基于统一相场理论的锂电池电极颗粒断裂模拟研究

锂电池充放电过程中,锂离子的脱出和嵌入会引发电极颗粒的不均匀体积变化和机械应力.上述锂离子扩散过程诱发的应力与电极颗粒的尺寸大小、截面形状和冲放电速率有关,可能会导致电极颗粒出现裂缝起裂、扩展甚至断裂等力学失效,对锂离子电池的容量和循环寿命等性能产生不利影响.为准确模拟并预测电极颗粒的力学失效过程,在笔者前期提出的统一相场理论框架内进一步考虑化学扩散、力学变形和裂缝演化等耦合过程,建立化学–力学耦合相场内聚裂缝模型,发展相应的多场有限元数值实现算法,并应用于二维柱状和三维球体锂电池电极颗粒的力学失效分析.由于同时涵括了基于强度的起裂准则、基于能量的扩展准则以及基于变分原理的裂缝路径判据,这一模型不仅适用于带初始缺陷电极颗粒的开裂行为模拟,而且适用于无初始缺陷电极颗粒的损伤破坏全过程分析.数值计算结果表明,相场内聚裂缝模型能够模拟锂离子扩散引发的电极颗粒裂缝起裂、扩展、汇聚等复杂演化过程,可为锂离子电池电极颗粒的力学失效预测和优化设计提供有益的参考.     

含缺口试件疲劳全寿命预测一种建议的方法

传统的研究含缺口构件的疲劳的方法是将疲劳启裂和疲劳裂纹扩展两个过程完全独立起来,用不同的方法来模拟,相互间并没有定量的关系。本文是基于最新发展的多轴疲劳损伤理论,建立了一种适用于各种载荷条件下的疲劳启裂和裂纹扩展的普适方法。根据从弹塑性分析中得到的应力应变,确定疲劳损伤模型,建立能够预测疲劳启裂、裂纹扩展速率和扩展方向的新方法。整个模拟可以分为两步:弹-塑性应力分析得到材料的应力应变分布;再运用一个通用的疲劳准则预测疲劳裂纹启裂和裂纹扩展。通过对1070号钢含缺口试件的疲劳全寿命预测,得到了与实验非常吻合的模拟结果。     

拉压循环载荷下正交异性钢桥面板肋-面板焊缝裂纹扩展分析

采用四步法计算了考虑循环载荷中压应力影响的正交异性钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝表面裂纹扩展。第一步是基于正交异性钢桥面板的疲劳分析模型,计算肋-面板焊缝处的应力,第二步是通过肋-面板焊缝的三维局部模型,用Schwartz-Neumann交替法计算焊缝表面裂纹的应力强度因子分布,第三步是用二维断裂力学模型和增量塑性损伤模型,计算循环载荷中的压应力对裂纹扩展的影响,第四步是用第二步中的三维裂纹分析结果和第三步中的二维断裂力学模型得到的裂纹扩展公式,计算钢桥面板的肋-面板焊缝表面裂纹扩展。计算结果表明,对应于正交异性钢桥面板肋-面板焊缝处的循环应力,本文所用模型的裂纹尖端反向塑性区导致裂纹扩展率增加50%以上。研究结果为正交异性钢桥面板肋-面板焊缝裂纹的疲劳寿命分析提供了研究基础。     

Numerical computation of central crack growth in an active particle of electrodes influenced by multiple factors

Mechanical degradation, especially fractures in active particles in an electrode, is a major reason why the capacity of lithium-ion batteries fades. This paper proposes a model that couples Li-ion diffusion, stress evolution, and damage mechanics to simulate the growth of central cracks in cathode particles \((\hbox {LiMn}_{2}\hbox {O}_{4})\) by an extended finite element method by considering the influence of multiple factors. The simulation shows that particles are likely to crack at a high discharge rate, when the particle radius is large, or when the initial central crack is longer. It also shows that the maximum principal tensile stress decreases and cracking becomes more difficult when the influence of crack surface diffusion is considered. The fracturing process occurs according to the following stages: no crack growth, stable crack growth, and unstable crack growth. Changing the charge/discharge strategy before unstable crack growth sets in is beneficial to prevent further capacity fading during electrochemical cycling.     

爆生气体作用下岩石裂纹的扩展机理

在爆生气体作用下 ,爆破近区的裂纹在气体驱动压力下扩展 ,而爆破中区的裂纹扩展是在气体膨胀压力场和原岩应力共同作用下发生的。基于岩石细观损伤断裂理论 ,认为裂纹扩展的过程就是裂纹尖端到周围岩石的逐渐损伤引起的损伤区移动过程 ;建立了这两个区域的损伤断裂准则和裂纹尖端的损伤局部化模型 ,可以更好地反映爆生气体作用下裂纹扩展的实际过程。     

STUDY ON THE SURFACE CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR IN 14MnNbq BRIDGE STEEL

