分形裂缝性页岩气藏多段压裂水平井瞬态压力特征

基于分形理论和连续性假设,考虑页岩气吸附解吸、基质-裂缝窜流等机制,建立分形裂缝性页岩气藏多段压裂水平井试井解释模型,并通过拉氏变换、点源函数及压降叠加原理等方法得到模型的解.绘制无因次压力随时间变化的双对数曲线,研究分形裂缝性页岩气藏多段压裂水平井的压力特征,分析分形指数、分形维数等参数对压力动态的影响.结果表明：分形裂缝性页岩气藏多段压裂水平井的压力动态可划分为7个流动阶段;分形指数越大或分形维数越小,晚期径向流直线段的斜率越大;其它参数对水平井的压力动态也有一定的影响.     

各向异性油藏水平井多角度人工裂缝线性单元计算方法

考虑各向异性油藏渗透率张量的表征,利用Green函数和拉普拉斯变换建立裂缝流动的一维单元,裂缝的流量分布采用节点线性插值,裂缝内的流动处理为线性积分,耦合地层与人工裂缝的流动,建立有限导流裂缝井底压力的求解方法.结果表明:多裂缝压裂水平井存在压裂裂缝线性流、地层线性流、系统径向流3种流动形态,压裂裂缝条数越多,相同的生产时间,无因次井底压降越小;裂缝条数对流动影响明显.随着裂缝条数的增加,压降变化减小;裂缝长度和导流能力有相似的变化.人工裂缝与井筒角度越大,产能越大,当裂缝垂直于井筒时,产量最大;地层最大渗透率方向垂直于人工裂缝时产量最大,平行裂缝时产量最小.当人工裂缝垂直于井筒,并同时垂直于地层最大渗透率方向时,达到最大产量值.     

压敏三重介质油藏压力响应特征

建立由基岩系统、裂缝系统和溶洞系统组成,并考虑溶洞渗透率随压降的增加呈指数减小的压敏三重介质油藏试井解释模型,采用隐式差分格式对考虑井筒储存和污染效应的情况进行了求解.研究表明:无因次渗透率模数导致压力及压力导数明显增大,窜流系数影响窜流阶段出现的早晚,弹性储容比影响压力导数曲线"凹陷"的宽度和深度,外边界条件的影响则和普通三重介质明显不同,表皮系数主要影响全部压力和压力导数早期的"凸起",而无因次渗透率模数则主要影响压力和压力导数的后期.     

有限导流压裂定向井耦合流动模型

考虑人工裂缝、斜井筒和地层中的耦合流动,将压裂定向井的流动分为地层向裂缝渗流、裂缝内流动和斜井筒变质量管流.采用镜像反映和势叠加原理,建立地层中势分布和渗流数学模型.应用边值理论,将人工裂缝面离散为裂缝网格,并与斜井筒变质量管流模型进行耦合,建立有限导流压裂定向井耦合流动数学模型,并形成相应的迭代算法.应用分析表明:该模型与Prats图版法相比,对于垂直缝吻合度较高;裂缝导流能力和井斜角对产量及裂缝面压力分布影响较大.     

考虑变井筒存储的三重介质凝析气井压力动态分析

基于Xu & Lee的凝析气井试井分析数学模型,采用Hegeman提出的井筒相再分布压力的误差函数表达式,建立考虑变井筒存储的三重介质凝析气井试井解释数学模型.通过Laplace变换和Stehfest数值反演进行求解,绘制其压力及压力导数曲线,并分析研究井筒相再分布压力系数等对压力和压力导数动态的影响.     

分形低渗透缝洞型油藏非线性渗流规律

引入分形理论,建立考虑低速非达西效应的分形三重介质缝洞型油藏数学模型,通过Laplace变换及Stehfest数值反演方法求出井底压力,借助Matlab编程绘制压力动态曲线,划分渗流阶段,分析渗流规律,进行非线性参数敏感性分析.最后结合实际算例,验证模型的正确性.结果表明：分形三重介质油藏渗流过程分为早期纯井储,过渡流,缝洞窜流,拟径向流,基质与溶洞、裂缝窜流及总体径向流6个渗流阶段;低速非达西效应对渗流的影响随时间的推移逐渐增大;启动压力梯度越大,总径向流阶段压力动态曲线上翘幅度越大;分形系数影响整个渗流过程,随着分形系数的增大,裂缝迂曲程度随之增大,致使渗流阻力增加,引起压力动态曲线整体上移幅度增大.     

聚合物驱两相流试井参数敏感性

考虑油水两相、生产历史、油藏平面非均质性、井筒储存和表皮效应等因素,建立了生产历史阶段聚合物驱数学模型和不稳定试井阶段的流线模型,用流管法对解释模型进行了数值求解.研究表明:随着油水粘度比的增大,压力及压力导数曲线向上平移,随着生产时间的增加,储层的有效渗透率降低,当高渗透条带沿主流线方向分布时,注水井压降导数曲线反映不出油水前缘的影响,而随着聚合物注入浓度的增大,压力导数曲线下凹出现的越来越早.     

