Kinetics of the Coordination Transformation for Preparation of Nanosized ZnS in a PVA Film

Abstract

This study was focused on the pervasion process of sulfion in a PVA–Zn²⁺ complex film. A diffusion equation for this process, based on the Fick first diffusion law, is suggested, which was in good agreement with the experimental results. The diffusion constant was 9.92 × 10^?6 cm²/sec, calculated by combining the model and the experimental results.     

Photoluminescence of CdS nanoparticles embedded in a starch matrix

CdS nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitation in aqueous solution using starch as the capping molecule, and the effect of the pH of the solution on the optical absorption, photoluminescence, and size of the nanoparticles was studied. Absorption spectra, obtained by photoacoustic spectroscopy, indicated that the band gap energy of the crystalline nanoparticles decreased from 2.68 eV down to 2.48 eV by increasing the pH of the solution from 9 up to 14. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the CdS nanoparticles were of zinc blende structure, and that the particle size increased from 1.35 nm up to 2.45 nm with increasing pH. In addition, temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements of the capped material showed a blue-shift of the emission peak for temperatures higher than 150 K, indicating the influence of starch on the formation of defect levels on the surface of the CdS nanoparticles.     

Effects of the dark-exciton state on photoluminescence dynamics in surface-modified CdS quantum dots prepared by a colloidal method

We have investigated exciton dynamics in surface-modified CdS quantum dots (QDs) prepared by a colloidal method. The size- and surface-controlled CdS QDs have been successfully prepared by using a size-selective photoetching and surface modification technique. The decay profiles exhibit an unusual temperature dependence: increase of the decay time with increase in temperature. The temperature dependence of the decay profiles can be explained in terms of a three-level model including the exciton state with a triplet origin, the so-called dark-exciton state.     

Kinetics of phase transformation from hBN to cBN in the presence of Mg3BN3 catalyst

Abstract

Transformation kinetics from hBN to cBN has been studied at 6 GPa with changing reaction temperature and content of catalyst mixed with hBN powder. At lower catalyst content (3–10 wt %), rate of transformation was extraordinary rapid between 1300 and 1350 C. At higher catalyst content (30–50 wt %), rate of transformation was decreased. Normal nucleation kinetics was observed at about 1500 C. The rapid transformation temperature region correlates characteristic behavior of the sintering process.     

用于蓝光(405nm)激光直写的聚乙烯醇/银纳米复合材料薄膜的制备

利用紫外光诱导还原金属前躯体硝酸银(AgNO3),直接在聚乙烯醇(PVA)薄膜中生长银纳米颗粒,成功制备出PVA/Ag纳米复合材料薄膜。利用紫外-可见吸收光谱分析了银离子浓度、紫外光辐照功率和辐照时间对薄膜光谱的影响趋势。通过优化硝酸银浓度、辐照条件来调节薄膜中银纳米颗粒的尺寸和空间分布密度,成功地将此复合薄膜的等离子共振吸收峰位调节为406nm,并用于蓝光(405nm)激光直写光刻。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察表明,该材料中纳米颗粒分布均匀,粒径分布较窄;X射线光电子谱(XPS)证实了合成的纳米颗粒为单质银;原子力显微镜(AFM)分析显示薄膜光刻后获得了表面清晰、光滑、规整的图形。     

The importance of gold‐electrode‐adjacent stationary high‐field Böer domains for the photoconductivity of CdS

When the electron density decreases stronger than linearly with the electric field in photoconductive CdS due to field quenching, high‐field domains must occur that remain attached to either the cathode or anode in slit electrode geometry with blocking cathodes. These Böer domains¹ are easily seen by their shift in optical absorption due to the Franz‐Keldysh effect and offer unique opportunities to analyze field dependent parameters within the range of constant electron density and electric field, such as the carrier density or mobility as a function of the field, and give information of the light dependent work function. They also provide insight why a 200 Å thick cover layer of CdS on top of a CdTe solar cell increases its efficiency from 8 to 16% . The behavior of these Böer domains escapes conventional current voltage analyses except for their visual observation, while other high‐field domains with their current fluctuations or oscillations are easily observed and are the subjects of thousands of publications and many books. In this review we will exclude detailed discussion of dynamic domains, but include some new specifics that help to understand the mechanisms of the Böer domains and their applications. Only properties at low optical excitation intensities are discussed that exclude Joules heating. Within the p‐type regime of the anode‐adjacent domain extremely steep electronic quenching signal becomes visible that could signalize an intrinsic donor level slightly above the middle of the band gap that may be responsible for not allowing CdS to ever become p‐type by doping.

