高效液相色谱-质谱法检测蜂蜜中的大环内酯类药物残留

建立了蜂蜜中10种大环内酯类抗生素的高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱检测方法.比较了多种提取方法,最终采用缓冲溶液进行提取,用固相填料进行分散固相萃取净化.采用电喷雾离子源ESI,正离子扫描模式,选择M+H为监测离子,流动相为甲醇-0.1％甲酸水溶液梯度系统.在5.0-200.0μg/L范围内,10种大环内酯类抗生素的线性相关系数均大于0.99.通过阴性样品的加标回收实验,方法的定量限LOQ(S/N=10)为5.0μg/kg,检出限LOD (S/N=3)为1.0μg/kg,3个添加水平中,蜂蜜的加标回收率在60％-120％之间,日内相对标准偏差(RSD)在1.11％-9.26％之间.该法简单、灵敏、特异性强,适用于蜂蜜中大环内酯类药物残留的分析确证.     

液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定猪肉中的7种β2-受体激动剂

建立了固相萃取-液相色谱/串联质谱同时测定猪肉中的7种β2-受体激动剂的分析方法.样品经氨化乙腈提取,强阳离子交换固相萃取柱(MCX柱)净化和C18色谱柱分离后,用多反应监测(MRM)模式检测.在0.5-10.0μg/kg范围内方法线性良好,7种物质检出限0.043-0.096μg/kg.在2个加标水平下,回收率85.4％-108％,相对标准偏差1.7％-11.4％,能满足复杂样品中痕量β2-受体激动剂残留量的检测要求.     

GC-MS测定仲丁醇、富马酸二甲酯、咪唑和芝麻酚

建立了气相色谱串联质谱（GC-MS）准确、快速测定香精香料中仲丁醇、富马酸二甲酯、咪唑和芝麻酚的分析方法.样品经甲醇超声提取15min后,通过Agilent DB-WAX（0.25mm×30m×0.25μm）色谱柱分离,质谱进行定性,外标法对于4种目标物质进行定量分析.实验结果表明,在0.5-20mg/L的范围内,4种物质具有较好的线性,各待测物质的线性相关系数均大于0.9990,检出限为0.02-0.12mg/L,在1,5mg/L和10mg/L 3个加标水平条件下,4种禁限用物质的平均回收率为88.0％-113.1％,相对标准偏差为0.32％-6.53％.该方法前处理简单,灵敏度高,线性相关性好,重复性佳,可以满足香精香料中4种物质的同时检测.     

超高效液相色谱-质谱法测定人体血浆中的环磷酰胺

建立了测定人体血浆中环磷酰胺血药浓度的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法.样品经甲醇沉淀蛋白,高速离心分离提取,用Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(50mm×2.1mm,1.7μm)分离,以0.1％甲酸水溶液∶乙腈=(80∶20)为流动相进行洗脱,流速0.4mL·min-1,采用电喷雾质谱正离子模...     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆质谱联用快速测定地表水中的溴氰菊酯

建立了无需前处理程序直接进样快速测定地表水中溴氰菊酯的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法.样品经0.2μm针式滤头过滤除去颗粒性杂质后,进样UPLC-MS/MS分析,电喷雾负离子(ESI+)多反应监测模式(MRM)下测定.以m/Z 532.2/281.1为溴氰菊酯的检测离子对,溴氰菊酯的检出限达0.5μg/L.在1.0-1000μg/L的线性范围中,相关系数r=0.9997,高、中、低3个浓度水平下回收率94.8％-106.7％,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.53％-7.38％.方法具有检出限低、检测速度快、定性准确且回收率高等优点.     

普卡必利的NMR研究

以4-氨基-5-氯-2,3-二氢苯并呋喃-7-羧酸和1-（3-甲氧基丙基）-4-哌啶胺为原料,通过酰胺缩合反应合成了普卡必利.普卡必利化学名为4-氨基-5-氯-2,3-二氢-N-[1-（3-甲氧基丙基）-4-哌啶基]-7-苯并呋喃甲酰胺,是二氢苯并呋喃的衍生物5-H4受体拮抗剂,是一种治疗慢性便秘的重要药物.普卡必利结构中存在多个化学环境非常接近的碳原子,核磁共振（NMR）谱图相对复杂.本文首先应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）和液相色谱-高分辨质谱（LC-HRMS）对其元素组成进行了分析,进而用一维和二维NMR谱（包括¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、DEPT、¹H-¹HCOSY、¹H-¹³C HSQC、¹H-¹³C HMBC）对普卡必利的¹H和¹³C NMR信号进行了指认归属,确定了其结构.本工作对苯并呋喃衍生物及相关下游药物合成工艺的进一步优化,以及相关衍生药物的研究具有参考价值.     