使用混合网格计算非达西渗流

针对垂直裂缝井的特殊流动模式,从非达西定律出发,建立二维平面的非达西渗流方程.通过建立一组无量纲量,最终得到无量纲的渗流方程及其定解条件.假定外边界为圆形,用PEBI网格及混合网格对求解区域进行网格划分,用有限差分法对无量纲的方程进行离散,最终得到垂直裂缝井的井底压力数值解.根据此数值解并考虑井筒存储和表皮因子的影响,得到真实垂直裂缝井的井底压力.对计算结果的分析表明,使用混合网格求解非达西渗流井底压力相当准确,该方法也适用于水平井等更复杂井型及复杂边界的问题求解.     

低渗透油藏压裂水平井井筒与油藏耦合的非稳态模型

推导低渗透各向异性油藏压裂水平井井筒与盒式油藏耦合的非稳态模型,并给出求解方法.模型考虑摩阻和加速度的影响,并可以使用不同类型的约束条件.实例计算表明,压裂水平井的流动可分为非稳态阶段和拟稳态阶段.在非稳态阶段,各条裂缝的产量相差不大,总产量随着裂缝条数的增加呈线性增加;在拟稳态阶段,两端裂缝产量高于中部裂缝的产量.受摩阻和加速度压降的影响,空间上位置对称的裂缝在流量上呈现不对称性.井筒内压力损失的存在将使水平井的产量降低,并使井筒内的压力分布不均匀.在最小井底流压的基础上固定流量时,裂缝条数越多,稳产期也越长.     

考虑重力因素的断溶体储层“井-洞-缝”模型试井解释方法

顺北油田属于大型断裂构造运动形成的断溶体储层，纵向裂缝系统和垂向分布的溶洞是主要的储集体空间.本文提出溶洞中的压力变化是由流动和波动共同产生的，依此把能量守恒方程与试井理论相结合，建立考虑重力因素的断溶体储层试井解释方法.定义无量纲量，并对无量纲方程进行Laplace变换，得到Laplace空间上的井底压力.由Stehfest数值反演算法得到试井分析所需的图版曲线.对重力因素进行敏感性分析表明：重力因素只影响双对数曲线的末期，当重力因素很明显时，曲线特征类似于定压边界.对新疆油田的某井进行分析，解释了曲线后期下掉原因，并给出溶洞体积以及波动相关参数等，分析结果与生产实际情况相吻合.     

T型微通道中液滴半阻塞不对称分裂行为研究

液滴不对称分裂是获得不同尺寸微液滴的优选方法,研究液滴不对称分裂行为对于生物医学、能源化工及食品工程等领域具有重要意义.本文研制T型微通道芯片并设计搭建T型微通道液滴半阻塞不对称分裂行为可视化实验平台,研究流量调控对微液滴分裂比的影响规律,并建立理论模型对分裂比进行预测,得到以下结论:液滴不对称挤压分裂过程分为挤压前期、挤压后期和快速夹断阶段,在挤压前期,液滴颈部宽度随时间呈线性变化,在挤压后期,颈部宽度随时间呈指数关系,而在快速夹断阶段,液滴颈部向心收缩的界面附加压力占主导,液滴颈部宽度剧烈收缩,呈断崖式减小;调控分支通道流量可对液滴不对称分裂比进行调控,且调控作用受毛细数影响较大;基于液液流动压降模型的液滴分裂比预测模型能够有效预测液滴分裂比.     

A theoretical model of the pressure field arising from asymmetric intraglottal flows applied to a two-mass model of the vocal folds

A theoretical flow solution is presented for predicting the pressure distribution along the vocal fold walls arising from asymmetric flow that forms during the closing phases of speech. The resultant wall jet was analyzed using boundary layer methods in a non-inertial reference frame attached to the moving wall. A solution for the near-wall velocity profiles on the flow wall was developed based on a Falkner-Skan similarity solution and it was demonstrated that the pressure distribution along the flow wall is imposed by the velocity in the inviscid core of the wall jet. The method was validated with experimental velocity data from 7.5 times life-size vocal fold models, acquired for varying flow rates and glottal divergence angles. The solution for the asymmetric pressures was incorporated into a widely used two-mass model of vocal fold oscillation with a coupled acoustical model of sound propagation. Asymmetric pressure loading was found to facilitate glottal closure, which yielded only slightly higher values of maximum flow declination rate and radiated sound, and a small decrease in the slope of the spectral tilt. While the impact on symmetrically tensioned vocal folds was small, results indicate the effect becomes more significant for asymmetrically tensioned vocal folds.     

