Pulsed-wire anemometry near walls

 This experimental investigation compares two configurations of pulsed-wire probe for measurements in the very near wall region, as introduced by Castro and Dianat (1990) and Devenport et al. (1990). Diffusion of the thermal wake causes significant errors in regions where the velocity is low and the velocity gradient high. These errors, which are about the same for either configuration, are large in the viscous sub-layer. An analysis of diffusional effects is made, and a method of correction is given that applies equally in laminar and turbulent flow. It is necessary to calibrate a probe for the effects of shear in a known flow. Received: 11 July 1997 / Accepted: 5 January 1998     

脉冲热线空间速度探针的研制与应用

本文研制了脉冲热线空间速度探针，对其空间结构及特性进行了分析，给出了测量雷诺应力的方法与应用实例     

A numerical investigation of flow past a bluff body using three-state anemometry

An application of a new flow measurement technique is described which allows for the non-intrusive simultaneous measurement of flow velocity, density, and viscosity. The viscosity information can be used to derive the flow field temperature. The combination of the three measured variables and the perfect-gas law then leads to an estimate of the flow field thermodynamic pressure. Thus, the instantaneous state of a flow field can be completely described. Three-state anemometry (3SA), a derivative of particle image velocimetry (PIV), which uses a combination of three monodisperse sizes of styrene seeding particles is proposed. A marker seeding is chosen to follow the flow as closely as possible, while intermediate and large seeding populations provide two supplementary velocity fields, which are also dependent on fluid density and viscosity. A simplified particle motion equation, aimed at turbomachinery applications, is then solved over the whole field to provide both density and viscosity data. The three velocity fields can be separated in a number of ways. The simplest and that proposed in this paper is to dye the different populations and view the region of interest through interferometric filters. The two critical aspects needed to enable the implementation of such a technique are a suitable selection of the diameters of the particle populations, and the separation of the velocity fields. There has been extensive work on the seeding particle behaviour which allows an estimate of the suitable particle diameters to be made. A technique is described in this paper to allow the separation of particles in a range of micrometer sized velocity fields through fluorescence (separation through intensity also being possible). Some preliminary results by direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a 3SA image are also presented. The particle sizes chosen were 1 μm and 5 μm, tested on the near-wake flow past a cylinder to investigate viscosity only, assuming uniform flow density. The accuracy of the technique, derived from simulations of swirling flows, is estimated as 0.5% RMS for velocity, 2% RMS for the density and viscosity, and 4% RMS for the temperature estimate. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Measurement of turbulence production in the cylinder separated shear-layer using event-triggered Laser-Doppler anemometry

In the transitional cylinder wake as well as the primary vortex street, the separated shear layer becomes unstable and sequences of small-scale vortex structures are produced intermittently. This paper describes how LDA data can be collected exclusively for these intermittent events. A real-time digital signal processing algorithm is developed in order to detect the instability of the shear layer from the characteristic hot-wire signal. Simultaneously, LDA data is selected so that the turbulence production in the unstable separated shear-layer can be derived. This trigger technique can be used for any kind of intermittent signal and measurement process.     

Laser Doppler anemometry measurements of laminar flow in helical pipes

Three-dimensional laser Doppler anemometry measurements are performed on developed laminar flow in three helical pipes. The experimental observations are compared to results of numerical calculations employing the fully elliptic numerical method. Good agreement is found between measured data and numerical results. The three helical pipes, with curvature ratios of 0.0734 and 0.1374 and non-dimensional pitches of 0.0793 and 0.193, are adopted to study the effects of curvature and pitch on laminar flow in the experimental approach. The range of Reynolds numbers is 500–2000 to ensure laminar flow in the entire helical pipe. Both the profile shapes of the normal components of the secondary flow and those of the axial flow along the same centerline present not only similar patterns but also similar change when pitch, curvature ratio, and Reynolds number vary. The results demonstrate comprehensive relationships between the axial flow and the secondary flow.     

