低温燃料电池非铂催化剂研究进展

简要综述了近年来低温燃料电池阳极和阴极催化剂的研究进展.阳极催化剂主要介绍了金属碳化物、Pd合金以及钙钛矿型氧化物三种,讨论了阳极催化剂对燃料氧化过程的催化活性和抗CO中毒能力;阴极催化剂则重点介绍了过渡金属大环化合物、氮化物以及氧化物,并较详细地阐述了过渡金属大环化合物的反应活性中心、金属-载体相互作用以及化合物制备条件.由于阴极非铂催化剂存在制备过程较复杂、中间产物过氧化物易破坏催化剂结构等问题,仍需探索新型的非铂催化剂.     

LaNiAl11O19催化剂上甲烷与二氧化碳重整反应的研究

目前用于甲烷与二氧化碳重整反应研究的催化剂主要是负载镍及贵金属的催化剂，在较高的反应温度下，这类催化剂的载体和金属容易烧结，而且相互之间容易发生因相反应，从而导致催化剂失活[1.2]．因此，我们从高温稳定的载体材料人手，选择具有六铝酸盐结构的复合氧化物作为催化剂的基质材料，将镍离子镶嵌在复合氧化物特定的晶格位置上，一方面可提高镍离子的分散度和抗烧结能力，另一方面可以通过离子调变，改变催化剂表面酸碱性，提高催化剂抗积炭性能．实验结果表明，LaNiAl11O19不仅具有较高的甲烷与二氧化碳重整反应活性，而且镍离子…     

乙醇羰化反应负载型催化剂的研究

本文由七种负载型催化剂中选出两种比较好的乙醇羰化催化剂,研究了影响反应转化率和选择性的因素,考察了活性组份的价态和载体的酸性。此外,还对催化剂进行了能量色散X射线分析。从其结果看,谱图上只有活性中心铑的谱峰而没有氯的谱峰,说明铑是以离子形式进入载体,而不是以化合物形式被吸附于载体上。     

基于单原子催化剂研究金属-载体相互作用

正金属-载体相互作用是负载型金属催化剂的基本结构特征,也是影响催化性能的关键因素。长期以来,对金属-载体相互作用机制的研究大都集中在氧化还原性氧化物负载的贵金属纳米粒子催化剂体系;但是由于金属粒子尺寸分布的不均匀性和氧化物载体表面的各向异性,很难从原子尺度上形成对催化活性位点和反应机理明确认知,也难以定量描述和理解金属-载体相互作用的化学本质~1。基于单原子催化剂研究金属-载体相互作用能够排除金属颗粒在金属-载体界面上尺寸、形貌和取向的影响,因此,单原子催化剂被     

重稀土复合氧化物多孔板状催化剂用于氨氧化制硝酸的研究 Ⅰ.板状催化剂的反应性能

制备了用于氨氧化制硝酸的含重稀土和钴的复合氧化物催化剂。研究了几种不同的载体和它们的几何形状对催化剂活性的影响。测定了板状催化剂的传质因素。用X射线电子能谱、热重分析等方法比较了复合氧化物和Co_3O_4催化剂的反应稳定性。结果表明,用α-Al_2O_3载体制备的多孔板状催化剂与粒状和蜂窝状催化剂相比具有比表面积大,表面反应性能好等特点。复合氧化物催化剂较Co_3O_4催化剂具有更好的反应稳定性,其原因主要是复合氧化物具有稳定的晶相结构和Co~(3+)活性中心离子。     

Rh/NaY催化剂上合成气选择一步生成乙酸

在合成气(CO+H₂)催化转化反应中,含适当助剂(如Mn、Fe、V等)的负载型Rh催化剂能够有选择地催化生成C₂含氧化合物,某些氧化物载体本身也会成为Rh催化剂的助剂^[1～3].     

