Radiophotolumenescence of Irradiated Polymethylmethacrylate Doped with Some Charge Transfer Complexes

Radiophotolumenescence (RPL) of irradiated and non irradiated thin films of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) doped with anthracene (Anth) as a donor, and tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as an acceptor, has been investigated. The RPL – glow spectrum was recorded to study the characterizing emission bands from the point of view of glow peak position and intensity and hence the prospective relative sensitivities. RFL – signal fading after one month storage in dark at room temperature post gamma irradiation was also studied. PMMA doped with 6:4 donor to acceptor ratio has been proved to be the most sensitive one with less fading regarding gamma detection. On the other hand 2 Anth: 8 TCNQ was found to be the proper dopant concentration ratio for thermal neutron detection.     

Effect of Gamma Radiation on the IR-Spectra of Polymethylmethacrylate

The IR-spectra of polymethylmethacryate (PMMA) have been measured before and after irradiation in air, in the region of wave number 700–4000 cm^?1. The results showed that the rate of decrease in the absorbance of the IR absorption bands correlated with the type of bond, and the type of vibration whether being stretching, bending or rocking one.

Es wurden die IB-Spektren von Polymethylmethacrylat vor und nach Bestrahlung mit Gammastrahlen in Luft im Wellenzahlbereich von 700 — 4000 cm?1 untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeifgten, daβ die Geschwindigkeit der Abnahme der IR-Absorptionsbanden mil der Art der Bindung korreliert werden konnten und mit der Art der Schwingung, ob Streck-, Deformations- oder Schaukelschwingung.     

Radiation Dosimetry of some New Dyes Containing 2-Thiohydantoin Nucleus

A number of 5-arylazo-2-thiohydantoins (Ia … e) were prepared. The structure of the prepared materials is established by means of correct analytical data, infrared and electronic absorption spectra. Then the materials were subjected to an absorbed energetic γ-ray dose (5.0 × 10⁷ rd). The infrared and electronic absorption spectra of each material were measured after γ-irradiation. Upon γ-irradiation a considerable change occurs. Furthermore a sequence for the relative stability of the different dyes against γ-irradiation was established.

Eine Anzahl von 5-arylazo-2-thiohydanloine (la … e) wurde synthetisiert und ihre Struktur neben der analytischen Zusammensetzung durch Infrarot- und Elektronenabsorptionsspektren gesichert. Diese Substanzen wurden einer energiereichen γ-Strahlung (5 · 10⁷ rad) unlerworfen und die IR- und UV/VIS-Speklren nach der γ-Bestrahlung wieder aufgenommen. Bei einigen Substanzen wurden bemerkenswerte Veränderungen beobachtet, andere zeigten gegenüber der γ-Strahlung eine relative Stabililät.     

Thermoluminescence induced in Plastics above Room Temperature as a Means of Gamma Ray Dosimetry

The gamma-induced thermoluminescence (TL) in five types of plastics has been studied. The plastics used are Lexan, Makrofol, CA 80-15, LR 115 and CR-39. The result showed that the TL response for Makrofol and Lexan is linear in the range 5 …700 krad, 5 … 3000 krad, respectively. This suggests the possible use of these plastics for gamma dosimetry in the dose range 5 … 3000 krad.

Die gammastrahlen-induzierte Thermolumineszenz wurde an fünf Plastmaterialien untersucht, und zwar an Lexan, Makrofol, CA 80-15, LR 115 und CR-39. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daβ die Thermolumineszenz-Reaktion für Makrofol und Lexan in Bereich 5 … 700 krad bzw. 5 … 3000 krad war. Das ermöglicht die Verwendung dieser Plastematerialien zur Gamma-Dosimetrie im Dosisbereich von 5 … 3000 krad.     

ESR Induced in CR-39 Plastic as a means of Gamma Ray Dosimetry

The gamma-induced ESR in CR-39 plastic has been studied and the possibility of using it as a gamma-ray dosimeter was investigated. The induced ESR was found to vary linearly with the dose up to 700 krad. The fading of the induced ESR signal at room temperature has been also investigated. The results suggest the possible use of CR-39 plastic for gamma dosimetry in the range 0 … 700 krad.

Es wurde die γ-induzierte ESR-Technik am CR-39 Plast untersucht und ihre Eignung als Gammastrahlen-Dosimeter geprüft. Die induzierte ESR variierte linear bis zu einer Dosis von 700 krad. Das Fading des induzierten ESR-Signals bei Zimmertemperatur wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daβ cine Verwendung des CR-39 Plast als Dosimeter für Gammastrahlen im Bereich von 0 … 700 krad möglich ist.     

Effect of Gamma Radiation on the Electrical Resistivity of Some Metal Acetylacetonate Complexes

The effect of gamma radiation on the electrical resistivity of some lanthanide and alkali acetylacetonate complexes was studied for differet doses (20-49 – 36-2 Mr). The activation energy for each complexes was calculated. The obtained results showed that the resistivity as well as the activation energy increase with increasing the radiation dose. An empirical linear relation between the rate of change of resistivity with radiation dose and the ionic radius of the metal was obtained.     

