Characteristics method with cubic‐spline interpolation for open channel flow computation

In the framework of the specified‐time‐interval scheme, the accuracy of the characteristic method is greatly related to the form of the interpolation. The linear interpolation was commonly used to couple the characteristics method (LI method) in open channel flow computation. The LI method is easy to implement, but it leads to an inevitable smoothing of the solution. The characteristics method with the Hermite cubic interpolation (HP method, originally developed by Holly and Preissmann, 1977) was then proposed to largely reduce the error induced by the LI method. In this paper, the cubic‐spline interpolation on the space line or on the time line is employed to integrate with characteristics method (CS method) for unsteady flow computation in open channel. Two hypothetical examples, including gradually and rapidly varied flows, are used to examine the applicability of the CS method as compared with the LI method, the HP method, and the analytical solutions. The simulated results show that the CS method is comparable to the HP method and more accurate than the LI method. Without tackling the additional equations for spatial or temporal derivatives, the CS method is easier to implement and more efficient than the HP method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An operator splitting algorithm for the three-dimensional advection–diffusion equation

Operator splitting algorithms are frequently used for solving the advection–diffusion equation, especially to deal with advection dominated transport problems. In this paper an operator splitting algorithm for the three-dimensional advection–diffusion equation is presented. The algorithm represents a second-order-accurate adaptation of the Holly and Preissmann scheme for three-dimensional problems. The governing equation is split into an advection equation and a diffusion equation, and they are solved by a backward method of characteristics and a finite element method, respectively. The Hermite interpolation function is used for interpolation of concentration in the advection step. The spatial gradients of concentration in the Hermite interpolation are obtained by solving equations for concentration gradients in the advection step. To make the composite algorithm efficient, only three equations for first-order concentration derivatives are solved in the diffusion step of computation. The higher-order spatial concentration gradients, necessary to advance the solution in a computational cycle, are obtained by numerical differentiations based on the available information. The simulation characteristics and accuracy of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated by several advection dominated transport problems. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved linear interpolation practice for finite‐volume schemes on complex grids

Methods for the computation of flow problems based on finite‐volume discretizations and pressure‐correction methods frequently require the interpolation of control volume face values from nodal values. The simple, often employed central differencing scheme (CDS) leads to a significant loss in accuracy when the numerical grid is non‐regular as it is usual when modelling complex geometries. An alternative technique based on a multi‐dimensional Taylor series expansion (TSE) is proposed, which preserves the CDS‐like sparsity pattern of the discrete system. While the TSE scheme computationally is only slightly more expensive than the CDS approach, it results in a significantly higher accuracy, where the difference increases with the grid irregularity. The method is investigated and compared to the CDS approach for some representative test cases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A high-order full-discretization method using Hermite interpolation for periodic time-delayed differential equations

A high-order full-discretization method(FDM)using Hermite interpolation(HFDM) is proposed and implemented for periodic systems with time delay. Both Lagrange interpolation and Hermite interpolation are used to approximate state values and delayed state values in each discretization step. The transition matrix over a single period is determined and used for stability analysis. The proposed method increases the approximation order of the semidiscretization method and the FDM without increasing the computational time. The convergence, precision, and efficiency of the proposed method are investigated using several Mathieu equations and a complex turning model as examples. Comparison shows that the proposed HFDM converges faster and uses less computational time than existing methods.     

An immersed boundary solver for inviscid compressible flows

In this paper, a simple and efficient immersed boundary (IB) method is developed for the numerical simulation of inviscid compressible Euler equations. We propose a method based on coordinate transformation to calculate the unknowns of ghost points. In the present study, the body‐grid intercept points are used to build a complete bilinear (2‐D)/trilinear (3‐D) interpolation. A third‐order weighted essentially nonoscillation scheme with a new reference smoothness indicator is proposed to improve the accuracy at the extrema and discontinuity region. The dynamic blocked structured adaptive mesh is used to enhance the computational efficiency. The parallel computation with loading balance is applied to save the computational cost for 3‐D problems. Numerical tests show that the present method has second‐order overall spatial accuracy. The double Mach reflection test indicates that the present IB method gives almost identical solution as that of the boundary‐fitted method. The accuracy of the solver is further validated by subsonic and transonic flow past NACA2012 airfoil. Finally, the present IB method with adaptive mesh is validated by simulation of transonic flow past 3‐D ONERA M6 Wing. Global agreement with experimental and other numerical results are obtained.     