氧化铁/γ-Al2O3催化剂的载体与活性组分的相互作用

用浸渍法制备了含3％Fe_2O_3的载体为γ-Al_2O_3的负载型氧化铁催化剂,并用MB,TEM,ESCA和AES对该催化剂在水煤气变换反应的各个阶段进行了测试。结果表明,在反应前催化剂上存在一种类似于FeAlO_3的含Fe~(3+)和Al~(3+)的表面氧化物。在反应条件下还原后,同时存在类似于FeAlO_3,FeAl_2O_4和Fe_3O_4的表面化合物,并且铁离子的分散度也提高了。     

不同孔道结构的氧化硅负载钒氧化物催化丙烷氧化脱氢

采用固定床微型反应装置,结合催化剂的原位电子自旋共振光谱、程序升温表面反应和紫外漫反射光谱等技术,研究了丙烷氧化脱氢的介孔氧化硅负载钒氧化物催化剂的性能和表面氧物种的状态及其反应性.结果表明,催化剂载体孔结构是影响钒氧物种分散状态乃至催化性能的一个重要因素.SBA-15负载钒氧化物催化剂因具有较大的比表面积和较大的孔径,不仅具有较高的丙烷氧化脱氢催化活性,而且具有较高的丙烯选择性.复合型钒氧化物催化剂表面与V离子相连的晶格氧物种是丙烷氧化脱氢牛成内烯的主要活性物种,载体表面高度分散的钒氧物种具有较高的丙烷氧化脱氢催化活性.负载型钒氧化物催化剂晶格氧物种是丙烷氧化脱氢转化为丙稀的主要活性物种,CO_2分子可以再生钒氧化物催化剂的晶格氧物种,同时它对丙烯的深度氧化作用较弱,因此在负载型钒氧化物催化剂上CO_2氧化丙烷可高选择性地生成丙烯.     

基于杂多酸的负载离子液相催化在醇氧化中的应用

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备的离子液体功能化的二氧化硅对于杂多酸是一种可行的载体,三种商用杂多酸成功的负载在离子液体功能化的二氧化硅上作为醇氧化的催化剂.利用FTIR、XRD、XPS对该种负载离子液相催化剂进行了表征.基于磷钨酸的负载离子液相催化剂活性最好,高产率(大部分＞93%)的得到了相应的羰基化合物.且该催化剂经过简单的...     

某些催化剂活性组份在载体表面分散的自发倾向

实验发现许多离子晶体或分子晶体物质与高比表面载体混合后,在低于这些晶体熔点的适当温度下烘烤,这些晶体物质可在载体表面自发分散。烘烤前的X光衍射图有这些晶体的特征峰,烘烤后这些峰变矮以致完全消失。其原因是这些离子或分子与载体表面离子或基团有较强结合力,足以克服这些晶体内部的结合力,使它们分散成表面层相。 对于催化剂的活性组份如果不是金属而是化合物(盐类、氧化物等),其含量又不足在载体表面敷满单层时,常常是以单层分散的方式存在。 本文所得结果,为过去难以进行研究的固-固吸附领域,提供了一种较有效的研究方法和一些基本观点。     

"Alpha"-, "beta"- and "delta"-anhydrodigitoxigenin

The syntheses of 3β-hydroxy-5β-carda-14, 20:22-dienolide (= «β»-anhydro-), 3β-hydroxy-5β-carda-8:14, 20:22-dienolide (= «α»-anhydro-) and «δ»-anhydro-digitoxigenin (= probably 3β-hydroxy-5β, 14β-carda-8, 20:22-dienolide) by the best ways known to date, have been described. «δ»-Anhydro-digitoxigenin represents the thermodynamically most stable isomer. In this isomer the double bond in position 8 is unaffected by hydrogenation with Pt in acetic acid; with perbenzoic acid an epoxide results from which, on hydrogenation, the double bond can be regenerated in its original position. Analogous reactions are known to occur in the 8:14-epoxides.     

Making "wheels" and "cubes" from triangles

[Mn(IV)Mn(II)3] triangular units directed by the presence of tripodal alcohols self-assemble in the presence of azide and acetate ligands to form either a [Mn24] "wheel" or a [Mn32] "cube".     