Numerical simulation of transient response of heat transfer from a hot-wire anemometer transducer

Both the steady state and transient response of the Nusselt number to variations in Reynolds number over the range 1 to 40 are given by the analysis of a time dependent numerical simulation of a hot-wire anemometer transducer described here. Transducer response can be modelled suitably by considering the system to consist of a phase independent non-linearity followed by a non-linear differential equation whose coefficient (approximate time constant) is Nusselt number dependent. Errors associated with slip flow and free convection constrain the minimum size of a hot-wire which may be used in calibration anemometry while the wire thermal inertia and, to a lesser extent, the response of the Nusselt number to Reynolds number limits the use of large diameter wires. Thus, although the tendency has been to use finer and finer wires, the basic fluid mechanics suggests that a compromise in the choice of the wire diameter is appropriate. Thus development of even more sophisticated hot-wire anemometer control systems as well as accurate calibration techniques for measurement in flows containing large amplitude high frequency turbulence is required     

Characterization of particle-laden, confined swirling flows by phase-doppler anemometry and numerical calculation

The particle dispersion characteristics in a confined swirling flow with a swirl number of approx. 0.5 were studied in detail by performing measurements using phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) and numerical predictions. A mixture of gas and particles was injected without swirl into the test section, while the swirling airstream was provided through a co-flowing annular inlet. Two cases with different primary jet exit velocities were considered. For these flow conditions, a closed central recirculation bubble was established just downstream of the inlet.

The PDA measurements allowed the correlation between particle size and velocity to be obtained and also the spatial change in the particle size distribution throughout the flow field. For these results, the behaviour of different size classes in the entire particle size spectrum, ranging from about 15 to 80 μm, could be studied, and the response of the particles to the mean flow and the gas turbulence could be characterized. Due to the response characteristics of particles with different diameters to the mean flow and the flow turbulence, a considerable separation of the particles was observed which resulted in a streamwise increase in the particle mean number diameter in the core region of the central recirculation bubble. For the lower particle inlet velocity (i.e. low primary jet exit velocity), this effect is more pronounced, since here the particles have more time to respond to the flow reversal and the swirl velocity component. This also gave a higher mass of recirculating particle material.

The numerical predictions of the gas flow were performed by solving the time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations in connection with the well known kε turbulence model. Although this turbulence model is based on the assumption of isotropic turbulence, the agreement of the calculated mean velocity profiles compared to the measured gas velocities is very good. The gas-phase turbulent kinetic energy, however, is considerably underpredicted in the initial mixing region. The particle dispersion characteristics were calculated by using the Lagrangian approach, where the influence of the particulate phase on the gas flow could be neglected, since only very low mass loadings were considered. The calculated results for the particle mean velocity and the mass flux are also in good agreement with the experiments. Furthermore, the change in the particle mean diameter throughout the flow field was predicted approximately, which shows that the applied simple stochastic dispersion model also gives good results for such very complex flows. The variation of the gas and particle velocity in the primary inlet had a considerable impact on the particle dispersion behaviour in the swirling flow and the particle residence time in the central recirculation bubble, which could be determined from the numerical calculations. For the lower particle inlet velocity, the maximum particle size-dependence residence time within the recirculation region was considerably shifted towards larger particles.     

An analysis of energy transport processes in the presence of coherent structures

The paper deals with the influence exterted by the presence of coherent structures upon the energy transfer processes in turbulent flow. The round free jet has been stimulated by the acoustic field with the frequency corresponding to the shedding of column-mode vortices (the so called helical structures). The results of hot-wire measurements enabled to calculate the particular terms of coherent energy transport equations that in turn made it possible to trace the energy transfer processes realized in the presence of helical-mode structures. The results obtained suggest that the organized motion modifies substantially the energy transfer processes in the flow considered.     

Averaging of particle data from phase Doppler anemometry in unsteady two-phase flow: Validation by numerical simulation

A novel post-processing algorithm is proposed to correct statistical bias observed in the treatment of time series obtained by a phase Doppler anemometer (PDA) at flow locations with variable particle velocity and concentration. Extensive properties of each validated particle are weighted with their inverse measuring (validation) volume to account for the procedure of particle sampling and fluctuations in the particle concentration. To compensate for the short characteristic length of the validation volume, the properties of particles are expressed by properties of fields of particle groups, using a local averaging time. A window shift and a decorrelation scheme are applied on the fields to increase their frequency resolution. This algorithm has been tested on numerical time series, provided by an Eulerian/Lagrangian code representing a gas/solids flow past a bluff body. Moments and spectral estimates of concentration and velocity of particle groups were successfully validated by the numerical simulation using the PDA data algorithm and control volume averaging. The control volume was much larger than the PDA validation volume, but the centre positions of the two volumes were identical.     