分散液液微萃取与超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用测定环境水样中的三苯基乙酸锡

将分散液液微萃取(DLLME)与超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术(UPLC-MS/MS)相结合,建立了环境水样中三苯基乙酸锡的测定方法.通过对萃取条件的优化,得到最佳条件:在5.0mL水样中加入30.0μL氯苯(萃取剂)和1.0mL丙酮(分散剂)的混合溶液,萃取1min,以4000r/min离心5min后吸出萃取剂氯苯直接进样分析.在优化条件下,三苯基乙酸锡的富集倍数为165倍,检出限为0.01μg/L(S/N=3),线性范围为0.05-5.0μg/L,线性相关系数为0.9991.本法应用于河水、湖水和井水样的分析,加标回收率在81.2％-106％之间,相对标准偏差在4.5％-7.8％之间(n=6).     

手性液相色谱同时测定土壤中两种二苯醚类除草剂对映体

建立了土壤中两种二苯醚类除草剂对映体的手性液相色谱测定方法.样品用乙腈提取和氯化钠盐析后,上层乙腈经弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱净化后,用手性液相色谱检测.结果表明:两种农药各自对映体的回收率在84.4％-98.3％之间,相对标准偏差在3.2％-12.5％之间.在实际样品中的检出限在0.013-0.016mg/kg之间,定量限在0.043-0.053mg/kg之间.     

N-异丁酰基-3'-O-(1-氟-1,1,3,3-四异丙基-1,3-二硅氧烷-3-基)-2'-苄氧羰基鸟苷的NMR研究

本文采用氢氟酸吡啶鎓在5′-位选择性断裂1,1,3,3-四异丙基二硅氧烷基保护基的方法得到了核苷衍生物N-异丁酰基-3′-O-（1-氟-1,1,3,3-四异丙基-1,3-二硅氧烷-3-基）-2′-苄氧羰基鸟苷（化合物1）,并应用液相色谱串联质谱（LC-MS）、气相色谱-高分辨质谱（GC-HRMS）、液体1D和2D NMR谱（包括¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、¹⁹F NMR、DEPT、¹H-¹H COSY、¹H-¹³C HSQC和¹H-¹³C HMBC）,对产物的¹H、¹³C和¹⁹F NMR信号进行了归属,确定了其结构．     

中成药中马兜铃酸A的UPLC/MS研究

建立了中成药中马兜铃酸A的超高压液相色谱/质谱检测方法。测定结果表明,马兜铃酸A在超高压液相色谱/质谱的选择离子记录（SIR）中有较强的分子离子峰,检出限为0.1mg/kg,可以满足对中成药中马兜铃酸A测定要求。     

Comparative PEEM and AES study of surface morphology and composition of Cu films on Si and 3C–SiC substrates

We have conducted photoemission electron microscope (PEEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) studies on the Cu(30 nm)/3C–SiC(1 0 0) and Cu(30 nm)/Si(1 0 0) samples annealed successively up to 850 °C. With PEEM, lateral diffusion of Cu atoms on the 3C–SiC substrate was observed at 400 °C while no lateral diffusion was seen for the Cu/Si(1 0 0) samples up to 850 °C. The 30 nm Cu thin film on 3C–SiC began to agglomerate at 550 °C, similar to the case for the Cu/Si(1 0 0) system. No further spread of the lateral diffusion region was found in subsequent annealing up to 850 °C for Cu/3C–SiC while separated regular-sized dot structures were found at 850 °C for Cu/Si(1 0 0). AES studies of Cu/Si(1 0 0) system showed partial interface reaction during Cu deposition onto the Si(1 0 0) substrate and oxidation of the resultant Cu₃Si to form SiO₂ on the specimen surface at room temperature in air. Surface segregation of Si and C was observed after annealing at 300 °C for Cu/Si(1 0 0) and at 850 °C for the Cu/3C–SiC system. We have successfully elucidated the observed phenomena by combining PEEM and AES considering diffusion of the constituent elements and/or reaction at interfaces.     