Vector classification, doublet splitting of exciton and biexciton subbands in crystals, and selection rules for transitions between them

The analysis of experimental data on absorption, reflection, luminescence in the region of exciton and biexciton phototransitions in CdS, including P-band structure, shows that there is doubled, contrary to known theory, number of free exciton and biexciton states. This discreapancy is removed in the vector model of these states presented in this paper. The selection rules for transitions between exciton (biexciton) states in crystals taking into consideration their L-T splitting are obtained. The spectra of stimulated FIR radiation on excitonic transitions in CdS, previously obtained experimentally, well fit to these selection rules.     

A Refinement of the Hg2F2 Structure by the Use of NMR Data

Abstract

The crystal structure of Hg₂F₂ was studied in works.^1,2 The Hg₂F₂elementary cell of the tetragonal syngony with a=3.66 Å and c=10.89 Å contains two formula units, the space-group being 14/mmm. Hg₂F₂ belongs to those types of structures which possess one non-fixed coordinate (z_F and zHg); hence, the position of the fluorine nuclei may be determined from the value of the second moment of the NMR spectrum of ¹⁹F for powder sample.³ In this case it is ostensibly important, inasmuch as determining the positions of fluorine nuclei near the heavy mercury atoms presents a difficulty for X-ray analysis.     

Further Studies on Gamma Radiolysis of some Di- and Polysaccharides in the Solid State

Extensive measurements have been carried out on cellobiose and cellulose molecules in the solid state comprising infrared and electronic absorption spectra both before and after exposure to an absorbed energetic γ-ray dose (3.0 × 10³ rad). These materials were chosen as representatives of di- and polysaccharides. They have hydrogen bonding of variant origins as they have cyclic structures and the magnitude of γ-radiation damage were evaluated in each case. Gamma radiolytic oxidation mechanism was established for both di- and poly-saccharides investigated.

Es wurden ausgedehnte Messungen an Cellobiose- und Cellulose-Molekülen im festen Zustand ausgeführt, die einer Gammastrahlnng (3,0 · 10³ rad) ausgesetzt waren und von denen vor bzw. nach dieser Bestrahlung Infrarot- und Elektronenabsorptionsspektren aufgenommen wurden. Diese Verbindungen warden als Modellsubstanzen für Di- und Polysaccharide gewählt. Sie besitzen Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen der verschiedensten Art und haben auch cyclische Strukturen. Die Gröβe der Gammastrahlenzerstörung wurde für alle diese Fälle abgeschätzt. Ein Mechanismus der radiolylischen Oxidation wurde für die untersuchtten Di- und Polysaccharide aufgestellt.     

Gamma Irradiation Effects on the Electric Conductivity Behaviour and IR Absorption Spectra of some Haloacetato and Mixed Thiazoles-Haloacetato Transition Metal Complexes

Gamma irradiation effects on the electric conductivity behaviour and IR absorption spectra of some thiazole and haloacetato complexes were investigated. A comparison is made between the rate and activation energies of the thermal annealing of electrical properties of pure and γ-irradiated samples. A mechanism is suggested to explain the observed decrease in the intensity of metal-oxygen bond in the IR spectra of the complexes as a result of γ-irradiation.     

The determination of the x value in doped Hg1-xCdxTe by transmission spectra

Variable-temperature transmission/absorption spectra are measured on As-doped Hg 1 x Cd x Te grown by molecular beam epitaxy.The nonlinear temperature-dependent shift of the absorption edge is also observed,which is similar to our previous report on V Hg (unintentionally)-doped HgCdTe.By referring to the empirical formulas of E g (x,T),the x value of the epilayer is calculated and its inconsistency between the extreme temperatures (e.g.10 and 300 K) is discussed.The results confirm the assumption of the effect of shallow levels on the shift of the absorption edge,and suggest that the x value (or E g) in intrinsic/extrinsic-doped HgCdTe should be determined by referring to as low a temperature as possible (e.g.10 K),and not the commonly used temperatures of 77 or 300 K,when the transmission spectrum should be employed.This can give brief guidelines for fabricating HgCdTe-related devices.     

Estimation of hydroxyl free radicals produced by ultrasound in Fricke solution used as a chemical dosimeter

Hydroxyl free radicals produced in Fricke solution exposed to 80 kV X-rays or 23 kHz ultrasound (intensity 3 W cm⁻²) or 20 kHz ultrasound (intensity 18.9 W cm⁻²) or 3.5 MHz clinical ultrasound (intensity 1.47 W cm⁻²), as estimated from the Fricke dosimetric data, exhibited a linear dose-response relationship. The dosimeter was found to be effective in the concentration range 1.0–8.0 mM of FeSO₄ solution. The hydroxyl radicals produced in Fricke solution were inhibited by the OH radical scavengers dimethyl sulfoxide (200 mM), -histidine (10 mM) and sodium benzoate (10 mM) in a manner proportional to the rate constants of their reaction with the OH radicals. The power threshold for OH radical formation, which is presumably the threshold for cavity formation, was estimated for 23 kHz ultrasound by this dosimeter as 1.28 W cm⁻² for a 4 cm³ sample volume.     