Determination of principal characteristics of turbulent swirling flow along annuli: Part 2: Measurement of turbulence components

Turbulence data for swirling flows along the annulus formed between two co-axial tubes are presented. The swirl was generated by a set of inlet guide vanes which produced, after settling and removal of wall boundary layers, a nominally free vortex flow over the complete entry plane of the test section. The work complements that described in Part 1 of the paper which considered the behaviour of time mean values under the same entry conditions¹. A hot wire anemometer was used to detect turbulence quantities and techniques have been developed for the measurement of these using the minimum number of simple probe geometries. The theory leading to the derivation of the separate turbulence parameters from hot wire measurements is described. A series of radial profiles are given as representative examples of the extensive data collected in addition to longitudinal variations of friction factor and shear stress. A brief discussion is given on the determination of eddy diffusivity as a function of radial and axial location.     

On the Decay of Turbulence in the 20-Liter Explosion Sphere

The transient flow field in the standard 20-liter explosion sphere was investigated by means of laser Doppler anemometry. Velocities were measured at various locations within the flow field, and this information was used to quantify the transient behavior of the root-mean-square of the velocity fluctuations and to investigate the spatial homogeneity and the directional isotropy of the turbulence. The investigation involved the transient flow fields generated by the three most widely used dust dispersion systems, namely, the Perforated Dispersion Ring, the Rebound Nozzle, and the Dahoe Nozzle. With all three dispersion dust devices, the decay of turbulence could be correlated by a decay law of the form

Performance of a 12-sensor vorticity probe in the near field of a rectangular turbulent jet

The design and operational characteristics of a 12-sensor hot wire probe for three-dimensional velocity–vorticity measurements in turbulent flow fields is described and discussed. The performance of the probe is investigated in comparison with X-sensor probe measurements in the near field of a rectangular turbulent jet with aspect ratio 6. Measurements have been conducted at Reynolds number Re _D = 21,000 at nozzle distances of x/D = 1, 3, 6 and 11, where D is the width of the nozzle. The results obtained with the 12-sensor probe compare well to the results of the X-sensor probe. Distributions of mean and fluctuating velocity–vorticity fields are presented and discussed. Among the results the most prominent is the experimental confirmation of the high levels of fluctuating vorticity in the shear layers.     

Flying hot-wire anemometry

A flying hot-wire arrangement has been developed for the measurement of the velocity characteristics of the flow around airfoils, and particularly in regions where negative values of instantaneous velocity occur. The mechanism and signal processing system are described and appraised by comparing stationary and flying wire measurements obtained in the trailing edge region of a flap at an angle of attack which leads to upper-surface separation.List of symbols time averaged quantity - E voltage from hot wire anemometer - Q, magnitude and direction of cooling velocity viewed from a frame of reference on the probe: Q=U+V _p - q ₁, q ₂, q ₃ cooling velocity fluctuations oriented with respect to the -direction - Q _eff magnitude of effective cooling velocity measured by the hot wire: Q _eff = (Q _N1 ² + h ² Q _N2 ² + k ² Q _T ^{2 1/2} - t time - q _eff fluctuations of the effective cooling velocity - Q _N1, Q _N2, Q _T axial, normal and tangential components of the cooling velocity relative to the hot wire - Q _eff (= 10°) magnitude of the effective cooling velocity with - Q _eff ( = 0°) Q _eff ( = 30°) magnitude of the effective cooling velocity with the wire pitched at 10 ° and 0° to the flow velocity - Q _eff ( = 45°) Q _eff ( = 30°) magnitude of the effective colling velocity with the wire yawed at 45° and 30° to the flow velocity - U, magnitude and direction of flow velocity - u, v, w flow velocity fluctuations (x, y, z) - u ₁, u ₂, u ₃ normalised fluctuations of cooling velocity: u _i=q _iQ for i=1,2,3 - V _p, magnitude and direction of probe velocity - v _p probe velocity fluctuations along the -direction - yaw angle of hot wire relative to the probe axis - angle of mean flow velocity to the probe axis - angle of mean axial cooling component to mean cooling velocity viewed from the wire - pitch angle of probe axis relative to tunnel coordinates (x, y, z) - x, y, z orthogonal coordinate system with the x-direction aligned with the wall (boundary layer) or tunnel centre-line (wake) - x _w, y _w, z _w orthogonal coordinate system with the z _w-direction aligned with the wire and the probe pintels in the x _w- z _w plane     