大型圆形贮液池力学分析中的重心插值拟谱法

针对传统大型圆形贮液池力学分析方法计算复杂、精度不高的问题,用拟谱法对圆形贮液池的线弹性静力问题进行了研究.采用重心Lagrange插值多项式建立未知函数的微分矩阵,将池壁的控制方程表示为代数方程组.通过求解代数方程组,求得池壁各个离散点挠度,进而采用微分矩阵直接求得池壁内力.算例表明,该方法原理简单,易于程序实现和数值计算精度高.     

An efficient RPIM for simulating wave motions in saturated porous media

An efficient meshless technique for simulating wave motions in saturated porous media is introduced in this paper. Using radial point interpolation method (RPIM) and considering the precision requirement in wave motion simulation, a lumped-mass RPIM for saturated porous media with clear physical concepts is derived. Combining explicit time integration with the lumped-mass RPIM leads to a decoupled radial point interpolation method (decoupled RPIM) for dynamic analysis without solving algebra equation set. A two-dimensional problem is calculated by the proposed decoupled RPIM, the ordinary RPIM, and the finite element method (FEM). The accuracy and efficiency of these methods are compared, which demonstrate that the proposed decoupled RPIM has comparable accuracy with the ordinary RPIM and the finite element method, but has high efficiency in simulating wave motions in saturated porous media.     

Use of characteristics method with cubic interpolation for unsteady-flow computation

The specified-time-interval (STI) scheme has been used commonly in applying the method of characteristics (MOC) to unsteady open-channel flow problems. However, with the use of STI scheme, the numerical error for the simulation results can always be induced due to the interpolation used to approximate the characteristics trajectory. Hence, in order to remedy the numerical errors caused by the interpolation, one needs to seek some kind of interpolation technique with higher-order accuracy. Instead of the linear interpolation technique, which has been used very commonly and can induce serious numerical diffusion, the Holly--Preissmann two-point, method, which is a cubic interpolation technique with fourth-order of accuracy, is proposed here to integrate with the method of characteristics for the computation of one-dimensional unsteady flow in open channel. The concept of reachback and reachout in space and time directions for the characteristics is also introduced to assure the model stability. The computed results from this new model are compared with those computed by using the Preissmann four-point scheme and the multimode method of characteristics with linear interpolation.     

Fast, Robust and Accurate Digital Image Correlation Calculation Without Redundant Computations

High-efficiency and high-accuracy deformation analysis using digital image correlation (DIC) has become increasingly important in recent years, considering the ongoing trend of using higher resolution digital cameras and common requirement of processing a large sequence of images recorded in a dynamic testing. In this work, to eliminate the redundant computations involved in conventional DIC method using forward additive matching strategy and classic Newton–Raphson (FA-NR) algorithm without sacrificing its sub-pixel registration accuracy, we proposed an equivalent but more efficient DIC method by combining inverse compositional matching strategy and Gauss-Newton (IC-GN) algorithm for fast, robust and accurate full-field displacement measurement. To this purpose, first, an efficient IC-GN algorithm, without the need of re-evaluating and inverting Hessian matrix in each iteration, is introduced to optimize the robust zero-mean normalized sum of squared difference (ZNSSD) criterion to determine the desired deformation parameters of each interrogated subset. Then, an improved reliability-guided displacement tracking strategy is employed to achieve further speed advantage by automatically providing accurate and complete initial guess of deformation for the IC-GN algorithm implemented on each calculation point. Finally, an easy-to-implement interpolation coefficient look-up table approach is employed to avoid the repeated calculation of bicubic interpolation at sub-pixel locations. With the above improvements, redundant calculations involved in various procedures (i.e. initial guess of deformation, sub-pixel displacement registration and sub-pixel intensity interpolation) of conventional DIC method are entirely eliminated. The registration accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed DIC method are carefully tested using numerical experiments and real experimental images. Experimental results verify that the proposed DIC method using IC-GN algorithm and the existing DIC method using classic FA-NR algorithm generate similar results, but the former is about three to five times faster. The proposed reliability-guided IC-GN algorithm is expected to be a new standard full-field displacement tracking algorithm in DIC.     

