Rh_4(CO)_(12)和[Rh(CO)_2Cl]_2催化1—己烯氢甲酰化反应研究

研究了Rh_4(CO)_(12)和[Rh(CO)_2Cl]_2两种铑原子簇合物在1—已烯氢甲酰化反应中的催化性能和反应前后催化剂溶液的红外光谱变化。结果表明,按加入的Rh_4(CO)_(12)和[Rh(CO)_2Cl]_2的分子数计算,前者的催化活性比后者高出一倍多;若按铑原子数计算,则二者活性较接近。红外光谱测定说明,Rh_4(CO)_(12)的簇结构反应前后无显著变化。然而,[Rh(CO)_2Cl]_2参与反应后却变成了以Rh_4(CO)_(12)为主的簇合物。反应过程中两种催化剂母体可能解离成类似的单核铑催化活性物种,反应之后,在常温常压下又聚合为簇合物。     

多核铑原子簇络合物的结构稳定性和醛化活性

合成了十二羰基四铑和十六羰基六铑,证明两者都是很活泼的烯烃醛化催化剂。用红外光谱测定了醛化反应前后的铑原子簇的稳定性,结果表明Rh_4(CO)_12在醛化条件下不稳定,转变成Rh_6(CO)。考察了强σ~-给电子配位体三苯基磷对簇分子骨架稳定性的影响,表明Rh_4(CO)_(13)原子簇骨架在醛化反应条件下已被打破,并转变成单核分子碎片,而Rh_6(CO)_16在此条件下是比较稳定的,上述两种铑簇化合物与单核络合物RhCl(CO)(PPh_3)_2对烯烃醛化具有相同的表观反应速度。     

铑羰基簇负载型催化剂制备过程中应用XPS技术跟踪测定

应用XPS技术对Rh_4(CO)_(12)/γ-Al_2O_3和Rh_2(CO)_4Cl_2/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂制备过程中,催化剂表面Rh物种变化进行了跟踪测定,这些过程包括铑簇羰基络合物、负载、脱羰、氢还原。实验表明铑的表面活性物种在脱羰后即已形成,对Rh_2(CO)_4Cl_2/γ-Al_2O_3和Rh_4(CO)_(12)/γ-Al-_2O_3而言,它们分别是Rh~0及Rh~+氧化物种。文中讨论了脱羰的可能机理,数据表明,用H_2在较大温度范围内作还原处理,催化剂仍保持稳定的高分散度和表面活性物种结构。     

介绍几种简便的制备水合氯化铑(RhCl_3·3H_2O)的方法

许多金属铑的络合物,如Wilkinson催化剂——RhCl(PPh_2)_3、Rh_2Cl_2(CO)_4、RhH(CO)(PPh_3)_3,等都是重要的有机反应(醛化反应、羰基化反应和加氢反应等)的有效催化剂,而水合氯化铑则是制备各种铑络合物的理想起始物质。因为金属铑不溶于沸腾的王水,而由氯气直接与金属铑在高温下反应得到的无水氯化铑不溶于水及无机酸从而无法利用,所以水合氯化铑     

负载铑原子簇催化剂的一氧化碳加氢反应

本文报导Rh_4(CO)_(12)/SiO_2催化剂的CO加氢反应及锰,锂的助剂作用。同传统的RhCl_3/SiO_2相比,负载原子簇催化剂具有更好的反应活性。锰促进了CO转化率提高一个数量级以上。锂降低了CO加氢活性。Rh_4(CO)_(12)-MnCl_2-LiCl/SiO_2催化剂既保持高的反应活性,又提高了C_2-含氧化物选择性。XPS和IR谱表明,锰稳定了低氧化态铑离子并通过与铑的联合作用,促进对CO分子的活化,因此改善了催化剂反应性能。ESR揭示了在Rh_4(CO)_(12)-MnCl_2/SiO_2中铑、锰的相互作用,初步地讨论了与此有关的CO加氢反应机理。     

