Features of Calculation of the Equation of State,Composition, and Conductivity for a Plasma of Dense,Supercritical Metal Vapors—a Plasma Fluid

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics - The caloric and thermal equations of state, composition, and conductivity have been calculated for a supercritical aluminum plasma fluid. A...     

The Motion of a Nonholonomic Chaplygin Sphere in a Magnetic Field,the Grioli Problem,and the Barnett–London Effect

Doklady Physics - In this paper, we consider the motion of a nonholonomic Chaplygin sphere on a plane in a constant magnetic field under the assumption that the sphere has dielectric and...     

On the Critical Behavior, the Connection Problem and the Elliptic Representation of a Painlevé VI Equation

In this paper we find a class of solutions of the sixth Painlevé equation appearing in the theory of WDVV equations. This class covers almost all the monodromy data associated to the equation, except one point in the space of the data. We describe the critical behavior close to the critical points in terms of two parameters and we find the relation among the parameters at the different critical points (connection problem). We also study the critical behavior of Painlevé transcendents in the elliptic representation.     

Restoration of Decentered Gaussian Beam with the Combination of a Lens and a Gaussian Aperture

1　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　　ＴｈｅＧａｕｓｓｉａｎｂｅａｍｉｓｔｈｅｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌｓｈａｐｅｏｆｔｈｅｌａｓｅｒｗｉｔｈａｓｐｈｅｒｉｃａｌ ｍｉｒｒｏｒｒｅｓｏｎａｔｏｒａｎｄｗｉｄｅｌｙｕｓｅｄｔｏｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅａｓｉｎｇｌｅｍｏｄｅｌａｓｅｒ.Ｉｎｔｈｅｐａｒａｘｉａｌａｐｐｒｏｘｉｍａｔｉｏｎ ,ｔｈｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｏｍｐｌｅｘａｍｐｌｉｔｕｄｅｏｆｉｔｒｅｍａｉｎｓｕｎｃｈａｎｇｅｄｗｈｅｎｉｔｕｎｄｅｒｇｏｅｓｔｈｅＦｏｕｒｉｅｒｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｏｒｔｈｅ…     

Dynamics of Entropy and Nonclassicality Features of the Interaction between a ◇-type Four-Level Atom and a Single-Mode Field in the Presence of Intensity-Dependent Coupling and Kerr Nonlinearity

The interaction between a◇-type four-level atom and a single-mode field in the presence of Kerr medium with intensity-dependent coupling involving multi-photon processes has been studied. Using the generalized(nonlinear)Jaynes–Cummings model, the exact analytical solution of the wave function for the considered system under particular condition, has been obtained when the atom is initially excited to the topmost level and the field is in a coherent state. Some physical properties of the atom-field entangled state such as linear entropy showing the entanglement degree, Mandel parameter, mean photon number and normal squeezing of the resultant state have been calculated. The effects of Kerr medium, detuning and the intensity-dependent coupling on the temporal behavior of the latter mentioned nonclassical properties have been investigated. It is shown that by appropriately choosing the evolved parameters in the interaction process, each of the above nonclassicality features, which are of special interest in quantum optics as well as quantum information processing, can be revealed.     

Helmholtz, Riemann, and the Sirens: Sound, Color, and the “Problem of Space”

Emerging from music and the visual arts, questions about hearing and seeing deeply affected Hermann Helmholtz’s and Bernhard Riemann’s contributions to what became called the “problem of space [Raumproblem],” which in turn influenced Albert Einstein’s approach to general relativity. Helmholtz’s physiological investigations measured the time dependence of nerve conduction and mapped the three-dimensional manifold of color sensation. His concurrent studies on hearing illuminated musical evidence through experiments with mechanical sirens that connect audible with visible phenomena, especially how the concept of frequency unifies motion, velocity, and pitch. Riemann’s critique of Helmholtz’s work on hearing led Helmholtz to respond and study Riemann’s then-unpublished lecture on the foundations of geometry. During 1862–1870, Helmholtz applied his findings on the manifolds of hearing and seeing to the Raumproblem by supporting the quadratic distance relation Riemann had assumed as his fundamental hypothesis about geometrical space. Helmholtz also drew a “close analogy … in all essential relations between the musical scale and space.” These intersecting studies of hearing and seeing thus led to reconsideration and generalization of the very concept of “space,” which Einstein shaped into the general manifold of relativistic space-time.     