$$\varvec{}$$-Dimensional nonlinear Rossby solitary waves under the effects of generalized beta and slowly varying topography

This paper describes a robust, accurate and efficient scheme based on a cubic spline interpolation. The proposed scheme is applied to approximate variable-order fractional integrals and is extended to solve a class of nonlinear variable-order fractional equations with delay. Modified Hutchinson equation and delay Ikeda equation are solved using the proposed scheme. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method are analyzed in the perspective of the mean absolute error and experimental convergence order. Numerical results confirm the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed scheme.     

FAST ALGORITHMS FOR DETERMINING POSITIVE DEFINITENESS OF LARGE SCALE MATRICES IN SOLID STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

对于结构稳定性分析中超大规模矩阵正定性判定,必须采用并行计算方法,传统方法如计算特征值、主子式行列式及LDLT等直接方法难以实现.本文提出了一些可适用于并行的迭代判定算法.借鉴力学系统中能量下降的思想,发展了一种判定矩阵正定性的新思路,即将矩阵的正定性判定问题转化为一个优化问题,并基于优化算法来判定矩阵的正定性.提出了基于最速下降法和共轭梯度法来进行矩阵正定性判定的算法.然后考虑到力学系统刚度矩阵的稀疏性和结构刚失稳状态的弱非正定性,提出可以先截超平面后解方程求驻值点的方法来判定弱非正定矩阵的正定性.为了保证对强非正定矩阵判定的准确性,本文提出可以高效混杂使用截平面法和共轭梯度法.数值实验结果表明,本文提出的算法具有准确性和高效性.对于强非正定矩阵而言,共轭梯度算法更加高效;而对于弱非正定矩阵,则是截平面法和混杂算法更加高效.这些算法都容易在机群上实现并行计算,能够快速判定大规模矩阵的正定性.     

Development of highly accurate interpolation method for mesh‐free flow simulations II. Application of CIVA method to incompressible flow simulations

This is the second report on the development of a highly accurate interpolation method, which is called cubic interpolation with volume/area (CIVA) co‐ordinates, for mesh‐free flow simulations. In this paper, the method of determining the c‐parameter of CIVA using a constant curvature condition is first considered for the two‐ and three‐dimensional cases. A computation of a three‐dimensional passive scalar advection problem is performed for accuracy verification and for comparison with widely used methods. Then, an application algorithm of the CIVA method respecting incompressible fluid simulation is presented. As the incompressible condition based on Lagrangian approaches causes problems, in this paper we consider the condition based on the conventional Eulerian approach. The CIVA‐based incompressible flow simulation algorithm enables a highly accurate simulation of many kinds of problems that have complicated geometries and involve complicated phenomena. To confirm the facts, numerical analyzes are executed for some benchmark problems, namely flow in a square cavity, free surface sloshing and moving boundary problems in complex geometries. The results show that the method achieves high accuracy and has high flexibility, even for the flows involving high Reynolds number, complicated geometries, moving boundaries and free surfaces. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

MODIFIED SCHEME BASED ON SEMI-ANALYTIC APPROACH FOR COMPUTING NON-PROBABILISTIC RELIABILITY INDEX

A new computation scheme proposed to tackle commensurate problems is devel- oped by modifying the semi-analytic approach for minimizing computational complexity. Using the proposed scheme, the limit state equations, usually referred to as the failure surface, are obtained from transformation of an interval variable to a normalized one. In order to minimize the computational cost, two algorithms for optimizing the calculation steps have been proposed. The monotonicity of the objective function can be determined from narrowing the scope of interval variables in normalized infinite space by incorporating the algorithms into the computational scheme. Two examples are used to illustrate the operation and computational efficiency of the approach. The results of these examples show that the proposed algorithms can greatly reduce the computation complexity without sacrificing the computational accuracy. The advantage of the proposed scheme can be even more efficient for analyzing sophistic structures.     