部分射开压裂直井渗流压力动态分析

建立符合非均质油藏部分射开地层实际的物理模型和三维各向异性矩形油藏的不稳定渗流数学模型,考虑不渗透顶、底边界和定压顶、底边界等边界条件的组合,通过无因次量纲变换、拉普拉斯变换、傅里叶余弦变换和分离变量等方法,得到拉普拉斯域的解析解,利用斯蒂芬森数值反演方法,得出实数域的压力数值解.绘制压力动态曲线,并进行敏感性分析.计算结果与数值模拟基本吻合,证实方法的可靠性.敏感性分析表明:压力动态曲线可分为早期线性流、中期径向流、晚期球形流、边界控制流四个流动期.裂缝长度主要影响早期线性流,渗透率各向异性主要影响中期径向流,储层射开程度和裂缝方位主要影响晚期球形流,边界条件和油藏宽度主要影响边界控制流.该方法可以确定最优射开程度、垂向渗透率等参数,为油藏工程分析和压裂工艺设计提供指导.     

Large-scale PIV surface flow measurements in shallow basins with different geometries

Shallow depth flow fields and low velocity magnitudes are often challenges for traditional velocity measuring instruments. As such, new techniques have been developed that provide more reliable velocity measurements under these circumstances. In the present study, the two-dimensional (2D) surface velocity field of shallow basins is assessed by means of Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV). The measurements are carried out at the water surface, which means that a laser light sheet is not needed. Depending on the time scales of the flow and the camera characteristics, it is even possible to work with a constant light source. An experimental application of this method is presented to analyze the effects of shallow basin geometry on flow characteristics in reservoirs where large coherent two-dimensional flow structures in the mixing layer dominate the flow characteristics. The flow and boundary conditions that give rise to asymmetric flow are presented. Asymmetric flow structures were observed starting from basin shape ratios that are less than or equal to 0.96. By decreasing the basin length and increasing the shape ratio to greater than 0.96, the flow structure generally tends towards a symmetric pattern.     

An analytical study of the flame dynamics of a transversely forced asymmetric two-dimensional Bunsen flame

Combustion instabilities in annular combustors are of great interest because of their industrial relevance. Azimuthal acoustic modes, which involve transverse acoustic forcing to flames, have become a key process related to annular combustor instabilities. Transverse mean flow may be a factor that affects azimuthal oscillations. This paper provides an analytical model for a transversely forced two-dimensional Bunsen flame under transverse mean flow. The model is established using a low-amplitude perturbation assumption applied to a G-equation formulation. Forced flame displacement and flame transfer functions (FTFs) are calculated. The results are verified based on numerical solutions of the G-equation. Effects of frequency, transverse mean flow velocity and vertical mean flow velocity on the FTFs are discussed. The symmetric flame without transverse mean flow has a vanishing response to transverse acoustic forcing, while asymmetric flames, which are formed with transverse mean flow, have a bandpass response to transverse forcing. The response at very low and high forcing frequencies is small, with higher transfer function gains only in a certain frequency range. This bandpass response, which is inherently linked to the asymmetry of the flame, is an important factor to account for when considering the flame dynamics related to transverse acoustic effects.     

Kinetics of localized plastic flow during deformation and fracture of a D1 alloy

The stress-strain curve of a polycrystalline duralumine (D1) is studied to find three basic deformation stages: linear hardening, parabolic hardening (n = 1/2), and prefracture (n < 1/2). The results obtained show special features of macrolocalization of the plastic flow of the alloy under review. The distribution patterns of localized plastic flow domains develop according to deformation stages. The prefracture stage is characterized by self-correlated motion of the domains to the point of subsequent fracture. It follows from an analysis of the plastic flow localization kinetics that both hardening and softening domains coexist in the specimen in the prefracture stage. The domains move with a constant velocity inherent to each of them and linearly dependent on the position of their nucleation point. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 68–73, November, 2007.     

Dynamics of mixed lump-soliton for an extended (2+1)-dimensional asymmetric Nizhnik–Novikov–Veselov equation

A new (2+1)-dimensional higher-order extended asymmetric Nizhnik–Novikov–Veselov (eANNV) equation is proposed by introducing the additional bilinear terms to the usual ANNV equation. Based on the independent transformation, the bilinear form of the eANNV equation is constructed. The lump wave is guaranteed by introducing a positive constant term in the quadratic function. Meanwhile, different class solutions of the eANNV equation are obtained by mixing the quadratic function with the exponential functions. For the interaction between the lump wave and one-soliton, the energy of the lump wave and one-soliton can transfer to each other at different times. The interaction between a lump and two-soliton can be obtained only by eliminating the sixth-order bilinear term. The dynamics of these solutions are illustrated by selecting the specific parameters in three-dimensional, contour and density plots.