溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO_2负载活化半焦光催化烟气脱硝（英文）

利用超声辅助溶胶-凝胶法,以钛酸正丁酯为钛源,制备了TiO 2负载于活化半焦的光催化剂.考察了TiO 2负载量,煅烧温度和时间,以及水对光催化脱硝活性的影响.利用X射线衍射(XRD),BET,FT-IR,扫描电镜(SEM)以及能谱分析(EDS)等方法对催化剂进行了表征分析.实验结果表明,TiO 2负载量为5.22%,煅烧温度500℃,煅烧时间为1 h时,TiO 2/ASC光催化脱硝剂效果最好,反应3 h后脱硝率仍高于70%.通过添加自由基捕获剂的方法确定TiO 2/ASC光催化脱硝过程中起主要作用的活性物种为·OH和·O-2,而空穴在本实验的光催化过程中几乎不起作用.对催化剂的再生研究发现,高温(400℃)水热一次再生可恢复催化剂脱硝活性至新鲜催化剂的100%,3次再生效果仍为新鲜催化剂脱硝率的80%.     

活性炭负载TiO2光催化氧化二苯并噻吩的研究

以活性炭负载的TiO2为光催化剂,H2O2为氧化剂,30W紫外灯为光源,对含二苯并噻吩（DBT）的模型硫化物进行光催化氧化脱硫研究。考察了TiO2的煅烧温度、负载量、催化剂用量、H2O2用量和光照时间对DBT去除率的影响。实验结果表明,用溶胶 凝胶法制备的TiO2 /活性炭催化剂对DBT具有很好的光催化效果。最佳反应条件为,催化剂煅烧温度400℃,TiO2的负载量为32％,催化剂用量0.7g/100mL, H2O2最佳用量为10mL,即O/S（摩尔比）为14。在最佳反应条件下,光照时间8h,DBT去除率为90％, 此反应为一级动力学反应。     

纳米TiO2光催化剂的酸催化水解合成与表征

以TiCl4为钛源,采用酸催化水解法控制TiCl4水解速度,合成了纳米TiO2光催化剂。以苯酚的光催化降解为模型反应,考察了酸催化剂种类、水解温度、煅烧温度对TiO2光催化活性的影响。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射(DRS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、低温氮物理吸附,分析了TiO2光催化剂的晶相结构、光谱特征以及表面形貌。结果表明,以HCl为催化剂、水解温度98℃、煅烧温度500℃下制得TiO2活性最高。最佳条件下合成的TiO2前驱体为无定型结构,400℃煅烧时几乎完全转化为锐钛矿相,800℃时完全转化为金红石相。随着煅烧温度升高,TiO2光吸收阈值红移,TiO2粒子尺寸增大,比表面积下降,光催化活性降低。     

H3PW12O40／CeO2光催化脱色甲基橙溶液的研究

以CeO2为载体,用浸渍法制备了不同负载量的磷钨酸催化剂,并且考察了催化剂光催化脱色甲基橙溶液的催化性能。结果表明:磷钨酸最佳负载量为9%(质量分数);光催化剂加入量为300mg/100mL;在较低浓度下,甲基橙溶液的光催化脱色反应符合一级动力学方程;H3PW12O40/CeO2与TiO2具有相同的催化性能;催化剂再生后活性可恢复至65%。     

WO3/TiO2纳米棒复合材料的制备及其光催化活性

 以纳米 TiO2 (P25) 为前驱体, 采用水热-煅烧法制备了具有大比表面积和高紫外光催化活性的 TiO2 纳米棒 (TiO2-NRs), 并考察了热处理温度对其形貌、晶型、比表面积及光催化活性的影响. 以400 oC 热处理制得的 TiO2-NRs 为载体, 采用溶胶-凝胶法制得负载型 WO3/TiO2-NRs 复合光催化剂, 并使用透射电镜、X 射线衍射和X 射线电子能谱等手段对其进行了表征. 结果表明, WO3 负载量为 2% 时, WO3/TiO2-NRs 的光催化活性是 P25 的 5 倍. 对 1 × 10?5 mol/L 罗丹明 B 溶液的脱色反应结果表明, 该催化剂具有高速染料脱色特性. 同时对光催化机理进行了探讨.     

CuOx/TiO2光催化水蒸气还原CO2

以商品TiO2-P25为原料,通过浸渍法负载一定量过渡金属Cu,得到一系列不同含量的CuOx/TiO2光催化剂。利用X射线衍射（XRD）,X－射线光电子能谱（XPS）,BET,高分辨率透射镜（HRTEM）,X射线荧光光谱（XRF）和光致发光光谱（PL）等方法对催化剂进行了详细表征,在自建的光催化反应器中评价了气态水光催化还原CO2反应的活性和CH4收率。结果表明负载CuOx后的TiO2纳米材料光催化性能显著提高,其中1%CuOx/TiO2样品紫外光照72 h后,CH4生成量达到了24.86 µmol•gTi-1。同时,CuOx负载量、反应温度、反应时间等因素对CH4收率均有显著影响。     