In situ magneto-optical Kerr effect study of uncovered Fe films on ZnSe(0 0 1)

The magnetic properties of uncovered Fe/ZnSe/GaAs(1 0 0) ultrathin films have been determined in situ by magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). Fe films up to 10 monolayers (ML) thick were deposited on c(2×2) Zn-rich ZnSe/GaAs(0 0 1) surfaces at 180 °C. We have studied the thickness dependence of the in-plane lattice parameter of the Fe films and of the MOKE hysteresis loops in the longitudinal geometry, at 150 K, under magnetic fields up to 0.1 T applied along the [1 1 0] and [1-1 0] directions of the ZnSe(0 0 1). Reflection high energy electron diffraction show that in the low thickness regime the Fe films present an in-plane structural anisotropy characterized by an expansion along the [1 1 0] direction. Hysteretic loops were obtained only starting from ∼5 ML Fe. We found the onset of an uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with [1 1 0] magnetic easy axis at 7 ML Fe.     

Chemical properties of structurally well-defined PdRu/Ru(0 0 0 1) surface alloys – Interaction with CO

The chemical properties of structurally well-defined PdRu/Ru(0 0 0 1) monolayer surface alloys [H. Hartmann, T. Diemant, A. Bergbeiter, J. Bansmann, H.E. Hoster, R.J. Behm, Surf. Sci. in press, doi:10.1016/j.sucs.2008.10.055.] and a Pd monolayer on Ru(0 0 0 1) were studied by temperature programmed desorption and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy using CO as probe molecule. IR experiments on the PdRu/Ru(0 0 0 1) surface alloys demonstrate that CO adsorption on Ru sites resembles that on pure Ru(0 0 0 1) (on-top adsorption), while adsorption on the Pd sites occurs on both multifold coordinated and on-top sites, similar to CO on Pd(1 1 1). A significant destabilization of CO adsorption on Pd sites for both, surface alloys and the Pd monolayer film, compared to pure Pd(1 1 1) surfaces is attributed to a combination of geometric strain and vertical electronic ligand effects; an additional variation in the CO adsorption bond strength in the surface alloys is attributed to changes in the neighboring surface atom shell (lateral ligand effects). The chemical modifications introduced by PdRu surface alloy formation are compared with findings for deuterium adsorption on the same surface alloys; effects of the two-dimensional (2D) distribution of surface atoms are illustrated by comparison with CO adsorption on PtRu/Ru(0 0 0 1) surface alloys, where in contrast to the pronounced 2D phase segregation in PdRu/Ru(0 0 0 1) the surface atoms are essentially randomly distributed.     

Ultrasound and heat enhanced persulfate oxidation activated with Fe0 aggregate for the decolorization of C.I. Direct Red 23

Effluents from the paper printing and textile industries are often heavily contaminated with azo dyes. Azo dyes are difficult to oxidize biologically. This work investigated the decolorization of an azo dye, C.I. Direct Red 23 (DR23), by persulfate (PS) activated with Fe⁰ aggregates (PS/Fe⁰). Ultrasound (US) and heat were used as enhancement tools in the PS oxidation system. Neither US-activated PS nor thermally activated PS was effective in oxidizing DR23. However, the decolorization was significantly enhanced by PS/Fe⁰ combined with US (PS/Fe⁰/US) or heat (PS/Fe⁰/55 °C). Approximately 95% decolorization of 1 × 10⁻⁴ M DR23 was achieved within 15 min in the PS/Fe⁰/US system at an initial pH of 6.0, PS of 5 × 10⁻³ M, Fe⁰ of 0.5 g/L and US irradiation of 106 W/cm² (60 kHz). Complete decolorization was achieved within 10 min in the Fe⁰/PS/55 °C system. The rate of decolorization doubled when US was introduced in the PS/Fe⁰ system during the treatment of different initial dye concentrations. The dependence of dye and true color (ADMI) depletion on PS concentration has been discussed. DR23 was completely degraded based on the disappearance of aromatic groups of UV–vis spectra and the variation of TOC mineralization. The observed pseudo-first-order decolorization rate was substantially enhanced by increasing temperature. The Arrhenius activation energy for the PS activated with Fe⁰ was estimated as 8.98 kcal/mol, implying that higher temperature is beneficial for the DR23 decolorization. The addition of US into the PS/Fe⁰ system did not incur a substantial increase in electricity, whereas the mineralization of DR23 occurred quickly. Thus, both PS/Fe⁰/US and heated PS/Fe⁰ systems are practically feasible for the effective degradation of the direct azo dye in textile wastewater.     

