On the Non-Destructive Neutron Activation Method for the Determination of Lithium,Based on a Secondary Nuclear Reaction with Tritons

The purpose of the present article is to make clearer the possibilities of the non-destructive method for neutron activation determination of lithium without the use of apparatus or measurement of gamma-gamma coincidences. The most important sources of error has been investigated and it was shown how these could be eliminated. The sensitivity of the non-destructive method without using gamma-gamma coincidence was found to be about 10^?8g Li. The presence of sodium in the samples in fact does not impair the accuracy of the measurement when the quantity of sodium is not higher than 10^?5 g. The error rises to ll% when the quantity of sodium present in the sample is about 10^?4g. The accuracy of the destructive and non-destructive neutron activation method for the determination of lithium could also be influenced by certain parallel nuclear reactions with tritons. In this connection the influence of sulphur on the neutron activation determination of lithium was investigated. A formula for calculating the optimal cooling time and the counting time of the samples ivas established, designed to diminish the influence of sulphur on the results of the analysis.     

玻璃在线激光测厚误差的透反互补抑制

为了抑制激光在线测厚时入射角波动引起的误差,根据几何光学分析了激光透射式和反射式测厚原理,发现激光在特定入射角附近波动时,两种方式的测厚误差一正一负,具有互补性,在此基础上提出基于透射和反射同时测量的互补式测厚方法,该方法可将误差限定在透射式和反射式测量误差之间,抑制在线测厚误差.对于有机玻璃平板,理论计算表明,当激光入射角在67.013°±4°波动时,相对误差绝对值在1%以内,误差抑制率均值大于90%;当入射角为61.536°时,误差抑制率为100%.利用线结构激光器和两个线阵CCD相机搭建互补式测厚实验系统,测量了标称厚度为1~5mm的有机玻璃平板,与透射式和反射式测厚结果进行对照,除厚度为1mm的玻璃外,互补式测厚误差被限制在透射式和反射式之间,最大误差抑制率达61%.实验结果表明,该互补式方法有效抑制了误差,提高了在线厚度测量准确度,解决了在线测量不可重复性导致的无法通过均值法减小误差的问题.     

Determination of Deuterium Content in Low Concentration Water Samples by Infra-Red Spectrometry

The deuterium content could be estimated in the low range by the infra-red method with an accuracy of ± 0.0005 mole% by using the suitable absorption band at 3·98 μ and a quartz cell of ≈0·3 mm thickness. The reproducibility of this method is tested by mass spectrometry and it is found that data of both methods are comparable.     

A method to simultaneously and continuously measure the 222Rn and 220Rn exhalation rates of soil in an open loop

This paper presents a process in which a radon monitor based on the electrostatic collection method is used to measure the ²²²Rn and ²²⁰Rn exhalation rates simultaneously and continuously employing a ventilation-type accumulation chamber. Generally, the radon exhalation rate can be measured by accumulation technique, but cannot be measured continuously. The advantage of this method using a ventilation-type accumulation chamber is that the radon exhalation rates can be measured continuously. Even though the environmental air is drawn into the chamber, the low atmospheric values of radon and thoron do not influence the measurement accuracy. The ²²²Rn and ²²⁰Rn exhalation rates error from the environmental air is less than 5% in this experiment.     

Measurement Error Correction for Distributed Properties – Filter Cake Thickness Measurements

The measurement of a distributed property is frequently encountered in engineering applications. The impact of a possible measurement error on the measured distribution is described and two methods to account for such an error are detailed: A Fourier transform based deconvolution procedure and a moment based deconvolution approach via kernel estimators are presented. The deconvolution methods can be used in many particle characterization and process applications where particle features or properties are commonly presented in a distributed form. In the current instance, these methods are carefully explored by using artificially generated data and applied to experimental data obtained from filter cake thickness measurements.     

基于平行平板的折射率高精度非接触测量

常用的测量折射率的方法如偏向角法、自准直法、临界角法、 V棱镜法等,这些方法通常需特制三棱镜与待测件。待测样品不一致且过程复杂,测试定标周期长,难于自动化。为了保证待测材料的完整及实现自动化测量,进行了基于平行平板的折射率非接触测量的尝试。运用该方法进行折射率的测量,不需特制三棱镜并且待测件与待测样品一致。分析表明,通过选择合适的测量角度,该方法旋转角度精度为a=0.003（即10）,导轨精度为L=0.000 8 mm,平行平板厚度测量精度为d=0.001 mm。     

一种现场大尺寸测量精度的评价方法

针对现场全面评价大尺寸测量仪器精度的特殊性,提出了一种采用多仪器站多控制点的精度评价方法.基于四元数的空问数据配准,将多仪器站的测量数据统一到全局坐标系下,基于控制点坐标不变约束,对测量值进行统计得到测量不确定度,并从中提取仪器内部各传感器单元分量的不确定度.利用多传感器信息融合技术求得最优控制点,减小坐标转换误差对结果的影响.以激光跟踪仪为例进行了仿真和现场实验,结果表明,该方法评价测距和测角小确定度的误差可分别降至1 μm和0.1'以内.     