     

Ag309团簇升温过程中结构转变的分子动力学模拟研究

采用分子动力学模拟研究了具有面心立方（fcc）晶格结构的截断八面体Ag309团簇升温过程中结构演变。对团簇的能量曲线变化、快照图演变和键对分析表明：无缺陷截断八面体Ag309团簇在410 K时转变为二十面体,在840 K时熔化;不同缺陷诱导二十面体结构转变温度异常变化,沿晶面滑移缺陷使二十面体转变温度升高,沿晶面旋转缺陷使二十面体结构转变温度降低;不同缺陷对团簇键型和势能产生的影响是使二十面体结构转变温度异常变化的主要诱导因素。这种通过缺陷控制团簇结构转变的研究为新型纳米结构的可控制备提供理论基础。     

层间作用对HgS/CdS/HgS柱状纳米系统电子能量的影响

确立了柱状纳米系统电子势能随距离的变化关系，以HgS/CdS/HgS柱状纳米系统为例，讨论了层间作用对电子能谱的影响.结果表明：电子能量随势垒宽度和波矢的增大而增大，随势阱宽度的增大而减小；层间互作用会增大电子能量，但不会改变电子能量随势阱和势垒以及波矢的变化趋势. 关键词： 层间作用势 HgS/CdS/HgS柱状纳米系统 电子能量     

One-step aqueous synthesis of CdS nanoparticles as a novel fluorescence probe for the ultrasensitive detection of DNA

One-step aqueous synthesis of CdS nanoparticles as a novel fluorescence probe for sensitive and selective determination of DNA with synchronous fluorescence spectrometric method has been developed. Different from the traditional organometallic route, in which toxic precursors or solvents might be used, the wet chemical approach demonstrated in this paper is superior in terms of simplicity, using of nontoxic materials, mild synthetic condition and good reproducibility. When Δλ=255 nm, maximum synchronous fluorescence is produced at 264 nm, the synchronous fluorescence intensity of the composite nanoparticles is significantly decreased in the presence of trace DNA at PH 0.91. Under optimal conditions, the linear ranges of the calibration curves are 0.08-30.0 μg mL⁻¹ for ctDNA and 0.05-35.0 μg mL⁻¹ for hsDNA, respectively. The detection limits are 1.5 ng mL⁻¹ for ctDNA and 2.2 ng mL⁻¹ for hsDNA, respectively. Furthermore, the method is successfully applied to the quantification of DNA in synthetic samples. The results show that this proposed method is stable, sensitive and practical for the determination of trace DNA.     

A facile strategy for the fabrication of uniform CdS nanowires with high yield and its controlled morphological growth with the assistance of PEG in hydrothermal route

A series of novel wurtzite cadmium sulphide (CdS) nanowires with uniform diameter were synthesized by using a rapid and simple solvothermal route. CdS nano structures with certain morphology could be selectively produced by only varying the concentration of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) as a surfactant in the reaction system with cadmium acetate, sulphur powder and ethelynediamine (EDA). We extensively studied UV-vis absorption spectra, photoluminescence spectra after confirming CdS nanowires with diameter 24-25 nm and length ranging up to several nano meters by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Therefore we may definitely propose a new formation mechanism of CdS nanowires assisted by PEG with its illustrating optical properties.     

Crystallization Kinetics for the Split Dual Phase Model of the Amorphous State of Polymers

We analyze constant rate cooling and heating crystallization kinetics of PET samples by DSC. The samples have various degrees of disentanglement, obtained by Rheo-Fluidification. According to the interactive Split Dual Phase model, the amorphous state is made up of two coupled and interactive amorphous phases. These two phases have distinct viscoelastic and thermodynamic characteristics (T_g, free volume, G′ and G^″, etc.), which are determined by the potential energy of the conformers and by the state of entanglement of the macromolecular coils. Semi-crystalline polymers, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), are amorphous in the molten state and should have Dual Phase behavior. The phase duality should manifest itself during crystallization from the melt during cooling, or during cold crystallization while heating quenched samples. The purpose of this communication is to quantitatively describe the kinetics of crystallization of PET samples with a dual phase kinetics formulation, and determine the respective influence of molecular weight and degree of entanglement on the kinetics parameters, rate of crystallization and percentage of crystallinity.     

Anisotropic growth of multigrain in equiaxial solidification simulated with the phase field method

The phase field method has been mainly used to simulate the growth of a single crystal in the past. But polycrystalline materials predominate in engineering. In this work, a phase field model for multigrain solidification is developed, which takes into account the random crystallographic orientations of crystallites and preserves the rotational invariance of the free energy. The morphological evolution of equiaxial multigrain solidification is predicted and the effect of composition on transformation kinetics is studied. The numerical results indicate that due to the soft impingement of grains the Avrami exponent varies with the initial melt composition and the solidification fraction.     

Scaling-up the Production of Nanosized SiO2-particles in a Double Diffusion Flame Aerosol Reactor

Synthesis of nanophase silica (SiO₂) from hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) oxidation in a co-flow diffusion flame reactor at atmospheric pressure is investigated focusing on high production rates of powder. A new experimental set-up is introduced, including a diffusion burner which is operated with a ring-shape double diffusion flame. Significantly high HMDS concentrations are used resulting in SiO₂ production rates of up to 130g/h. Deposition of silica powder on the burner face is eliminated by the design of a special diffusion burner and higher collection rates are achieved using a baghouse filter. The specific surface area and the product powder composition are analyzed. Carbon black coated silica particles were produced at high production rates (130g/h) at low oxygen flow rates or using a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen as oxidant. The size of the product particles was controlled in the range of 15–170nm.     