Surface alloy formation,short-range order,and deuterium adsorption properties of monolayer PdRu/Ru(0 0 0 1) surface alloys

The formation and structure of monolayer PdRu/Ru(0 0 0 1) surface alloys and their adsorption properties with respect to deuterium adsorption were investigated by atomic resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and by temperature programmed desorption. Surface alloys, prepared by deposition of up to one monolayer of Pd and flash annealing to 1150 K show (i) negligible loss of Pd by desorption or diffusion into the Ru bulk during this procedure and (ii) dominant phase separation into 2D Pd and Ru islands, in contrast to the random distribution in PtRu/Ru(0 0 0 1) surface alloys [H.E. Hoster, A. Bergbreiter, P.M. Erne, T. Hager, H. Rauscher, R.J. Behm, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 10 (2008) 3812]. 2D short-range order parameters and the abundance of specific adsorption ensembles were evaluated for different Pd contents, effective pair interaction (EPI) energies were derived from Monte Carlo simulations. Deuterium adsorption on Pd monolayer films shows a pronounced weakening of adsorption bond, which is attributed to compressive strain and metal–metal interactions between Pd and underlying Ru atoms (‘vertical ligand effect’). Mixed adsorption ensembles containing both Pd and Ru atoms give rise to D₂ desorption in the intermediate temperature regime. The impact of the specific lateral distribution of the two metal species on the chemical surface properties is illustrated by comparison with deuterium adsorption on dispersed PtRu/Ru(0 0 0 1) surface alloys [T. Diemant, H. Rauscher, R.J. Behm, J. Phys. Chem. C 112 (2008) 8381].     

The initial growth structure of Ni1-xFex (x=0.6–0.8) films dc-biased plasma-sputter-deposited on Ni/MgO(0 0 1), and on Fe/MgO(0 0 1)

Cross sectional and plane-view transmission electron microscopy (X- and PV-TEM) were used to investigate the initial growth phase of 5, 10, 20 and 40 nm thick Ni_1-xFe_x (x=0.6–0.8) films, prepared on MgO(0 0 1) covered with a buffer layer of Fe or Ni as well as on naked MgO(0 0 1). The 100 nm thick buffer layers of Fe and Ni were pre-grown on MgO(0 0 1). All of Ni_0.20Fe_0.80, Ni_0.40Fe_0.60, Fe and Ni films could be epitaxially grown at 250°C by dc-biased plasma sputtering at 2.9 kV in pure Ar gas.The films of Ni_0.20Fe_0.80 and Ni_0.40Fe_0.60 were grown in their own stable phase, bcc and fcc on MgO(0 0 1), respectively. However, Ni_0.20Fe_0.80 film could be grown in fcc phase pseudomorphic with Ni(0 0 1) up to 20 nm thick on Ni/MgO(0 0 1), while Ni_0.40Fe_0.60 film in bcc phase pseudomorphic with Fe(0 0 1) up to 10 nm thick on Fe/MgO(0 0 1). With increasing thickness, their growth phases transformed into their own stable phases. Whether or not the pseudomorphic phase may be induced and what its critical thickness may be should depend primarily on the lattice misfit between the crystal planes in contact. The growth mode of Ni_0.40Fe_0.60 film was investigated more in details to be compared with the simulations of the average strain energy versus thickness and with those of the critical thickness of the pseudomorphic films versus the lattice misfit between the contacted crystal planes.     

Electrochemical activity of Sn-modified Pt single crystal electrodes for ethanol oxidation

Low-index plane Pt single crystal electrodes modified by submonolayer deposition of Sn have been tested for ethanol oxidation in acidic media using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The enhancement factor for ethanol oxidation depends on both substrate crystallography and Sn coverage. The optimum coverage was found to be around 0.2, 0.25 and 0.52 for (1 0 0), (1 1 1) and (1 1 0), respectively. The enhancement factor was found to decrease in the order: Sn/Pt (1 1 0) > Sn/Pt (1 0 0) > Sn/Pt (1 1 1). On the other hand, the current density obtained at 0.4 V after 15 min of electrolysis was found to decrease in the order: Sn/Pt (1 1 0) > Sn/Pt (1 1 1) > Sn/Pt (1 0 0).     