羰基铑簇合物衍生的多相烯烃氢甲酰化催化剂的性能及红外表征

在常压下,Rh_4(CO)_(12)或Rh_6(CO)_(16)簇合物衍生的Rh/SiO_2对乙烯,丙烯氯甲酰化反应表现出良好的催化活性和选择性,并有利于直线醛的形成.乙烯氢甲酰化体系的表面催化比活性与Rh分散性的关系表明.乙烯氢甲酰化反应具有结构敏感性,而乙烯加氢反应具有结构非敏感性,高分散的金属表面有利于主反应的选择性.通过红外光谱跟踪,发现表面Rh在反应气氛中显示零价.根据接触时间对催化反应的影响,推测多相烯烃氢甲酰化及加氢反应都在Ph~0活性中心上进行.另外,担载羰基铑簇合物的热分解红外研究结果指出,表面羰基化合物金属中心上的配位不饱和性对氢甲酰化催化活性似乎起着重要影响,簇合物只有完全脱羰才能提供高活性的催化中心.在反应气氛和CO气氛中,担载Rh_6(CO)_(16)表现出一致的热稳定性,说明反应气中的CO对稳定羰基物起着主导作用.     

聚合物载体上功能基配体对不同催化活性物种氢甲酰化催化性能的影响

作者用五类聚合物配体与不同催化活性物种反应制备了负载催化剂,并考察了聚合物配体及聚合物载体上功能基(配体)对不同催化活性物种氢甲酰化催化性能的影响。实验结果表明:当聚合物配体相同时,Co_2Rh_2(CO)_(12)双金属簇催化活性物种优于RhCl_3·3H_2O及Rh_2(Co)_4Cl_2;聚(N——乙烯基吡咯烷酮)(PNVP)及马来酸酐与苯乙烯共聚物(PMAn)负载催化剂大多具有良好的氢甲酰化催化性能。     

氧化物担载铑原子簇催化剂的金属载体相互作用的考察——Ⅱ.金属载体非强相互作用

本文用XPS从Rh_4(CO)_(12)在真空条件下的脱羰过程和在氢氧中的还原过程两方面考察了一些非还原性氧化物担载Rh_4(CO)_(12)催化剂的金属载体相互作用,并把这种相互作用称为金属载体非强相互作用(non-strong metal-support interaction,缩写NSMSI).结果表明,铑与一些载体的非强相互作用的顺序是MgO>ZrO_2>γ-Al_2O_3>SiO_2-Al_2O_3≈SiO_2;Rh与载体的非强相互作用形成Rh—O键,使Rh的还原性减弱;形成M—O键是产生NSMSI效应的重要特征;这种相互作用能增加铑羰基物的稳定性,使其在真空中脱羰速率减慢.铑与非还原性氧化物载体间的非强相互作用可用酸-碱机制解释.     

担载液相催化剂的研究——Ⅳ.催化剂的原位红外光谱表征

本文利用原位红外光谱方法对铑基担载液相催化剂(SLPC)在接近于实际反应条件下进行了表征。结果表明,新鲜催化剂上,铑膦络合物主要以二聚物的形式存在,如Rh_2(CO)_2(PPh_3)_4而在合成气或反应气氛中,催化剂铑膦络合物以单核络合物HRh(CO)_2(PPh_3)_2的形式存在。文中还对SLPC在CO,H_2,C_2-H_4,空气和HCl中处理时铑络合物种的变化进行了原位观察。实验结果表明,SLPC上活性铑络合物与对应的均相过程完全一致,进一步证实了SLPC催化在微观上就是一个均相催化过程。     

反应条件对固相合成负载羰基铑原子簇催化剂及其性能的影响

本文报告了由金属盐直接固相合成负载铑络合物或原子簇催化剂的新方法及IR谱表征。CO容易使表面吸附有水分子的RhCl_3/SiO_2还原并生成表面羰基物Rh~+-(CO)_2/SiO_2;CO、CO/H_2和CO/2H_2等不同还原气对表面络合物的生成没有影响。采用H_2还原只能得到金属Rh催化剂。水是重要影响因素,如果RhCl_3/SiO_2先抽空脱水,再用含水的CO还原,就会使Rh~+(CO)_2/SiO_2转化为Rh_6(CO)_(16)/SiO_2。此外,还考察了负载原子簇的CO加氢和热分解反应性能。采用CO还原RhCl_3/SiO_2制备的催化剂同负载原子簇催化剂的反应行为非常相近,而且比传统催化剂具有更高的反应活性。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。