微波助离子液体中锌和氮共掺杂TiO2催化剂的制备及微波强化光催化氧化活性

在1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐（[Bmim]PF6）离子液体介质中,采用微波干燥的方法制备了锌和氮共掺杂的TiO2催化剂TiO2-Zn-N,分别采用IR、XRD、SEM、BET对催化剂结构进行了测试和表征。室温条件下,以甲基橙和苯酚溶液为模拟污染物,在微波超声波组合催化合成仪中,分别利用微波辐射（MW）、紫外光照（UV）、微波辐射-紫外光照（MW-UV）和太阳光照射（SL）等降解方式,着重考察了制备条件对TiO2-Zn-N光催化活性的影响。结果表明,在离子液体用量为5.6 mL、Zn掺杂量n(Zn)/n(Ti)=0.015:1、N掺杂量n(N)/n(Ti)=4:1、微波干燥功率350 W、微波干燥时间20 min、煅烧温度700 ℃、煅烧时间2 h的条件下所制得的TiO2-Zn-N催化剂具有较高的光催化活性;在MW、UV、MW-UV和SL四种降解条件下,TiO2-Zn-N对甲基橙的降解率分别为29.6%、95.4%、99.2%和79.2%;并且在前三种降解条件下,甲基橙降解率始终是：MW-UV> UV> MW。这表明在紫外光照条件下,微波辅射具有强化催化剂降解甲基橙的作用。     

同时脱除烟气中硫和硝的V2O5/AC催化剂研究

通过在固定床微反应器上对同时脱硫脱硝催化剂的研究,发现将V2O5担载在活性焦(AC)上制得的V2O5/AC催化剂可在200 ℃同时脱除烟气中的SO2和NO,其活性明显高于纯AC。V2O5/AC催化剂的脱硫脱硝活性与催化剂中钒的质量分数有关,随着V2O5质量分数从0.5%增至9%,硫容从3%增加到12%,脱硝率在V2O5质量分数为0.5%到3%时脱硝率稳定在60%左右,继续增加V2O5质量分数,脱硝率降低。程序升温脱附 (TPD) 和红外光谱 (FTIR) 表征结果显示在脱硫脱硝过程中,催化剂表面有H2SO4, 铵盐和VOSO4生成, VOSO4的质量分数随催化剂中V2O5质量分数的提高而升高。使用后的催化剂可通过5%NH3在300 ℃再生,再生后催化剂的脱硝活性明显增加,NO转化率从新鲜样的67%提高到接近100%,对SO2的吸附也比新鲜样有所增加。     

V2O5/赤铁矿催化剂结构及其NH3选择性催化还原NOx性能

以水热合成针铁矿为前驱体浸渍偏钒酸铵,分别于300,400和500℃空气中焙烧,制备了不同活性组分负载量的V₂O₅/赤铁矿（V/H）催化剂,用于氨选择性催化还原（SCR）脱硝。采用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、比表面积分析仪、程序升温还原及程序升温脱附等方法对催化剂结构进行了表征,并用标气配制模拟烟气进行了脱硝实验。结果表明,300℃煅烧3%V/H催化剂当烟气温度为250-300℃时NO转化率均可达95%以上;当配气中单独加入水蒸气或低浓度SO₂（0.01%）时,V/H催化脱硝的活性不受影响;当系统加入高浓度的SO₂（0.03%与0.05%）或同时添加H₂O与SO₂时,SCR脱硝效率下降,其机制可能是SO₂在催化剂表面竞争吸附所致,停止添加后,催化活性迅速恢复。     

TiO2/BixTiyOz气相光催化降解苯的动力学模型及反应机理

在密闭不锈钢反应器内考察了TiO2/BixTjyOz催化剂气相光催化降解苯的性能.结果表明,TiO2负载于Bi12TiO20,Bi2Ti2O7和Bi4Ti3O12上制成的催化剂,光催化活性得到很人的提高,TiO2最佳负载量为2.0%;其中,TiO2/Bi12TiO20的光催化活性最高,苯最高转化率是纯TiO2的2倍,催化剂使用寿命也延长了1倍.在本文实验条件下,TiO2/Bi12TiO20上苯气相光催化降解符合Lang-muir-Hinshelwood动力学模型,光催化反应速率常数k和Langmuir吸附常数K分别为0.006 4mg/(L·min)和9.670 2L/mg.采用红外光谱对失活的催化剂进行表征,结果表明催化剂表面出现了羰基与羟基等的振动峰,同时检测到主要的中间产物是2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚,它吸附在催化剂表面活性化上而导致催化剂失活.最后推测了苯在催化剂表面气相光催化降解的反应机理.     