The kinetics of diffusive phase transformations in the light of trans-interface diffusion

A variety of models with detailed coupling of thermodynamics and kinetics at a migrating interface has been developed for simulating diffusive phase transformations. A classification of such models is possible by the way the processes associated with the migrating interface are treated. In case of sharp interface models, the interfacial processes are assumed to be fast enough to not influence overall phase transformation kinetics (i.e. local equilibrium holds), or an effective mobility is attributed to the interface, which is also known as mixed-mode approach. In case of models treating an interface with finite thickness, the kinetic processes inside the interface are described in detail. In this work, a quasi-sharp interface model is analysed using the thermodynamic extremal principle. By this procedure, the implicit assumptions behind the modelling approach are revealed, and the evolution equations are derived. By means of a thick interface model, the contact conditions at both sides of a migrating interface are calculated, and the driving forces for interface migration and trans-interface diffusion are obtained. Based on these driving forces, the quasi-sharp interface model is evaluated and an effective interface diffusion coefficient is calculated.     

Algebraic Rate of Decay for the Excess Free Energy and Stability of Fronts for a Nonlocal Phase Kinetics Equation with a Conservation Law. I

This is the first of two papers devoted to the study of a nonlocal evolution equation that describes the evolution of the local magnetization in a continuum limit of an Ising spin system with Kawasaki dynamics and Kac potentials. We consider subcritical temperatures, for which there are two local equilibria, and begin the proof of a local nonlinear stability result for the minimum free energy profiles for the magnetization at the interface between regions of these two different local equilibria; i.e., the fronts. We shall show in the second paper that an initial perturbation v ₀ of a front that is sufficiently small in L ² norm, and sufficiently localized that x ² v ₀(x)² dx<, yields a solution that relaxes to another front, selected by a conservation law, in the L ¹ norm at an algebraic rate that we explicitly estimate. There we also obtain rates for the relaxation in the L ² norm and the rate of decrease of the excess free energy. Here we prove a number of estimates essential for this result. Moreover, the estimates proved here suffice to establish the main result in an important special case.on leave from     

Kinetics versus thermodynamics in materials modeling: The case of the di-vacancy in iron

Monte Carlo models are widely used for the study of microstructural and microchemical evolution of materials under irradiation. However, they often link explicitly the relevant activation energies to the energy difference between local equilibrium states. We provide a simple example (di-vacancy migration in iron) in which a rigorous activation energy calculation, by means of both empirical interatomic potentials and density functional theory methods, clearly shows that such a link is not granted, revealing a migration mechanism that a thermodynamics-linked activation energy model cannot predict. Such a mechanism is, however, fully consistent with thermodynamics. This example emphasizes the importance of basing Monte Carlo methods on models where the activation energies are rigorously calculated, rather than deduced from widespread heuristic equations.     

Discussing Again on the Thermal Property of Kinnersley Black Hole Using a New Tortoise Coordinate Transformation

By reducing the Klein-Gordon equation near the event horizon with a new tortoise coordinate transformation, we calculate the Hawking temperature of the arbitrarily accelerating Kinnersley black hole. The temperature is a little different from what we have when we select the usual tortoise coordinate transformation. Then by means of the thin film model, we obtain the Bekenstein Hawking entropy of the Kinnersley black hole, which is proportional to the area of its event horizon with the same cut-off relation as the static case.     

Backlund Transformation and Exact Solutions for a New Generalized Zakharov-Kuzentsov Equation with Nonlinear Terms of Any Order

In this paper, with the help of symbolic computation, a new Backlund transformation (BT) for a newgeneralized Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation with nonlinear term of any order, ut+aupux +bu2pux +γuxy +δuxxx +ρuxyy=0, is obtained by using the homogeneous balance method. Based on the BT, some exact solutions are presented.     

金纳米粒子组装体系的表面增强拉曼光谱特性研究——表面粒子密度与拉曼光谱强度的关系

利用纳米粒子组装制备了金基底———巯基苯胺自组装膜偶联层———金纳米粒子的“三明治”结构,研究了表面粒子密度与偶连层分子的拉曼光谱强度的关系。实验结果显示,该结构对偶连层分子的拉曼光谱有很好的增强效应,增强因子可达１０５。在表面粒子密度较低时,拉曼光谱强度与表面粒子密度曲线呈线形,随着表面粒子密度的增加,曲线出现负偏差并在粒子密度较高区域出现一个平台。     

新形势下大学物理实验教学的创新模式探索

分析当前形势高等院校的教学改革措施,针对大学物理实验教学过程中的实际问题,提出全新的大学物理实验教学新模式,为提高大学物理实验教学的质量,培养高校学生思考问题、解决问题的能力提供有效平台。