Single-mode propagation in triangular tube lattice hollow-core terahertz fibers

The mode properties of hollow-core fibers with a cladding formed by a periodic arrangement of dielectric tubes in a triangular lattice for THz applications are numerically investigated. The fiber supports a high number of modes. Effectively single-mode operation can be obtain by reducing the core size, but at the expense of high fundamental mode propagation loss. Single-mode propagation can be obtained by exciting the fiber with a linear polarized gaussian beam with proper spot size.     

负折射率介质光纤的导模异常特性分析

对芯层为负折射率介质,敷层为普通介质的光纤的导模进行了研究,并对芯层与敷层介电常数比值（ξ）和磁导率比值（η）变化对导模色散特征的影响进行分析.分析表明负折射率光纤具有许多不同于常规光纤的反常特征,如存在表面波模,存在TM00模和TE00模以及存在多个单模传输模式和单模传输区间等.同时对负折射率介质光纤的单模传输条件进行了分析,发现单模传输模式和传输区间随ξ和η的不同而改变.     

Fiber refractometer based on a fiber Bragg grating and single-mode-multimode-single-mode fiber structure

A refractive index (RI) sensor based on a novel fiber structure that consists of a single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) fiber structure followed by a fiber Bragg grating was demonstrated. The multimode fiber in the SMS structure excites cladding modes within output single-mode fiber (SMF) and recouple the reflected cladding Bragg wavelength to the input SMF core. By measuring the relative Bragg wavelength shift between core and cladding Bragg wavelengths, the RI can be determined. Experimentally we have achieved a maximum sensitivity of 7.33 nm/RIU (RI unit) at RI range from 1.324 to 1.439.     

热光系数与长周期光纤光栅的温度灵敏度研究

利用受温度影响的光纤的本征方程和相位匹配条件,从理论上研究了长周期光纤光栅(LPFGs)的温度响应特性,给出了LPFGs的温度灵敏度的解析表达式。对利用低模序包层模的LPFG进行了实验研究。结果表明,利用不同包层模的LPFGs具有不同的温度灵敏度。分析了光纤的材料热光系数和模的热光系数的差别。单模光纤导模的热光系数接近纤芯的材料热光系数,而包层模的热光系数比包层的材料热光系数大,模序越大,其值越大。适当调整纤芯和包层的热光系数,并选用不同的包层模,可以得到对温度灵敏或不灵敏的LPFGs。     

基于薄芯光纤模态干涉技术的折射率 传感特性实验研究

报道了一种具有微结构缺陷的折射率传感器,并对其折射率特性进行了实验研究.将一部分薄芯光纤熔接于标准单模光纤中,由于插入的薄芯光纤和单模光纤纤芯失配,导致包层的高次模被激发并与纤芯模在单模光纤内形成干涉仪.通过减小薄芯光纤的包层直径,以增强包层中的传输模在环境中的倏逝场,从而提高对环境折射率测量的灵敏度.实验表明,该折射率传感器具有损耗低、成本低、灵敏度高和线性度好等特点.     

零折射率手征包层光纤中导模的奇异特性

 对零折射率手征介质（介电常量和磁导率同时等于零的手征介质）作为包层的光纤中模式的奇异特性进行了理论研究.给出了导模的电磁场分布公式,推导出导模色散方程和功率的数学表达式,通过数值计算,给出了不同手征参量情形下的色散曲线,讨论了手征参量对归一化功率的影响,发现了导模的一些奇异特性,如存在表面波模、基模单模区,出现传播常量双值、模式交叉、功率储存现象等,特别是出现了纤芯和包层中的功率都为负值的完全后向波奇异模式.     

Single-mode single-polarization holey fiber using anisotropic fundamental space-filling mode

We present the single-mode single-polarization regime of a circular-hole holey fiber consisting of a core with large elliptical holes. The elliptical holes in the core, which produce large anisotropies, split the fundamental mode into two orthogonally polarized fundamental modes, often referred to as slow and fast modes. This fiber can guide only one polarization state of the fundamental mode when a fundamental space-filling mode index of the cladding region is designed to lie between these indices of the slow and fast modes of the core region. We demonstrate one design example of this fiber and show that the single-polarization regime can be achieved over a wide wavelength range.     