Interpolating gauges and the importance of a careful treatment of ε-term

We consider the use of interpolating gauges (with a gauge function F[A;]) in gauge theories to connect the results in a set of different gauges in the path-integral formulation. We point out that the results for physical observables are very sensitive to the epsilon term that we have to add to deal with singularities and thus it cannot be left out of a discussion of gauge-independence generally. We further point out, with reasons, that the fact that we can ignore this term in the discussion of gauge independence while varying of the gauge parameter in Lorentz-type covariant gauges is an exception rather than a rule. We show that generally preserving gauge-independence as is varied requires that the -term has to be varied with . We further show that if we make a naive use of the (fixed) epsilon term (that is appropriate for the Feynman gauge) for general interpolating gauges with arbitrary parameter values [i.e. ], we cannot preserve gauge independence [except when we happen to be in the infinitesimal neighborhood of the Lorentz-type gauges]. We show with an explicit example that for such a naive use of an -term, we develop serious pathological behavior in the path-integral as is/are varied. We point out that correct way to fix the -term in a path-integral in a non-Lorentz gauge is by connecting the path-integral to the Lorentz-gauge path-integral with correct -term as has been done using the finite field-dependent BRS transformations in recent years.     

Measurement of the total spectrum of electrons and positrons in the energy range of 300–1500 GeV in the PAMELA experiment with the aid of a sampling calorimeter and a neutron detector

A method based on the use of a sampling calorimeter was developed for measuring the total energy spectrum of electrons and positrons from high-energy cosmic rays in the PAMELA satellite-borne experiment. This made it possible to extend the range of energies accessible to measurements by the magnetic system of the PAMELA spectrometer. Themethod involves a procedure for selecting electrons on the basis of features of a secondary-particle shower in the calorimeter. The results obtained by measuring the total spectrum of cosmic-ray electrons and positrons in the energy range of 300–1500 GeV by the method in question are presented on the basis of data accumulated over a period spanning 2006 and 2013.

     

Analysis of the common characteristics of the Hartmann,Ronchi, and Shack–Hartmann tests

An overview of the settings of the planes for the filters and observed patterns in the Hartmann and Ronchi tests is presented. Also a new set of filters for both test were developed. In a similar way, it is easy to extend this analysis to the Shack–Hartmann test, and to propose a new Null Shack–Hartmann filter.     

Study on the Alignment and the Calibration of a Laser Structured Light Sensor

1　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　　Ｔｈｒｅｅ ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌｓｅｎｓｉｎｇｉｓｗｉｄｅｌｙｕｓｅｄｉｎｍａｎｙｆｉｅｌｄｓｓｕｃｈａｓａｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅｂｏｄｙ ｉｎ ｗｈｉｔｅｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔ,ｒｏｂｏｔｖｉｓｉｏｎ ,ｉｎｖｅｒｓｅｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ,ｃｕｒｖｅａｎｄｃｏｎｔｏｕｒｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔ,ＣＡＤ ＣＡＭａｎｄｍｅｄｉｃａｌｄｉａｇｎｏｓｉｓ .Ｏｐｔｉｃａｌｔｈｒｅｅ ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌｓｅｎｓｉｎｇｉｓｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄａｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｐｒｏｍｉｓｉｎｇｗａｙｉｎ…     

Study of the reaction130Te(n, γ)131Te

Energies and intensities of the gamma-ray transitions following the thermal neutron capture in¹³⁰Te are determined. The neutron separation energy for¹³¹Te is evaluated to be 5929.4 ±±0.3 keV. A statistically significant correlation between the reduced transition intensities and the spectroscopic factors from the (d, p) reactions is found. Evidence for the presence of potential capture mechanism is given.On leave fromAl-Faateh University, Physics Department, P.O. Box 13371, Tripoli, Libya.     

Development of the physical principles of the design and implementation of a 500–700 GHz spectrometer with a superconducting integrated receiver

A spectrometer based on the effect of freely decaying polarization in the frequency range 500–700 GHz has been designed. Radiation sources are harmonics from a quantum semiconductor superlattice frequency multiplier. The receiving system of this spectrometer is constructed using a superconducting integrated receiver based on a superconductor-insulator-superconductor mixer and a flux-flow oscillator operating as a heterodyne oscillator. The spectrometer has been used to measure absorption lines of NH₃ in a sample of expired air (572 GHz).     

