Kinetics parameters in Mg2SiO4:Tb thermoluminescent material

This paper reports a first approach on the kinetics parameters of terbium-activated magnesium orthosilicate using various methods. A deconvolution has also used for taking into account a more complex glow-curve structure.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels verschiedener Methoden werden in erster Näherung die kinetischen Parameter von terbiumaktiviertem Magnesiumorthosilikat ermittelt Zur Berücksichtigung einer komplexeren Thermolumineszenzkurve wurde auch eine Dekonvolution angewendet.

     

Preparation and Characterization of Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) Xerogels

Mg2SiO4 gels were prepared from alkoxide precursors, and the formation of the forsterite crystal phase was studied after heat treatments up to 1200°C. Prehydrolyzed TEOS in solution with 2-methoxyethanol was mixed with Mg(OEt)2, and the solution was hydrolyzed using excess water. The resultant gels were dried at 100°C to form xerogels which were subsequently powdered. These powders were characterized using thermal analysis (DTA and TGA), surface area analysis (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).DTA and XRD indicated that forsterite crystallized at 770°C, and by 1000°C the powders were predominantly crystalline. BET gave powder surface areas between 400 and 550 m2 g–1. TEM revealed angular particles with sizes between 0.2 and 2 m. The low temperature of crystallization of forsterite indicates a high degree of intimate mixing between the precursor alkoxides, although XRD indicated some degree of inhomogeneity.     

Ti、Mg离子复合掺杂对LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2性能的影响

采用SEM、XRD、恒电流充放电、交流阻抗谱等方法研究了钛镁离子复合掺杂对LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂的结构及其电化学性能的影响. 结果表明材料的XRD图谱中部分特征峰的强度比值有较大的变化. 1%(摩尔分数) 的Ti、Mg离子复合掺杂能显著地改善LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂的倍率放电能力, 平台保持能力和高倍率下的循环性能. 交流阻抗谱表明钛镁离子掺杂抑制了LiNi_0.4Co_0.2Mn_0.4O₂在高放电倍率下循环的电化学反应阻抗Rct的增加. 采用几种不同价态的金属离子复合掺杂是改善嵌锂的镍钴锰系金属氧化物的倍率放电能力的有效途径.     

Aqueous Syntheses of Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and Enstatite (MgSiO3)

Forsterite MgSiO₄ and enstatite MgSiO₃ were synthesized by two different aqueous processes. TEOS was directly hydrolyzed in aqueous solutions of magnesium nitrate, giving solutions of magnesium nitrate and silicic acid. For the first process these solutions were spray-dried and the powders heat treated to decompose the nitrate; and for the second one they were precipitated in a solution of ethylenediamine as a base, the resulting precipitate was filtered, washed and dried. Spray-dried or precipitated, no specific thermal event was detected by thermal analysis for the crystallization of forsterite (500–1000°C) while a strong and sharp exothermic peak traduced the crystallization of enstatite at 800°C. Very minor secondary phases could be detected by X-ray diffraction up to 1200°C for the spray-dried powders, while the precipitated powders presented a higher chemical homogeneity, but much care had to be taken for a quantitative precipitation. As some minor secondary phases like SiO₂ or some polymorphs of MgSiO₃ could be not detected by XRD up to 1300°C, higher thermal treatments were necessary to control the purity or the desired phase.     

Preparation,characterization, and evaluation of LiNi0.4Co0.6O2 nanofibers for supercapacitor applications