Effects and mechanism of diclofenac degradation in aqueous solution by US/Zn0

A system of ultrasound radiation coupled with Zn⁰ was applied to degrade diclofenac. The effects of initial pH, dosage of Zn⁰ and ultrasound density were investigated. To further explore the mechanism of the microcosmic reaction, the fresh and used Zn⁰ powders were characterized by SEM, XRD and XPS. Radical scavengers were used to determine the oxidation performance of strong oxidizing free radicals on diclofenac, including hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals. The results showed that the optimum removal of diclofenac reached to over 85% at pH of 2.0 in 15 min, with Zn⁰ dosage of 0.1 g/L and ultrasound density of 0.6 W/cm³. TOC removal of 72.6% in 15 min and dechlorination efficiency of diclofenac reached 70% in 30 min. Characterization results showed that a ZnO membrane was generated on the surface of Zn particles after use. According to the mass spectrometry results, several possible pathways of diclofenac degradation were proposed, and most diclofenac was turned into micro-molecules or CO₂ finally. The synergistic effect of US/Zn⁰ in the reactions led to a proposed degradation mechanism in which zinc could directly attack the target contaminant diclofenac because of its good reducibility with the auxiliary functions of ultrasonic irradiation, mechanical shearing and free radical oxidation.     

Structural and magnetic properties of CoCrPt perpendicular media grown on different buffer layers

The influence of buffer layer characteristics on the structural and magnetic properties of CoCrPt perpendicular media has been investigated. Thin (∼10–15 nm) buffer layers consisting of Ta/Ru, Ta/Hf, or amorphous (CoCrPt)Ta₂₅ produced media layers having high perpendicular coercivity of nearly 3 kOe, but the coercivity was only 1.7 kOe when using a Ta/Ti buffer. X-ray diffraction rocking curves showed the highest degree of (0 0 0 2) texture for the Ta/Ru buffer. In-plane diffraction indicated that the Ta/Ru buffer also had the smallest lattice mismatch (5.6%) with the CoCrPt. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy showed that the Ta/Ru buffer promoted local epitaxy with the media layer. Amorphous transition regions were observed at the interfaces between the media and the Ta/Hf and Ta/Ti buffer layers. Some small CoCrPt grains were observed at the interface with the amorphous CoCrPtTa buffer.     

Synthesis of Mg-Al and Zn-Al-layered double hydroxide nanocrystals using laser ablation in water

In this paper, we report our results on the synthesis of Mg-Al and Zn-Al-layered double hydroxides using the laser ablation in the liquid technique. To prepare these layered double hydroxides (LDH) we first began with the laser generation of a Mg (or zinc) target submerged in deionized water and then ablated an aluminum target submerged in the previously prepared Mg-deionized water suspensions (Mg-dw) to produce Mg-Al LDH and in Zn-dw to prepare Zn-Al LDH. In these ablation tests, the Mg ablation duration was selected to vary from 5 to 60 min, while the Al ablation duration was kept constant at 30 min for all samples. The generated Mg-Al LDH was a gel-like and well crystallized nanoparticles of a rod-like shape and were arranged in a well-organized pattern. When the Mg ablation duration between 25 and 35 min, the synthesized nanocrystals were stoichiometric with a formula of Mg₆Al₂(OH)₁₈4.5(H₂O), the interlayer distance (d_(0 0 3)-spacing) was 7.8 Å and the average grain size was 8.0 nm. The synthesized Zn-Al LDH revealed various lamellar thin plate-like nanostructures of hexagonal morphologies. The average diameters of these structures was about 500 nm and the thickness of a single layer was approximately about 6.0 nm. The XRD diffraction peaks were indexed in hexagonal lattice with a_o=3.07 Å and c_o=15.12 Å. These indexes were (0 0 2), (0 0 4), and (0 0 8) and the corresponding interlayer distances, d-spacing (Å), were 7.56 (0 0 2), 3.782 (0 0 4), and 1.891 (0 0 8), respectively.