Enantiomer separation by CEC——Enantiomer separation by packed-capillary electrochromatography

Three chiral compounds were successfully separated in a short time with two enantiomer separation models on packed-capillary electrochromatography (CEC). (i) 75 μm I.D. capillaries were packed with 5 μm β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) chiral stationary phase (CSP). Effects of voltage, pH and concentration of organic modifier on electroosmotic flow (EOF) and chiral separations were investigated systematically. Enantiomers of a neutral compound (benzoin) and a neutral drug (mephenytoin) were separated within a short time with high efficiency. Efficiency of 32 000 theoretical plates per meter and resolution (R_s) of 1.42 were achieved for enantiomers of benzoin using a βCD packed column with 6.2 cm packed length. Efficiency of 45 000 theoretical plates per meter and R_s of 3.40 were obtained for enantiomers of mephenytoin. Especially, the enantiomer separation of mephenytion was performed in just 3.4 min with R_s of 2.60. (ⅱ) 75 μm I.D. capillary was packed with octadecylsilica particles (ODS). Chiral separat     

Regioselectivity of olefin oxidation by iodosobenzene catalyzed by metalloporphyrins : control by the catalyst

The regioselectivity of the oxidation of three monosubstituted olefins, 6-phenoxyhex-1-ene, hex-1-ene and styrene, by iodosobenzene in the presence of various Fe-, Mn- or Cr-tetraaryl-porphyrins, was studied. It was found that, besides epoxides, known products from such systems, allylic alcohols and aldehydes were formed, the latter not being derived from the corresponding epoxides. The relative importance of these reactions greatly depends upon both the metal and porphyrin constituents of the catalyst. More particularly, the competition between epoxidation and allylic hydroxylation can be efficiently controlled by non-bonded interactions between the olefin and porphyrin substituents. No hydroxylation of the aromatic rings and no oxidative dealkylation of the ether function was detected.     

Glycosidase inhibition by macrolide antibiotics elucidated by STD-NMR spectroscopy

A glycosynthase approach was attempted to glycodiversify macrolide antibiotics, using DesR, a family-3 retaining beta-glucosidase involved in the self-resistance mechanism of methymycin production. STD-NMR was used to probe enzyme-substrate interactions. Analysis of competitive STD-NMR experiments between erythromycin A and a chromogenic substrate (pNP-beta-d-glucose) with the hydrolytically inactive nucleophile mutants led us to discover a family of unprecedented glycosidase inhibitors. Analysis of kinetic data with wild-type DesR determined that erythromycin is a competitive inhibitor of the glucosidase (IC50 = 2.8 +/- 0.3 microM and Ki = 2 +/- 0.2 microM) with respect to the hydrolysis of pNP-beta-d-glucose. Comparable inhibitory data was obtained for clarithromycin; however, the inhibitory effect of azithromycin was weak and no significant inhibition was observed with methymycin or d-desosamine. This report documents significant inhibition of glycosidases by macrolide antibiotics and provides insight into the design of novel glycosidase inhibitors based on the macrolactone ring of macrolide antibiotics.     

Membrane solubilization by detergent: resistance conferred by thickness

The commonly held model for membrane dissolution by detergents/surfactants requires lipid transport from the inner to the outer bilayer leaflet ('flip-flop'). Although applicable to many systems, it fails in cases where cross-bilayer transport of membrane components is suppressed. In this paper we investigate the mechanism for surfactant-induced solubilization of polymeric bilayers. To that end, we examine the dissolution of a series of increasingly thick, polymer-based vesicles (polymersomes) by a nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, using dynamic light scattering. We find that increasing the bilayer thickness imparts better resistance to dissolution, so that the concentration required for solubilization, after a fixed amount of time, increases nearly linearly with membrane thickness. Combining our experimental data with a theoretical model, we show that the dominant mechanism for the surfactant-induced dissolution of polymeric vesicles, where polymer flip-flop across the membrane is suppressed, is the surfactant transport through the bilayer. This mechanism is different both qualitatively and quantitatively from the mechanisms by which surfactants dissolve pure lipid vesicles.     

Antibiotic recognition by binuclear metallo-beta-lactamases revealed by X-ray crystallography

Metallo-beta-lactamases are zinc-dependent enzymes responsible for resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in a variety of host bacteria, usually Gram-negative species that act as opportunist pathogens. They hydrolyze all classes of beta-lactam antibiotics, including carbapenems, and escape the action of available beta-lactamase inhibitors. Efforts to develop effective inhibitors have been hampered by the lack of structural information regarding how these enzymes recognize and turn over beta-lactam substrates. We report here the crystal structure of the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia L1 enzyme in complex with the hydrolysis product of the 7alpha-methoxyoxacephem, moxalactam. The on-enzyme complex is a 3'-exo-methylene species generated by elimination of the 1-methyltetrazolyl-5-thiolate anion from the 3'-methyl group. Moxalactam binding to L1 involves direct interaction of the two active site zinc ions with the beta-lactam amide and C4 carboxylate, groups that are common to all beta-lactam substrates. The 7beta-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)malonyl]-amino substituent makes limited hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding contacts with the active site groove. The mode of binding provides strong evidence that a water molecule situated between the two metal ions is the most likely nucleophile in the hydrolytic reaction. These data suggest a reaction mechanism for metallo-beta-lactamases in which both metal ions contribute to catalysis by activating the bridging water/hydroxide nucleophile, polarizing the substrate amide bond for attack and stabilizing anionic nitrogen intermediates. The structure illustrates how a binuclear zinc site confers upon metallo-beta-lactamases the ability both to recognize and efficiently hydrolyze a wide variety of beta-lactam substrates.