捷联惯导系统算法比较研究

运用四子样圆锥补偿现代捷联惯导系统姿态算法、针对船舶的摇摆运动在数字信号处理芯片（DSPs)上进行了仿真，并与三子样圆锥补偿算法，三子样等效转动矢量法和单子样毕卡逼近法的仿真，并与三子样圆锥补偿算法、三子样等效转动矢量法和单子样毕卡逼近法的仿真结果进行了比较。结果表明：四子样圆锥补偿能更有效地抑制不可交换误差，提高姿态精度，且整个导航算法在TMS320C6211 EVM仿真器上运行，所花时间为5．3毫秒。     

绘制等应力线的一种有效方法

本文提出了一种绘制受载结构等应力图的有效而简单的方法,这种方法是在开发PRSA-1专用有限元程序中逐渐改进和完善的,它能根据有限元的计算结果连续地在结构内搜索等应力点,也采用了适当的方法构造出一些等应力点。借助于AUTOCAD绘图软件包,结构的等应力图可以在计算机屏幕上自动生成,也可以用绘图仪绘出以便永久保留。     

两点边值问题的小波配点法

根据多分辨分析,提出用任意连续的尺度函数构造区间上的插值基函数,形成以尺度函数为基础的求解两点边值问题的小波配点法.该方法中,尺度函数不受紧支撑、插值等性质的限制,计算复杂度小,数值解收敛性由多分辨分析理论保证.同时,给出边值条件的积分处理方法,能够方便地处理任意边界条件,当尺度函数不具有高阶导数时,该方法也能有效使用.数值算例表明,该方法是一个高效、高精度的算法.     

A Control Volume Radial Basis Function Techniques for the Numerical Simulation of Saturated Flows in Semi-confined Aquifer

In this work, a Control Volume Radial Basis Function technique (CV-RBF) is adapted to solve ground water flow in the saturated zone of the semi-confined aquifer. The CV-RBF method differs from classical CV methods in the way that the flux at the cell surfaces is computed. A local RBF interpolation of the field variable is performed at the centres of the cell being integrated and its neighbours. This interpolation is then used to reconstruct the solution and its gradient in the integration points which support the flux computation. In addition, it is required that such interpolation satisfies the governing equation in a certain number of points placed around the cell centres. In this way, the local interpolations become equivalent to local boundary-value problems. The CV-RBF method is combined with a local remeshing technique in order to track the phreatic surface, where the gradients required to satisfy the kinematic condition are computed by the same local RBF interpolations used for the flux computation. The proposed numerical approach is validated in a series of three-dimensional groundwater flow problems where the operations of recharging and extracting water from a semi-confined aquifer are modelled.     

基于RBF插值技术的CFD/CSD非线性耦合分析方法研究

基于非结构混合网格的N-S方程求解器和结构柔度影响系数法,发展了一种考虑气动、结构非线性的基于RBF插值技术CFD/CSD耦合分析方法,适用于解决现代大展弦比飞机的非线性静气动弹性问题。该方法采用时间相关法（即求解非定常方程组,用长时间的渐近解趋于定常状态）求解静气弹分析时的定常流动。考虑大展弦比飞机结构变形问题为大变形小应力问题,在利用柔度系数法求解结构方程时,假设每次求解结构方程时应力与应变为线性关系,整体静气弹分析过程为非线性关系,因此每次求解结构方程时要更新柔度影响系数矩阵。在非定常N-S方程每求解一个时间步耦合一次结构有限元分析,由于结构有限元分析的时间相对于气动分析时间是很短的,所以这种方法实际上近似使用了一次求解非定常气动力的时间完成了整个静气动弹性分析的过程。对于气动网格与结构有限元网格不一致性,本文采用径向基函数（RBF）插值方法中的TPS方法进行结构弹性变形和气动载荷插值,采用虚功原理完成气动载荷数据交换。为了节省气弹分析时间,采用动网格方法对气动网格进行更新,本文基于RBF插值方法发展一种适用于混合网格（四面体、三棱柱、金字塔和六面体）变形的动网格方法,可以保证附面层网格的质量与分布从而准确模拟其流动。利用该方法对M6机翼、DLR-F6翼身组合体和某大型客机机翼进行了静气动弹性特性分析,结果验证了本文开发的非线性CFD/CSD耦合分析方法的可行性、精确性和高效性。