Isotopic Exchange of Hydrogen between the Fluids of the Hydrocarbon Fields

It is presented the isotopic exchange of hydrogen in natural gas, crude oil, and underground water. The general behaviour of the isotopic exchange occuring in a system with a large number of components is given. A good agreement between the calculated and the experimental isotopic distribution factors is obtained in the case of the isotopic exchange of hydrogen between methane and underground water. The deuterium concentration of the crude oil samples inserts between the values obtained for methane and underground water. This fact is due to the presence of the isotopic exchange between these fluids.     

A Novel Method for the Detection of Trace Gases Based on Photo-Acoustic Spectroscopy

We study quartz tuning fork (QTF) characteristics using a 532 nm semiconductor laser with a power of 39 mW and calculate QTF vibrations caused by thermal noise and disturbance of the air using the equipartition theorem; the vibration value is about 1.152 Pm. The signal-to-noise ratio and QTF resonance amplitude acquired experimentally are 104.56 and 214.75 Pm, respectively. In addition, we develop a new photo-acoustic spectroscopic system for detection of trace acetylene using a CW diode laser source with distributed feedback operating near 1,532 nm, measure the absorption spectrum of acetylene employing this system, and show that the method elaborated is more sensitive than photoelectric detectors that provides new directions for research in photo-acoustic spectroscopy.     

European Minor Constituent Radiometer: A New Millimeter Wave Receiver for Atmospheric Research

EMCOR is a heterodyne receiver for the frequency range of 201 to 210 GHz. It has been designed for ground-based measurements of various minor constituents of the stratosphere involved in ozone chemistry. Since the aim was the detection of faint spectral lines, a superconducting tunnel junction has been chosen as mixer element and special care has been taken in developing the calibration unit of the system. The front-end is completed by a quasi-optical system, a solid state local oscillator with electronic tuning and a HEMT pre-amplifier. In the back-end an acousto-optical spectrometer is employed to analyse the signal. A PC controls the whole system. The instrument has been installed at a high mountain site in the Swiss Alps.     

算法融合的差分吸收光谱法烟气SO2浓度在线监测研究

过去几十年中差分吸收光谱技术(differential optical absorption spectroscopy,DOAS)在大气污染物监测方面取得了成功应用.文章提出了根据差分吸光度最大值(OD'm)设定阈值的思想,将传统DOAS算法与基于卡尔曼滤波的DOAS算法相结合,利用两种算法在相同信噪比下具有不同反演精度的特点,在保证测量精度的前提下提高了DOAS系统的检测极限,较好地解决了短光程下低浓度气体的测量精度问题.在常温常压和流动状态下,对烟气中的SO2浓度测量进行了理论和实验研究.研究结果表明,改进的DOAS算法在OD'm＜0.048 1时,SO2浓度测量精度较高,测量下限可低于28.6 mg·m-3,零点漂移低于2.9 mg·m-3传统DOAS算法在0.048 1＜OD'm＜0.927 2时,SO2浓度测量精度较高;两种算法对OD'm＞0.927 2时的SO2浓度测量都存在较大的误差,必须进行线性度校正.     

Ion Optical Methods - Means to Improve Performance of Mass Spectrometers Designed for Isotopic or Chemical Analysis

Abstract

To improve performances of mass spectrometers dedicated to isotopic or chemical analysis, the methods of the ion optics are to be used. To apply the transfer matrix method of ion optics in mass spectrometer design, the matrix elements of various mass analyzers as Wien filters and crossed field sectors, of energy analyzers as electric prisms, were presented. These elements result from ion trajectory calculations representing solutions of the Euler–Lagrange equations. The basic parameters of an unconventional double focusing mass spectrometer were calculated and compared with those of classical design instruments.     

A Wall Effect in the Photothermal Beam Deflection Response of Infrared-Absorbing Gases

FTIR photothermal beam deflection (PBD) spectroscopy was used to record PBD spectra of IR-absorbing gases in presence of IR-absorbing and non-absorbing solids. The presence of the solid, IR-absorbing or not, causes asymmetry at the juncture of the IR and probe laser     

温室效应对温室气体浓度变化的敏感性分析

工业革命以来人类活动排放到大气中的主要温室气体有CO₂、CH₄、N₂O等,其在大气中的含量增加引起吸收地表辐射能量的增加,改变了地表-大气辐射平衡,造成了地表温度升高。本文研究了温室气体含量增加同其吸收地表辐射能量的关系;比较了不同温室气体含量引起的吸收地表辐射能量变化的差异,提出了温室效应对不同温室气体浓度变化的敏感性的概念。通过对敏感性的分析,得出了不同温室气体含量的变化对温室效应影响的强弱关系。     

Influence of Polarization of Exciting X-Radiation on Sensitivity of Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Trace Analysis at Rocks and Soils

The application of polarized X-rays in energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (EDXRF) is prooved to be one method for improvement the sensitivity of trace analysis at rock- and soil-samples. The use of a high power X-ray tube in connection with an amorphous Barkla-scattering target for polarization makes possible the increase of peak-to-background ratios in a wide energy range (5 keV < E < 40 keV) in comparison to direct excitation. The influence of the polarization on the peak-to-background ratios at trace analysis at geological samples will be shown.     