长周期光纤光栅模式与耦合的研究

长周期光纤光栅是在光纤纤芯中沿轴向形成折射率周期性调制的带阻型光纤器件。与光纤布拉格光栅不同，它表现为前向传播的纤芯基模与同向传播的各阶次包层模式在特定波长的耦合。研究了纤芯基模、包层模式（HE1t/EH1t）及其有效折射率随波长的变化，研究了纤芯基模与包层模式（HE1t/EH1t）的耦合系数。研究表明，纤芯基模与一阶低次包层模式的有效折射率随波长增大而减小，纤芯基模与HE1t产生的耦合系数远大于与EH1t的耦合系数，并且包层模式次数较低时，耦合系数随次数的升高而增加。这与以前的研究结果有所不同。     

Inner cladding influence on mode interaction in symmetry-free photonic crystal fibers under heat load

A further output power scaling of Yb-doped double-cladding photonic crystal fiber lasers, required for practical applications in many industrial fields, is currently prevented by thermal effects, which significantly worsen the beam quality. In this work the mode interaction and, consequently, the single-mode regime of Yb-doped air-silica symmetry-free photonic crystal fibers have been numerically investigated in different heat load conditions using simulation tools based on the finite element method. The effect of the main inner cladding geometric parameters, in particular of the inner cladding dimension, on the guided-mode delocalization has been analyzed, with the aim to identify a design of the large mode area active fiber providing single-mode operation despite the presence of thermal effects. Simulation results have demonstrated that the inner cladding enlargement causes a stronger coupling between core-guided and cladding modes, as well as an increase of the differential overlap between fundamental and first higher-order mode for moderate heat load values. However, the inner cladding influence becomes less important under severe heat load, being the fiber behaviour mainly affected by the thermally-induced refractive index change in the doped core.     

All-solid photonic bandgap fiber

We describe the design and fabrication of a photonic bandgap fiber formed with two different glasses. As in a hollow-core fiber, light is guided in a low-index core region because of the antiresonances of the high-index strands in the fiber cladding. The structure described represents an ideal bandgap fiber that exhibits no interface modes and guides over the full width of multiple bandgaps.     

基于花生形和光纤布喇格光栅结构的温度不敏感光纤曲率传感器

为了解决光纤传感器波长解调成本高以及交叉敏感的问题,提出一种温度不敏感光纤曲率传感器,该传感器是由花生形结构连接一个光纤布喇格光栅组成,对反射光采用强度解调.光进入花生形结构后激发出包层模式,通过光纤布喇格光栅反射后,反射的纤芯模再次在花生形结构产生不同阶次的包层模,然后和反射的纤芯模耦合,在反射光谱中除了光纤布喇格光栅的布喇格反射峰外,在短波长处出现若干个谐振峰,波长越小,包层模的阶次越高.实验结果表明曲率的变化范围为0.669 0~1.250 0m~(-1)时,测量到反射谐振峰平均光功率为2.260×10~(-7)~1.501×10~(-7) mW,灵敏度为-1.306×10~(-7) mW/m-1,在温度范围25℃~75℃内,反射包层模光功率基本保持不变.该传感器成本低且花生形结构制作简单、机械强度大.     

1 550 nm单模锥形光纤模场的演化特性

根据光纤模式传输理论,结合单模锥形光纤的结构,使用有限差分光束传播法(FD-BPM)仿真了1 550 nm波长下光纤模式的传输,分析包层内模场和纤芯内模场之间的相互影响。仿真结果表明:因为包层模的存在,随着包层内模式数的减少和纤芯对模场约束状态的变化,锥形光纤纤芯内不同区域模场分布变化明显,模场的均方根宽度在不同区域有不同程度的起伏。通过数值计算得到了光纤内模场能量的分布,发现因为包层模的存在,纤芯内模场能量减小速度比没有包层模时的速度要慢。     

包层为负折射率介质的抛物型渐变光纤色散特性分析

研究了纤芯为各向同性非均匀材料,而包层为负折射率均匀介质光纤的色散特性.在纤芯满足弱渐变条件的假定下,按矢量场分析法,通过芯层与包层的介电常数比ξ和磁导率比η,讨论了导波模式色散特性对左手介质包层材料的依赖性.分析表明,ξ和 η对轴对称模色散曲线的低频段影响较大,但对非轴对称模影响不大.ξ和 η对导波模式的截止频率没有影响.由于该光纤中的HEm1模的截止频率都等于0,所以不存在理论上的单模区,但仍可近似实现无色散传输.     

