the accuracy of the calculated results by this scheme is higher by 1 to 2 orders of magnitudes than that by other schemes. The reason for achieving higher accuracy by this scheme has been proposed preliminarily.     

聚丙烯酰胺的改性和表征

用甲醛(F)和二氰二胺(D)改性聚丙烯酸胺(PAm),制得新型阳离子聚电解质PAm·MG,对PAm·MG的合成和表征进行了研究。合成反应通过两步进行,先使PAm与F反应,生成羟甲基化产物PAm·M,然后在酸性条件下使PAm·M与D反应,制得PAm·MG.控制F用量,得到不同取代度的PAm·M.和PAm·MG。PAm·MG在水溶液中能与阴离子聚电解质形成复合物沉淀证明PAm·MG带有阳离子基团。元素分析及电位、浊度滴定结果表明PAm·M中的羟基完全与D发生了反应。SALLS测得的M_w证实了PAm在改性过程中分子链未发生降解。