单丝探头测量数据分析方法

本文介绍了用单丝热线探头测量三维湍流流场时的数据分析方法。文中着重研究了联系相关值和均方根值的相关系数及瞬时速度的泰勒级数的收敛性问题，认为在高湍流度流场中Ｋｉｎｇ的相关系数假定值宜作适当的修正，而当泰勒级数不满足余项收敛条件，本文提出了一种简便的计算方法，并用这种方法处理了圆柱体近尾区的实验数据，其结果与Ｏｎｇ用图表法处理实验数据的结果相符     

Multisensor Hot Wire Vorticity Probe Measurements of the Formation Field of Two Corotating Vortices

Experimental evidence is reported, regarding the formation of a pair of co-rotating tip vortices by a split wing configuration, consisting of two half wings at equal and opposite angles of attack. Simultaneous measurements of the three-dimensional vector fields of velocity and vorticity were conducted on a cross plane at a downstream distance corresponding to 0.3 cord lengths (near wake), using an in-house constructed 12-sensor hot wire anemometry vorticity probe. The probe consists of three closely separated orthogonal 4-wire velocity sensor arrays, measuring simultaneously the three-dimensional velocity vector at three closely spaced locations on a cross plane of the flow filed. This configuration makes possible the estimation of spatial velocity derivatives by means of a forward difference scheme of first order accuracy. Velocity measurements obtained with an X-wire are also presented for comparison. In this near wake location, the flow field is dictated by the pressure distribution established by the flow around the wings, mobilizing large masses of air and leading to the roll up of fluid sheets. Fluid streams penetrating between the wings collide, creating on the cross plane flow a stagnation point and an “impermeable” line joining the two vortex centres. Along this line fluid is directed towards the two vortices, expanding their cores and increasing their separation distance. This feeding process generates a dipole of opposite sign streamwise mean vorticity within each vortex. The rotational flow within the vortices obligates an adverse streamwise pressure gradient leading to a significant streamwise velocity deficit characterizing the vortices. The turbulent flow field is the result of temporal changes in the intensity of the vortex formation and changes in the position of the cores (wandering).     

Experimental 3D Analysis of the Large Scale Behaviour of a Plane Turbulent Mixing Layer

A new structure education method is proposed for representing the three dimensional large scale structures from hot wires measurement data. Due to the limited number of hot wire probes that can be used simultaneously, we firstly have to optimise the spatial location of sensors in order to detect large scale coherent structures. For such a purpose a detailed analysis of the 3D space-time flow organisation is given with particular emphasis on the full two point correlation tensor of the velocity field. Secondly, several procedures are developed in order to reconstruct instantaneous 3D velocity field on any finer and larger mesh than the experimental one from the limited available experimental information. The particular case of a spatially developing turbulent plane mixing layer is investigated. We then show that Stochastic Estimation and Proper Orthogonal Decomposition lead to a satisfactory reconstruction preserving the 3D coherent character of the flow. Finally, this reconstructed velocity field provides a 3D space-time representation of the large scale structures in a streamwise section of the flow and can then be used as realistic turbulent inflow condition for Large Eddy Simulations.     

变压器脉冲功率调节系统的研究

对一种变压器和电爆炸丝开关相结合的功率调节系统进行了研究。该系统能有效实现低阻抗的初级能源和高阻抗负载的匹配,为高阻抗负载提供高电压大功率的脉冲。给出了该系统在５ｋＪ电容器能源组上的实验结果和数值模拟结果。在７５电阻负载上得到了脉宽为３００ｎｓ、幅度大于６００ｋＶ的高压脉冲。变压器耦合系数大于０８。