光学材料光学不均匀性绝对测量误差分析

绝对测量技术去除了干涉仪参考面面形误差,可实现光学材料光学不均匀性的高精度测量。对现有主要光学材料光学不均匀性绝对检测技术进行了总结比较,针对像素错位、干涉图分辨率、干涉仪测量重复性、样品厚度以及折射率测量等因素对光学不均匀性绝对检测的影响进行了实验分析。实验结果表明:干涉仪重复性是光学不均匀性测量的主要误差。样品翻转测量法、样品直接透射测量法、平行平板样品测量法3种测量方法均可实现光学不均匀性（RMS）10-8检测精度。     

基于傅里叶变换轮廓术的动态液膜测量

动态液膜三维形貌的高速测量及重建,对于能源动力领域的工业过程优化十分重要。基于傅里叶变换轮廓术,对缓变表面和非缓变表面分别进行了模拟仿真,研究了物体表面形貌重建精度的影响因素,包括物体表面高度变化率、环境随机噪声以及条纹频率。并根据模拟结果对实验参数进行了优化,研发构建了高速三维结构光测量系统,对竖直壁面下降液膜表面形貌进行了动态测量。实验结果表明:随着液膜沿竖直壁面向下流动,液膜厚度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,高度方向的平均误差为0.1 mm,傅里叶变换轮廓术能够精确地应用于动态液膜高速测量。     

大口径光学玻璃光学均匀性干涉绝对测量方法

在光学透射材料均匀性测量的各个方法中,干涉测量方法作为绝对测量方法,能摈除干涉仪标准面及待测元件的面形影响,具有很高的测量精度而逐渐被广泛使用。详细研究了使用干涉手段测量透射材料均匀性的方法,对其中材料切割角度所引入的误差进行了详细分析,并提出修正方法。同时研究了测量光学材料均匀性的拼接算法,实验表明：该方法可以实现用小口径干涉仪测量大口径玻璃材料的光学均匀性的目的,而且其测量精度很高。     

光学材料光学均匀性检测方法分析

光学均匀性是光学材料的重要指标,直接影响到透射光学系统的波面质量,改变系统的波相差。惯性约束聚变（Inertial Confine Fusion,ICF）激光驱动器的研制要求对材料的光学均匀性进行高精度的检测,同时兼顾洁净度要求。实验中利用斐索干涉仪实现了大口径光学材料光学均匀性的检测,并与国外检测数据进行了对比,对检测过程中的影响因素主要包括样品的厚度测量偏差及折射系数偏差进行了分析。结果表明,样品的厚度测量偏差及折射系数偏差对结果的影响较小,可以忽略。同时用两种干涉仪专用软件对大量样品测量数据进行处理,对比了不同干涉仪光学均匀性的计算结果,表明这两种情况下对光学均匀性的处理结果相符,解决了大口径光学坯件光学均匀性的检测问题。     

相移相位测量的全息再现算法及测量误差分析

用全息原理和方法研究相移相位测量,得到了N步整周期相移再现物光波复振幅同步叠加函数(N步相移函数),同时提出一种新的相移相位测量误差分析和最大误差估计方法。N步相移干涉图是以理想平行光为参考光的无衍射同轴全息图,将其与对应的相移参考光相乘后求和得到N步相移函数;在理想情况下,这是一种复振幅分离、测量和物光波复振幅函数同步叠加方法,存在误差时计算出的相位是最小二乘方法的最佳期望结果。利用N步相移函数得到的N 1步相移函数,说明非理想N步相移函数是理想N步相移函数与误差函数之和,可以把相位型误差转化为与振幅和强度相对误差同等的误差来对待,降低了相位测量中误差估计的难度,给出了N步相移算法最大误差的估计方法和公式。     

Measurement of beam quality factor (M) by slit-scanning method

Beam quality factor (M²) and far-field scattering angle of LD end-pump Nd : YVO₄ laser were measured by slit-scanning method. The experimental results showed that the laser operated on a multi-mode state. The corresponding analytical treatments for slit-scanning method and M² factor measurement also were presented in this paper.     