Calculation of optical properties of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers

We propose a method for calculation of the bandgaps in the cladding of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers, based on the Floquet theorem. The effectiveness of the approach is confirmed by estimates of the effect of the number of air channels in the cladding on attenuation of the fiber modes due to mode energy leakage from the core. We have studied the conditions for the existence of eigenmodes in the indicated fibers. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 311–320, March–April, 2009.     

Fabrication of long-period fiber gratings by twisting a standard single-mode fiber

A new method of fabrication of long-period fiber gratings by twisting of a standard single-mode fiber at high temperature is presented. The method relies on the fact that there always exists some core-cladding eccentricity in the optical fiber. Therefore, when the fiber is twisted, its core follows a helicoidal path inside the cladding. The transmission spectrum of the helicoidal long-period fiber grating that is produced contains several dips that correspond to resonances with the fiber cladding modes.     

Highly polarization-dependent periodic coupling in mechanically induced long period grating over air-silica fibers

A very flexible and versatile tunable mechanical grating platform is introduced, with which highly polarization-dependent mode coupling is observed for three types of air-silica microstructured fibers: hollow core fiber, hexagonal-boundary holey fiber (HHF), and circular-boundary holey fiber. The resonances of gratings showed highly polarization-dependent broadband coupling compared with conventional single-mode fibers due to their unique beat-length dispersions between the core and the cladding modes, which could find applications in wideband polarization-dependent loss compensation. We further present significance of the spatial symmetry of HHF in distinct mode coupling for different rotation angles around the fiber axis.     

Field Solution and Characteristics of Cladding Modes of Optical Fibers

In this article, we give out the formulations of the fields in a three-layer fiber. For a typical step-index single-mode fiber, we calculate propagation constants and mode field profiles of the cladding modes in it. Results show that the hybrid cladding modes, whose azimuthal quantum number is not zero, can also be rigorously divided into HE and EH modes. Comparison with the results of the two-layer geometry approximation indicates that when solving the cladding modes in a fiber the simplified model is unsuitable.     

Reflective fiber-optic refractometer based on a thin-core fiber tailored Bragg grating reflection

A novel reflective refractometer based on a thin-core fiber (TCF) sandwiched between a leading single-mode fiber (SMF) and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) imprinted SMF stub was demonstrated. The reflection from the fiber stub occurs in two well-defined wavelength bands, corresponding to the Bragg core mode and cladding modes. The TCF section functions as a tailorable bridge between the FBG core mode reflection and the surrounding refractive index (SRI). Linear response with enhanced sensitivity of 133.26 dB/refractive index unit for temperature-immune SRI measurement within the biologically desirable sensing range of 1.33-1.41 has been achieved via cost-effective power detection.     

Strain-insensitive and high-temperature long-period gratings inscribed in photonic crystal fiber

We fabricate and demonstrate strain-insensitive and high-temperature long-period gratings in endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber by use of focused pulses of a CO2 laser and a periodic stress relaxation technique without geometrical deformation and elongation of the fiber. The thermal dependence of mode coupling at 1299.59 nm is 10.9 pm/degrees C from 24 to 992 degrees C, whereas the coefficient of strain sensitivity is -0.192 pm/muepsilon up to the maximum strain of 2.74%epsilon. It is found for what is believed to be the first time that, in contrast with the traditional fiber case, the coupling resonance shifts toward shorter wavelengths under applied strain, indicating that the refractive index of the core is decreased as a result of the rebuilding of tension attributed to the stress-elastic effect, and the cladding modes is highly dispersive because of airholes arranged in the fiber cladding.     

High-power continuous-wave cladding-pumped Raman fiber laser

We demonstrate a high-power single-mode cladding-pumped Raman fiber laser. The Raman fiber laser consists of a 1.2 km long germanium-doped double-clad fiber in a linear cavity, which is spliced to a single-mode fiber. The laser is end pumped by a multimode erbium-ytterbium-doped fiber, which is coupled to the inner cladding of the Raman fiber. The embedded core was designed to be single mode at the Raman Stokes wavelength, and up to 10 W of power was obtained at 1660 nm from the single-mode fiber end. The laser has a slope efficiency of 67% and a threshold of 6.5 W.