A High Precision Thermostat for the Isotopic Analysis of Water by the Falling Drop Method

An a.c. bridge thermostat, using two thermistors mounted in two opposite arms as temperature sensing elements, is described. The unbalanced bridge voltage is rectified, after a previous amplification, by a phase sensitive detector, and it is applied to the input of the final stage which controls the heater. The thermostat can be used to maintain the temperature of a liquid bath with a 0.0005°C precision and can be easily reset to different temperatures in the operational range of the thermistors.     

激光诱导击穿光谱技术定量分析SF_6中的痕量O

六氟化硫(SF_6)气体因其优良的绝缘和灭弧性能,被广泛应用于高压绝缘设备中。然而,当存在H_2O和O_2等杂质时,SF_6气体在局部放电等作用下分解成的低氟化物会进一步与杂质发生反应生成稳定的氟硫氧化物和氢化物,使得设备绝缘性能下降,危害电网安全,因此检测和分析SF_6中微水、微氧及其分解产物具有重要意义。采用激光诱导击穿光谱技术测量了SF_6中的痕量O含量。利用CaF2作为窗口材料,解决了窗口材料在不断腐蚀作用下引起的激发能量逐渐衰减以及窗口材料与SF_6气体击穿产物反应引入的污染影响测量结果的问题,消除了由激发条件改变引起的等离子体状态的变化;通过测量不同O含量的SF_6气体激光诱导击穿光谱,结合迭代小波分析对实测光谱进行基线校正和降噪处理,通过定标曲线获得了O元素检测限为38ppm。利用偏最小二乘法建立了稳定的定量分析模型,改善了定量分析模型的稳定性和精度。     

A Novel Measurement Method of the Emission Rules of Greenhouse Gases from Fertilized Soil Based on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry with Long Optical Path

Farm soil is the main source of greenhouse gas emission. We developed an optical system for measuring nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide from soil using infrared spectrometer and long optical path gas cell based on multi-reflecting mirrors. The spectral characteristics of nitrous oxide at 2198–2223 cm^?1 and of carbon dioxide at 2258–2283 cm^?1 were observed with the system. We studied the rules of greenhouse gas emission and found that nitrous oxide increased with soil moisture whereas carbon dioxide showed no obvious relationship with moisture. We also studied the diurnal variation rules of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide from fertilized soil. These results are consistent to the previous results obtained with other analytical methods. The results indicate that the infrared spectroscopy with long optical path is an effective way to measure greenhouse gas emission from soil.     

Rotational Analysis of the 383.8 nm Band of the GeBr Molecule

Abstract

The 383.8 nm band of the GeBr molecule, recorded at high resolution, has been rotationally analyzed. Rotational constants of the upper and lower states have been determined from lines of six, main isotopic molecules of GeBr. The band has been proposed to be assigned as the ⁴σ^??X²π_3/2 0–0 transition.     

The Limiting Kinetic Equation of the Consistent Boltzmann Algorithm for Dense Gases

This paper establishes a theoretical foundation for the Consistent Boltzmann Algorithm (CBA) by deriving the limiting kinetic equation. The formulation is similar to the proof by one of the authors that the Boltzmann equation is the limiting kinetic equation for Direct Simulation Monte Carlo [W. Wagner, J. Statist. Phys. 66:1011 (1992)]. For a simplified model distilled from CBA, the limiting equation is solved numerically, and very good agreement with the predictions of the theory is found.     

一种基于Windows界面的正电子湮没谱分析软件包

在保留正电子寿命谱分析程序PATFIT和连续谱分析程序MELT主要优点的基础上研究开发了一个新的正电子湮没谱分析软件PASA。主要的改进包括:将PATFIT、MELT和多普勒展宽谱3种正电子湮没分析方法集成在Windows界面程序中, MELT程序脱离MATLAB环境独立运行; 编写了完整的多普勒展宽谱分析程序, 谱文件的读取、输入参数的调节和拟合结果的输出更加方便快捷, 重点加强了正电子湮没实验谱和拟合结果的图形显示、介绍PASA软件的使用经验。Based on the commonly used PATFIT and MELT program, a new program package — Positron Annihilation Spectrum Analysis(PASA) with many user\|friendly applications was developed. The main modifications are: three kinds of positron analysis methods (PATFIT, MELT, Doppler) were incorporated into PASA; MELT could run independently without being in MATLAB environment; Detailed Doppler analysis program were programmed into PASA. Experiences of using the PASA program were also introduced.     