基于Talbot-Moiré法的长焦透镜焦距

 长焦距测量的Talbot Moiré法是研究热点,目前很多方法虽然都是基于Talbot现象和Moiré技术,但基本原理和实验方案各不相同,因此焦距计算公式也不相同。基于透镜位相变换作用,利用Talbot效应和Moiré条纹,通过图像处理的方法获得条纹的斜率变化,根据焦距与莫尔条纹斜率之间的关系求得透镜焦距。由于长焦透镜的焦距相对于被测透镜厚度大得多,完全可以看作是薄透镜对光束的变换,可用薄透镜对球面波的变换作用来近似表示其对高斯光束的变换。因此,该方法测量长焦透镜焦距对于高斯光束与非高斯光束焦距测量结果无差别,均适用。最后全面分析了该测量方法的误差及精度极限。在影响测量精度的各个误差因素中,光栅节距误差对焦距测量的影响最为显著。     

Dose in Skeleton and Bone Marrow following Thorotrast Injection into Blood

The calculation of the dose rate and cumulative dose in the morrow-free skeleton and bone marrow of thorotrast patients presupposes the knowledge of both the translocation of thorium daughters to the skeleton, and the portion of ²³²Th that is localized in colloidal form in the bone marrow. Whereas in bon marrow ²²⁸Th is in equilibrium with ²³²Th up to only 20%, in marrow-free skeleton ²²⁸Th is present in excess to ²³²Th (average activity ratio 1·75), considering the measured activity ratios between ²³²Th and its daughters as well as the distribution of the colloid and the unclides of the thorium decay chain within the organism the dose rate and cumulative dose in bone marrow and marrow-free bone were calculated as function of the time of thorotrast burden and the amount of injected material.     

基于CCD的石英玻璃管壁厚在线检测系统研究

提出了一种用于石英玻璃管壁厚非接触测量的光电检测技术,研制了石英玻璃管壁厚在线检测系统。在确定检测总体方案的基础上,进行了石英玻璃管厚度检测原理、发射光学系统、CCD器件选择和数据处理系统的研究。根据几何光学中反射与折射定律,利用三角关系建立了石英玻璃管壁厚和光束宽度之间的关系。对实验结果进行了误差分析,验证了方案的可行性,系统测量精度优于±0．01mm。系统调试和实际测量结果表明,研制的系统满足在线非接触测量要求。     

Thickness measurement of insulation coating by NIR spectrometry based on boosting-KPLS

A novel thickness measurement method for surface insulation coating of silicon steel based on NIR spectrometry is explored.The NIR spectra of insulation coating of silicon steel were collected by acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) NIR spectrometer.To make full use of the effective information of NIR spectral data,discrete binary particle swarm optimization (DBPSO) algorithm was used to select the optimal wavelength variates.The new spectral data,composed of absorbance at selected wavelengths,were used to create the thickness quantitative analysis model by kernel partial least squares (KPLS) algorithm coupled with Boosting.The results of contrast experiments showed that the Boosting-KPLS model could efficiently improve the analysis accuracy and speed.It indicates that Boosting-KPLS is a more accurate and robust analysis method than KPLS for NIR spectral analysis.The maximal and minimal absolute error of 30 testing samples is respectively -0.02 μm and 0.19 μm,and the maximal relative error is 14.23％.These analysis results completely meet the practical measurement need.     

基于X射线衍射的GaN薄膜厚度的精确测量

结合Williamson-Hall plot方法和线型分析方法的优点,提出了一种有效分离有限晶粒尺寸和非均匀应力等X射线衍射展宽效应的方法,可以用于GaN外延层厚度等参数的快速精确测量.用该方法对一系列在蓝宝石衬底上生长的厚度在0.7—4.2μm的GaN外延膜进行了测量,并与椭圆偏振光谱法测量结果进行了比较,结果表明其差别<4%,反应了这种方法的准确性. 关键词： GaN薄膜 厚度测量 X射线衍射     

CCD测量误差的研究

为了提高CCD的测量精度,对CCD的测量误差进行了深入分析。以单CCD和双CCD错排,对直径为5.000mm、8.000mm、12.000mm的三个标准杆件直径的测量数据为基础,对CCD测量误差的大小及其影响因素展开研究,重点对测量误差、像素间距间的关系进行了深入分析。对N个像素间距为H的CCD错排进行测量,其最大误差减小为H/N,当被测对象大小刚好是像素间距的整数倍时,测量值以很高的机率靠近真实值,检测零件尺寸时,在极值处分别设置一列CCD像素,调整零件极值刚好位于CCD两相邻像素的中间,能准确地判别零件的合格性。     

Further Development of Automatic Activation Analysis System (AAAS) with Fast Neutrons

Improvement of results of activation analysis has been achieved by using a device for simultaneous rotation of the sample around tow axes: one parallel and the other perpendicular to the target during the irradiation. A change of the construction of the container resulted in the increase of its volume and a decrease in the mean sample-to-target distance. The distribution of the neutron flux along the axis of the container during the irradiation has been measured. An arrangement for automatic loading and unloading of sample is also described.