We prepared LiNi_0.4Co_0.6O₂ nanofibers by electrospinning at the calcination temperature of 450 °C for 6 h. The prepared LiNi_0.4Co_0.6O₂ nanofibers was characterized by thermal, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies. The morphology of LiNi_0.4Co_0.6O₂ nanofibers was characterized by scanning electron microscopy studies. The asymmetric supercapacitor was fabricated using LiNi_0.4Co_0.6O₂ nanofibers as positive electrode and activated carbon (AC) as negative electrode and a porous polypropylene separator in 1 M LiPF₆–ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (LiPF₆–EC:DMC) (1:1?v/v) as electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry studies were then carried out in the potential range of 0 to 3.0 V at different scan rates which exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 72.9 F g^?1. The electrochemical impedance measurements were carried out to find the charge transfer resistance and specific capacitance of the cell, and they were found to be 5.05 Ω and 67.4 F g^?1, respectively. Finally, the charge–discharge studies were carried out at a current density of 1 mA cm^?2 to find out the discharge-specific capacitance, energy density, and power density of the capacitor cell, and they were found to be 70.9 F g^?1, 180.2 Wh kg^?1, and 248.0 W kg^?1, respectively.     

Low-Density Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) Powders Prepared from Modified Alkoxides

2MgO-SiO₂ low-density powders have been prepared from alkoxide precursors modified with acetic anhydride. The resultant solutions did not gel, but formed precipitates. These consisted of an organic magnesium compound and amorphous silica. Tapping densities comparable with those of forsterite aerogels were obtained, with the density increasing as the precursor solution concentration increased. Crystalline forsterite formed around 790°C. Higher initial solution concentrations led to greater amounts of MgO in the powders after heating to 1000°C. Transmission electron microscopy showed primary particles between 20 and 30 nm which formed loose fractal agglomerates. By altering the preparation conditions, powders with morphologies more like aerogels than xerogels could be produced.     

Raman spectra of olivine solid solutions (FexMg1−x )2SiO4 and spin-vibration interaction

Room temperature Raman spectra of synthesized powder (Fe_xMg_1?x )₂SiO₄ solid solutions are obtained. Frequency trend of all modes versus composition shows clearly the existence of a step at x = 0.3. A step-like behavior of vibration frequencies at the given composition that coincides with the percolation threshold for the olivine lattice is related to the appearance of magnetic excitations in the disordered magnetic medium owing to the spin-vibration interaction.     

Sm（0.5）Sr（0.5）Co（0.4）M（0.6）O3（M=Co,Mn,Fe）作为IT-SOFCs阴极的结构与性能

通过X射线衍射(XRD)、热重、热膨胀、电导率以及交流阻抗等测试方法,研究了Sm0.5Sr0.5Co0.4M0.6O3(M=Co,Mn,Fe;分别简写为SSCC,SSCM,SSCF)作为中低温固体氧化物燃料电池(IT-SOFCs)阴极的结构与性能.研究表明,同相法合成的Sm0.5Sr0.5Co0.4M0.6O3均为正交钙钛矿型结构,材料的结构参数和性能都与M元素半径及M-O的键能有关.晶胞参数随着Co、Mn、Fe的顺序增大.材料的氧空位浓度、热膨胀系数、电导率、电极催化活性随着Co、Fe、Mn的顺序降低.同时由于SSCM较低的氧空位浓度,使得电极反应受到氧在电极内的扩散过程控制,具有较差的电极催化性能,而SSCC和SSCF较高的氧空位浓度,电极反应同时受到电极表面氧还原反应和氧离子在电极中的扩散过程混合控制.由于SSCF具有较高的氧扩散系数,使得700 ℃以上SSCF电极表面氧还原电阻(ASR)也低于SSCC的,因而出现了SSCF的总电极催化活性高于SSCC的现象.     

Infrared absorption spectra of the spinels Fe2SiO4 and Co2SiO4

The i.r. absorption spectra of the spinel polymorphs of Fe₂SiO₄ and CO₂SiO₄ have been measured from 200 to 4000 cm⁻¹. Three strong absorption bands are observed at 835, 503 and 340 cm⁻¹ and 810, 503 and 357 cm⁻¹, respectively, and correspond to 3 of the 4 i.r. active T_1u modes. The observed frequencies lie close to those for Ni₂SiO₄ [5] and are consistent with the normal spinel structure. The cation size effect on the i.r. frequencies and the nature of the vibrational modes are discussed for II–IV spinels.     