Effect of Gamma Radiation on the IR Spectra of Some Divalent and Trivalent 8-Hydroxyquinoline Complexes

The I R spectra of ten elements chelated with 8-hydroxyquinoline were measured before and after gamma irradiation with different doses (7–518 Mrd) and discussed. It was found that the rate of decrease, K, of the absorbancy of M—O and (C—O)-M stretching vibration bands depends on the chelated cation. Moreover, the Cu 8-hydroxyquinoline complex is suggested as gamma dosimeter for doses ranging from 4.8 to 160 Mrd.     

Broadening of the Hg 2537-Å line as a function of the density of Hg atoms in the presence of several metals

Conclusions The change in the nature of line broadening of the Hg 2537-Å line depends both on the density of metallic atoms and on the density of mercury atoms. It follows from this that for the systems Hg+Cd, Hg+Zn, and Hg+Mg the absorbing centers are weakly bound complexes of the type Hg+metal.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 2, pp. 130–131, February, 1975.     

Possible reaction coordinates in the metastable states of sodiumnitroprusside Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]2H2O: a discussion based on neutron diffraction- and spectroscopic measurements

The metastable states of sodiumnitroprusside are extremely stable at temperatures below 200 K. It is possible to allocate structural changes measured by neutron diffraction to measured spectroscopic parameters, but the amount of the structural change is relatively small for a reaction co-ordinate as the metastable states have an extremely long lifetime. New hypotheses for related systems try to explain such a phenomena in two ways: The first way is a bending of the NO-bond in the metastable state, the second one an exchange of the oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the NO-bond (which can be regarded as an bending). As such changes would be possible also from our density functional calculations, we re-investigated our neutron diffraction data using the new models. However, our results are not compatible with one of these models. On the contrary, the neutron diffraction data show partially opposite tendencies. We compare both models with EXAFS measurements, with vibrational spectroscopic results and the data found by M?ssbauer spectroscopy. We propose a potential scheme for all three states (GS, and ) extracted from absorption and thermodynamic data to explain the electronic and energetic rearrangement, and the population dynamics. Received: 23 June 1997 / Accepted: 13 October 1997     

不同静水压力条件下正长石的红外、拉曼光谱特征研究(英文)

选择新疆巴里坤花岗岩中的无色和粉红色两种正长石矿物进行了静水压力实验研究。使用立方氧化锆压腔,以石英做压标对正长石矿物进行了常温和100~600MPa不同静水压力条件下的原位压力测试实验。对不同压力条件下正长石矿物的含水性进行了拉曼光谱和傅里叶转换红外光谱表征。分析发现正长石的拉曼位移与样品所受到的静水压力呈显著的正相关关系。长石结构基团的M—O振动峰、AlⅣ—O—Si弯曲振动峰和[SiO4]四面体基团振动的拉曼峰随静水压力的增大而有规律地向高频方向偏移,漂移距离分别为2,2.19和小于2cm-1。红外光谱分析表明在一定的压力条件下进入到粉红色长石中的水较无色长石中的水含量为多。正长石红外光谱中以3 420cm-1为中心的水分子吸收峰的强度和积分面积随着静水压力的增大而增强。无色长石和粉红色长石的积分面积分别由常压下的120和1 383cm-1提高到600MPa条件下的1 570和2 001cm-1。实验结果预示着正长石在地壳一定深度的含水围压条件下,围岩中的水可以进入到长石矿物中。     

Integral Method o Reciprocity in the Spectroscopy of Laser Crystals with Impurity Centers

A new method of determining the stimulated emission cross-section spectra from the absorption cross-section spectra, which we call the integral method of reciprocity, is suggested it does not require knowledge of the structure of the impurity-center electron levels. Based on this method, formulas for calculating the radiation lifetime of impurity centers in crystals have been derived. The effectiveness of the integral method of reciprocity was demonstrated in determining the stimulated emission cross sections and radiation lifetime of an ytterbium ion in the laser crystals Yb³⁺:KYW and Yb³⁺:KGW.     

Gravitational Collapse of a Spherical Star with Heat Flow as a Possible Energy Mechanism of Gamma-Ray Bursts

We investigate the gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric, inhomogeneous star, which is described by a perfect fluid with heat flow and satisfies the equation of state p = p/3 at its center. In the process of the gravitational collapse, the energy of the whole star is emitted into space. And the remaining spacetime is a Minkowski one without a remnant at the end of the process. For a star with a solar mass and solar radius, the total energy emitted is at the order of 10^54 erg, and the time-scale of the process is about 8 s. These are in the typical values for a gamma-ray burst. Thus, we suggest the gravitational collapse of a spherical star with heat flow as a possible energy mechanism of gamma-ray bursts.