Effects of the 3d transition metal doping on the structural,electronic, and magnetic properties of BeO nanotubesEffects of the 3d transition metal doping on the structural,electronic, and magnetic properties of BeO nanotubesEffects of the 3d transition metal doping on the structural,electronic, and magnetic properties of BeO nanotubes

First-principles calculations have been performed on the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of seven 3d transition-metal （TM） impurities （V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu） doped armchair （5,5） and zigzag （8,0） beryllium oxide nanotubes （BeONTs）. The results show that there exists a structural distortion around the 3d TM impurities with respect to the pristine BeONTs. The magnetic moment increases for V- and Cr-doped BeONTs and reaches a maximum for Mn-doped BeONT, and then decreases for Fe-, Co-, Ni-, and Cu-doped BeONTs successively, consistent with the predicted trend of Hund＇s rule to maximize the magnetic moments of the doped TM ions. However, the values of the magnetic moments are smaller than the predicted values of Hund＇s rule due to the strong hybridization between the 2p orbitals of the near O and Be ions of BeONTs and the 3d orbitals of the TM ions. Furthermore, the V-, Co-, and Ni-doped （5,5） and （8,0） BeONTs with half-metal ferromagnetism and thus 100% spin polarization character are good candidates for spintronic applications.     

Anomalies of the electrical properties and the stability of the double layer at a metal-electrolyte boundary. Characteristics of the capacitance of a double layer with relaxing “plates∝

An electromechanical model of the electric double layer, whose plates are displaced on charging, is proposed; it is shown for the example of this model that the differential capacitance can diverge and become negative. The reasons why these anomalies were not predicted in the well-known models of the double layer are examined.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 11, pp. 9–15, November 1987.     

First-principles study of the effect of iron on the crystal structure,stability and chemical bonding in the β-based AlCu ordered η2-phase and the pretransition state of a solid solution

First-principles calculations showed that the thermodynamic stability of β-based ordered η₂-AlCu phase doped with Fe is due to iron substitution in the copper sublattice (Fe_Cu), which corresponds to the maximum number of Fe–Al bonds in the first cubic coordination polyhedron. This iron localisation leads to stable ω-like atomic displacements and pentagonal Al-nets in the (010) plane of η₂-AlCu(Fe). This phase with iron substituting copper (e/a?=?1.925) is an energetically preferred η-based non-canonical approximant of the icosahedral phase (e/a?=?1.86). The energy gain for the Fe_Cu position is determined by strong covalent Fe3d–Al3p bonding, while there is a weak Fe3d–Cu4s3d hybridisation for the Fe_Al substitution. Using a composite cluster model, we demonstrate that short-range order in the pretransition state of the β-Al–Cu–Fe solid solution observed prior to the precipitation of η-phase is stabilised due to formation of Fe–Al bonds in the first cubic coordination polyhedron of the composite cluster.     

Discrete Spectrum of the Deficit Angle and the Differential Structure of a Cosmic String

Differential properties of Klein-Gordon and electromagnetic fields on the space-time of a straight cosmic string are studied with the help of methods of the differential space theory. It is shown that these fields are smooth in the interior of the cosmic string space-time and that they loose this property at the singular boundary except for the cosmic string space-times with the following deficit angles: Δ=2π(1−1/n), n=1,2,… . A connection between smoothness of fields at the conical singularity and the scalar and electromagnetic conical bremsstrahlung is discussed. It is also argued that the smoothness assumption of fields at the singularity is equivalent to the Aliev and Gal’tsov “quantization” condition leading to the above mentioned discrete spectrum of the deficit angle.     

Quantitative estimates of the content of the metastable Si-XII,Si-III,and α-Si phases of silicon in the areas of indenter impressions

A quantitative estimate is presented of the specific and total volumes of the metastable Si-XII, Si-III, and α-Si phases of silicon in a locally strained (Berkovich pyramid) area. Calculations are performed using experimental data obtained via Raman spectroscopy and in situ registration of the Si-I → Si-II phase transitions of silicon under the indenter.     

Melting line, spinodal and the endpoint of the melting line in the system with a modified Lennard—Jones potential

A molecular dynamics method was used to calculate the pressure p* and the internal energy e* of a liquid and a crystal in stable and metastable states in a system of 2048 particles, which interaction is described by a modified Lennard—Jones potential. For the liquid phase, calculations were performed along 13 isotherms from the range of reduced temperature T* = 0.35–3.0, and for the crystal phase, along 16 isotherms from the range T* =0.1–3.0. The thermal p* = p*(ρ*,T*) and caloric e* = e*(ρ*,T*) equations of state for liquids and crystals have been constructed. The parameters of crystal-liquid phase equilibrium have been determined from the conditions of phases coexistence at positive pressures and in the region of negative pressures, where the coexistent phases are metastable. The spinodal of a stretched liquid has been approximated. It has been found that with a temperature decrease the metastable extension of the melting line meets the spinodal of the liquid phase. The point of their meeting, the endpoint of the melting curve, is the point of termination of crystal-liquid phase equilibrium without the onset of identity of the phases.