Studies on InFeMO4 (M=Mg, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) compounds: Crystal structure and cation distribution

The crystal structure and the cation distribution in a series of InFeMO₄ compounds (M=Mg, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) have been studied by means of X-ray powder diffraction and ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The M=Mg, Co and Ni samples were confirmed to crystallize with the cubic spinel structure (space group Fd-3m), whereas the M=Cu and Zn samples adopted a hexagonal structure. For all the phases, the cation stoichiometry was found to deviate from the ideal molecular formula, InFeMO₄. The paramagnetic Mössbauer spectra of the samples were analyzed using a four-component fitting model suggested by a statistical simulation with point-charge calculation. The Mössbauer data confirmed the trivalent state for iron at both cation sites in all samples. The results from the fitting of the Mössbauer spectra were also employed in Rietveld refinement of the X-ray diffraction data for the determination of exact cation distribution. It was seen that the distribution of Fe at the A and B sites follows very closely the 1:2 ratio of the ideal formula AB₂O₄ for all samples, whereas trivalent indium was clearly seen to favor the A site and divalent M cation the B site.     

Binary molybdates K4M2+(MoO4)3 (M2+=Mg, Mn, Co) and crystal structure of K4Mn(MoO4)3

Binary molybdates K₄M²⁺ (MoO₄)₃ (M²⁺=Mg, Mn, Co) isostructural to triclinic \ga-K₄Zn(WO₄)₃ were synthesized, and optimal conditions for their spontaneous crystallization were found. It was established by XRPA and DTA that at 530°C the structure of the compound with cobalt undergoes a transition to the orthorhombic structure of K₄Zn(MoO₄)₃. The structure of K₄Mn(MoO₄)₃ was determined from single crystal diffraction data (a=7.613, b=9.955, c=10.156 Å,α=92.28,β=106.66,γ=105.58°, Z=2, space group $P\bar 1$ , R=0.030). In this compound, Mn has a higher coordination number (CN=5+1) than that of Zn inα-K₄Zn(WO₄)₃ (CN=4+1). The main structural feature is pairs of MnO₆ octahedra linked by the bridging MoO₄ tetrahedra into ribbons stretching along the a axis. The structure is compared with related structures of binary molybdates and other members of the alluaudite family.     

Structural,Optical and Electrical Properties of Cu0.6CoxZn0.4−xFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) Soft Ferrites

A series of cobalt-inserted copper zinc ferrites, Cu_0.6Co_xZn_0.4−xFe₂O₄ (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) having cubic spinel structure were prepared by the coprecipitation method. Various characterization techniques, including XRD, FTIR, UV-vis and I–V were used to investigate structural optical and electrical properties, respectively. The lattice constant was observed to be decreased as smaller ionic radii Co²⁺ (0.74 Å) replaced the higher ionic radii Zn²⁺ (0.82 Å). The presence of tetrahedral and octahedral bands was confirmed by FTIR spectra. Optical bandgap energy was determined in the range of 4.44–2.05 eV for x = 0.0 to 0.4 nanoferrites, respectively. DC electrical resistivity was measured and showed an increasing trend (5.42 × 10⁸ to 6.48 × 10⁸ Ω·cm) with the addition of cobalt contents as cobalt is more conductive than zinc. The range of DC electrical resistivity (10⁸ ohm-cm) makes these nanomaterials potential candidates for telecommunication devices.     

Chemically induced magnetism and magnetoresistance in La(0.8)Sr(1.2)Mn(0.6)Rh(0.4)O(4)

It is shown by magnetometry and microSR spectroscopy that short-range magnetic interactions between the Mn cations in the nonmetallic K(2)NiF(4)-like phase La(0.8)Sr(1.2)Mn(0.6)Rh(0.4)O(4) become significant below approximately 200 K. Negative magnetoresistance (rho/rho(0) approximately 0.5 in 14 T at 108 K) is apparent below this temperature. Neutron diffraction has shown that an applied magnetic field of 5 T is sufficient to induce saturated (3.38(7)mu(B) per Mn) long-range ferromagnetic ordering of the atomic moments at 2 K, and that the induced ordering persists up to a temperature of 50 K in 5 T. Spin glass behavior is observed below 20 K in the absence of an applied field. The induced magnetic ordering is attributed to the subtle changes in band structure brought about by the external field, and to the controlling influence of Rh(3+) over the relative strength of competing magnetic exchange interactions.     