Algorithm for coding DNA sequences into "spectrum-like" and "zigzag" representations

An algorithm for encoding long strings of building blocks, like 4 DNA bases (adenine-A, cytosine-C, thymine-T, and guanidine-G), 20 natural amino acids (from Alanine Ala to Valine-Val, plus the stop triplet), or all 64 possible base triplets (from AAA to TTT), into "zigzag" or "spectrum-like" representations is suggested. The new encoding scheme can be derived in the 3-, 2-, or 1-dimensional form depending on the user's wishes. The only information, besides the string for which the "spectrum-like" representation is sought, is the initial positioning of the complete set of units from which the string is composed, i.e., four positions for A, C, G, and T, or 20 positions for natural amino acids plus stop, etc. This initial positioning can be initialized in either the 3-, 2-, or 1-D form. As an illustration of the suggested encoding scheme of the visual and chemometric comparison of the first 10 exon strings of the beta globin gene of 10 different species, each string consisting of about 100 basic amino acids long is shown.     

营养化学课程翻转课堂的探索与实践

With its tailored learning content, flexible learning environment and directed teacher guidance, the flipped classroom in "nutrition chemistry" has effectively solved the problems of students' specialty, large number and limited time in the course of elective course. The teaching mode based on the cultivation of students' ability and the core of improving scientific literacy was constructed.     

Cationic and fluorescent "Janus" dendrimers

Two synthetic routes to "Janus"-type dendrimers possessing ammonium groups on one side and fluorescent dansyl derivatives on the other side are described. These surface-block dendrimers are obtained by the coupling of two different dendrons, built from the hexafunctional cyclotriphosphazene core. Their characterization and their photophysical behavior are reported. The largest compound possesses 10 ammonium groups and 5 dansyl groups; it is potentially useful as a fluorescent label in materials science and biology.     

Amphiphilic Janus gold nanoparticles via combining "solid-state grafting-to" and "grafting-from" methods

Despite the great efforts that have been made toward obtaining Janus architectures, synthesizing sub-10 nanometer Janus nanoparticles (NPs) modified with different types of polymers remains a challenging task. In this Communication, "solid-state grafting-to" and "grafting-from" methods were combined to obtain Janus gold NPs (AuNPs) modified with two types of polymer chains on the opposite sides of the NP. We used functionalized polymer single crystals as the solid substrates to immobilize AuNPs. We then used atom transfer radical polymerization to grow polymer chains on the "free" side of the AuNPs. Amphiphilic polyethylene oxide (PEO)-Au-poly(methyl methacrylate), PEO-Au-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) and hydrophilic PEO-Au-poly(acrylic acid) were synthesized. The Janus nature was demonstrated using a platinum-nanoparticle-decoration method. Using polymer single crystals as the reaction substrates is advantageous because they afford higher throughput compared with self-assembled monolayers. Dissolution of the single crystal also leads to NPs with defined polymer patches. We anticipate that our approach could serve as a generic method for synthesizing polymer-functionalized, sub-10 nm Janus NPs. This unique system holds promises for achieving controlled assembly and tunable optic and electronic properties of NPs.     

Switching "on" and "off" the expression of chirality in peptide rotaxanes

The hydrogen-bond-directed synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, and optical properties of the first chiral peptide rotaxanes are reported. Collectively these systems provide the first examples of single molecular species where the expression of chirality in the form of a circular dichroism (CD) response can selectively be switched "on" or "off", and its magnitude altered, through controlling the interactions between mechanically interlocked submolecular components. The switching is achievable both thermally and through changes in the nature of the environment. Peptido[2]rotaxanes consisting of an intrinsically achiral benzylic amide macrocycle locked onto various chiral dipeptide (Gly-L-Ala, Gly-L-Leu, Gly-L-Met, Gly-L-Phe, and Gly-L-Pro) threads exhibit strong (10-20k deg cm(2) dmol(-1)) negative induced CD (theta;) values in nonpolar solvents (e.g. CHCl(3)), where the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between thread and macrocycle is maximized. In polar solvents (e.g., MeOH), where the intercomponent hydrogen bonding is weakened, or switched off completely, the elliptical polarization falls close to zero in some cases and can even be switched to large positive values in others. Importantly, the mechanism of generating the switchable CD response in the chiral peptide rotaxanes is also determined: a combination of semiempirical calculations and geometrical modeling using the continuous chirality measure (CCM) shows that the chirality is transmitted from the amino acid asymmetric center on the thread via the macrocycle to the C-terminal stopper of the rotaxane. This understanding could have important implications for other areas where chiral transmission from one chemical entity to another underpins a physical or chemical response, such as the seeding of supertwisted nematic liquid crystalline phases or asymmetric synthesis.