Dye Laser for Absorption Trace Analysis of Sodium

The advent of organic dye lasers made possible many experiments in physics, chemistry and biology. Most of these applications are based on the possibility to tune dye laser emission almost at any wavelength between 3400 Å and 12000 Å.This quality combined with high light power made feasible multiphotone absorption, selective absorption and fluorescence experiments. Recently a group of authors published the papers: “Enhancement of absorption spectra by dye laser quenching I and II”^1,2 which start a new field of applications of dye lasers. Namely if a weak absorber is placed inside the broad band laser cavity the absorption is enhanced and this results in the same absorption bands or lines observable in the spectrally resolved laser output. This effect can be used for detection of the traces of elements as a complementary method to the classical absorption spectroscopy but with much higher sensitivity. Same method could be also very useful for detection of transient species with a very short lifetimes.     

差分吸收光谱法测量大气痕量气体浓度误差分析及改善方法

差分吸收光谱技术(DOAS)中采用线性最小二乘拟合方法,用痕量气体标准差分吸收截面对测量得到的差分吸收光谱进行拟合,得出大气中痕量气体的浓度.计算结果的准确性不仅取决于光谱的测量精度,而且受标准差分吸收截面以及仪器函数和温度等诸多因素的影响.详细地分析了计算误差的产生原因,提出了用高浓度样品池得到标准吸收截面的方法,针对光谱固有结构,以及温度对标准吸收截面的影响,改进了浓度反演算法.大量的实验表明,综合运用上述方法,即便对低浓度的样气,相对测量误差也能降低到10%以下.     

A Rapid Method for the Determination of Trace Element Impurities in Silicons Oils by ICP-MS After Microwave-Assisted Digestion

Abstract

A microwave-assisted digestion procedure has been developed for the treatment of silicone oil samples. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the concentration level of 40 trace element impurities, like Li, Na, Mg, Al, P, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Sr, Rb, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Hf, W, Au, Pb, Hg, Th, Bi and U in these samples, having obtained average relative standard deviation values of 9.6%. The methodology developed has been tested by recovery studies on different natural samples spiked with known amounts of Mg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn and Pb at concentration levels of 10, 0.5, 5, 5, 10 and 1 μg g^?1 and recovery percentage values varies from 97 to 105 %.     

长程轮廓仪用于筒状超光滑表面测量的误差分析及校正

为了提高使用长程轮廓仪对筒状超光滑非球面进行面型测量的精度,研究并总结了测量过程中常见的误差源及校正方法.针对测量过程中对结果影响较大的转台转轴与待测筒状镜光轴之间的倾斜和偏心误差做了详细的分析,提出利用数据处理校正这部分误差的方法.编写了相应的数据处理程序,通过数值模拟实验对该程序进行了验证.实验结果表明,该程序能够...     

风源热泵空调器除霜技术实验研究

风源热泵空调器的结霜问题和除霜控制技术受到制冷与空调领域学者的广泛关注。文中重点对普遍采用时间温度法除霜控制技术的家用空调器制热运行时 ,结霜和除霜过程进行了深入地实验研究。结果表明 ,在较宽的气候变化范围 ,该控制方法工作不可靠 ,容易出现除霜不净和过早除霜的现象。提出了能适应气候变化的模糊自修正除霜技术的设计思想。     

激光大气等离子体时间演化特性的光谱研究

采用延时光谱法和谱线演化法 ,对YAG脉冲激光器 1 0 6 μm光束击穿一个大气压的空气所产生的等离子体进行了时间分辨光谱研究。对激光大气等离子体连续光谱的短波带与长波带分别进行了时间分辨测量 ,结果表明两者的衰变速率均在等离子体激发约 0 5微秒以后明显变慢。分析认为这种衰变速率的变慢可能与空气中氧对自由电子的吸附与去吸附有关。对激光大气等离子体线状光谱所作的时间分辨测量则表明 ,大部分线状光谱的演化寿命大于其标称寿命 ,部分线状光谱还呈现“衰变—增涨—衰变”的复杂形式。分析认为线状光谱的这些演化特征可能与等离子体在衰变期间的各种复合过程和能量转移过程有关。