Synthesis-Controlled Polymorphism and Optical Properties of Phyllosilicate-Analogous Borosulfates M[B2(SO4)4] (M=Mg,Co)

Increased synthetic control in borosulfate chemistry leads to the access of various new compounds. Herein, the polymorphism of phyllosilicate-analogous borosulfates is unraveled by adjusting the oleum (65 % SO₃) content. The new polymorphs β-Mg[B₂(SO₄)₄] and α-Co[B₂(SO₄)₄] both consist of similar layers of alternating borate and sulfate tetrahedra, but differ in the position of octahedrally coordinated cations. The α-modification comprises cations between the layers, whereas in the β-modification cations are embedded within the layers. With this new synthetic approach, phase-pure compounds of the respective polymorphs α-Mg[B₂(SO₄)₄] and β-Co[B₂(SO₄)₄] were also achieved. Tanabe–Sugano analysis of the Co²⁺ polymorphs reveal weak ligand field splitting and give insights into the coordination behavior of the two-dimensional borosulfate anions for the first time. DFT calculations confirmed previous in silico experiments and enabled an assignment of the polymorphs by comparing the total electronic energies. The compounds are characterized by single-crystal XRD, PXRD, FTIR, and UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.     

Iranite,CuPb10(CrO4)6(SiO4)2(OH)2, isomorphous with hemihedrite

This study presents the first structural report of iranite, ideally CuPb₁₀(CrO₄)₆(SiO₄)₂(OH)₂ [copper decalead hexachromate bis(orthosilicate) dihydroxide], based on single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. Iranite is isomorphous with hemihedrite, with substitution of Cu for Zn and OH for F. The Cu atom is situated at the special position with site symmetry . The CrO₄ and SiO₄ tetrahedra and CuO₄(OH)₂ octahedra form layers that are parallel to (120) and are linked together by five symmetrically independent Pb²⁺ cations displaying a rather wide range of bond distances. The CuO₄(OH)₂ octahedra are corner‐linked to two CrO₄ and two SiO₄ groups, while two additional CrO₄ groups are isolated. The mean Cr—O distances for the three nonequivalent CrO₄ tetrahedra are all slightly shorter than the corresponding distances in hemihedrite, whereas the CuO₄(OH)₂ octahedron is more distorted than the ZnO₄F₂ octahedron in hemihedrite in terms of octahedral quadratic elongation.     

La0.6Sr0.4Co1-yFeyO3(y=0.2,0.8)复合氧化物混合导电性能研究

采用甘氨酸-硝酸盐（GNP）法制备了La0．6Sr0．4Co1-yFeyO3（y=0．2，0．8）g合氧化物，研究了材料的结构、电子-离子混合导电性能及其相关性。结果表明，La0.6Sr0.4Co1-yFeyO3（y=0．2，0．8）合成粉料的颗粒细小均匀（～100nm），陶瓷形成菱形六面体钙钛矿结构。与La0．6Sr0．4Co0．2Fe0．8O3（y=0．8）陶瓷相比，La0.6Sr0.4Co0．8Fe0．2O3（y=0．2）陶瓷的晶粒尺寸大、致密度较高。在La0.6Sr0.4Co0．8Fe0．2O3（y=0．2）陶瓷中观察到Co^3＋离子歧化对电子导电性能的影响。与La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3（y=0．8）陶瓷相比，La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0．2O3（y=0．2）陶瓷具有更优异的电子-离子混合导电性能，材料在混合导电性能上的差异与其电子结构和显微结构紧密相关。