Three-dimensional crack closure correction methods are investigated in this paper.The fatigue crack growth tests of surface cracks in 14MnNbq steel for bridge plate subjected to tensile and bending loadings are systematically conducted.The experimentally measured fatigue crack growth rates of surface cracks are compared with those of through-thickness cracks in detail.It is found that the crack growth rates of surface cracks are lower than those of through-thickness cracks.In order to correct their differences in fatigue crack growth rates, a dimensionless crack closure correction model is proposed.Although this correction model is determined only by the experimental data of surface cracks under tensile loading with a constant ratio R=0.05, it can correlate the surface crack growth rates with reasonable accuracy under tensile and bending loadings with various stress ratios ranging from 0 to 0.5.Furthermore, predictions of fatigue life and crack aspect ratio for surface cracks are discussed, and the predicted results are also compared with those obtained from other prediction approaches.Comparison results show that the proposed crack closure correction model gives better prediction of fatigue life than other models.     

层状磁电复合材料界面共线裂纹平面问题分析

本文研究了面内电磁势载荷作用下双层压电压磁复合材料中共线界面裂纹问题．考虑了压电材料的导磁性质和压磁材料的介电性质,引入了界面电位移和磁感强度的连续性条件．利用Fourier 变换得到一组第二类Cauchy 型奇异积分方程．进一步导出了相应问题的应力强度因子、电位移强度因子和磁感强度强度因子的表达式,给出了应力强度因子的数值结果．结果表明电磁载荷会导致界面裂纹尖端I、II 混合型应力奇异性,同时还伴随着电位移和磁感强度的奇异性．比较了双裂纹左右端的应力强度因子,发现在面内极化方向上施加面内磁势载荷时共线裂纹内侧尖端区域的两个法向应力场发生互相干涉增强．     

Fatigue damage evolution in silicon films for micromechanical applications

In this paper we examine the conditions for surface topography evolution and crack growth/fracture during the cyclic actuation of polysilicon microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) structures. The surface topography evolution that occurs during cyclic fatigue is shown to be stressassisted and may be predicted by linear perturbation analyses. The conditions for crack growth (due to pre-existing or nucleated cracks) are also examined within the framework of linear elastic fracture mechanics. Within this framework, we consider pre-existing cracks in the topical SiO₂ layer that forms on the Si substrate in the absence of passivation. The thickening of the SiO₂ that is normally observed during cyclic actuation of Si MEMS structures is shown to increase the possibility of stable crack growth by stress corrosion cracking prior to the onset of unstable crack growth in the SiO₂ and Si layers. Finally, the implications of the results are discussed for the prediction of fatigue damage in silicon MEMS structures.     

微小缺口/孔洞的激光衍射无损检测

基于裂纹和孔洞的小尺寸特征,提出了微小缺口/孔洞的激光衍射无损探测技术,给出了解析表达式.通过这一技术,对单向拉伸试件中所含单边缺口和中心孔洞在外载作用下的演化过程进行了实时原位检测,获得了缺口/孔洞孔径随载荷的变化曲线及模拟裂纹时裂纹的张开位移、裂纹开裂长度及应力强度因子等一系列断裂参数.     

界面裂纹的路径选择与数值模拟

利用界面断裂能和荷载混合度的概念研究界面裂纹的扩展路径，利用有限元数值方法模拟界面裂纹的扩展过程，再现界面断裂的各种几何构型．研究表明，界面的断裂能和混合度完全控制了裂纹在界面附近的扩展过程．数值预测的裂纹路径与理论结果一致     

含偏置裂纹三点弯曲梁的动态断裂行为研究

采用动态焦散线方法，对含偏置裂纹三点弯曲梁承受横向冲击的弯曲断裂行为进行了一系列动态断裂力学实验研究，分析了无量纲量ａ／ｌ的改变（ａ——初始裂纹偏离梁中心线的距离；ｌ——梁长度的一半）对于裂纹动态扩展行为（裂纹起始状态、裂纹尖端的复合应力强度因子、裂纹扩展速度、裂纹扩展轨迹）的影响，并借助动态光弹性应力分析，对应力波与扩展裂纹的相互作用以及应力波传播规律进行探讨．给出了裂纹尖端复合应力强度因子、裂纹扩展速度的变化、裂纹曲裂轨迹以及方向与梁中应力波传播的相互关系     

Bifurcation of collinear crack system under dynamic compression

The evolution pattern of collinear crack array plays a very important role in the final failure pattern of rock and predicting earthquake. Crack interactions lead to the nonhomogeneous pseudo-traction, then result in bifurcation of crack growth pattern. Bifurcation condition of crack growth pattern can be expressed by the crack growth length/spacing ratio. For collinear cracks loaded by dynamic compressive loads, uniform crack growth pattern yields to non-uniform crack growth pattern when the crack growth length/spacing ratio is larger than a critical value. In this paper, crack interactions are studied using stress superposition principle and the Chebyshev polynomials expansion of the pseudo-traction. The analytical solution of the critical value for two collinear cracks and infinite collinear cracks is given out. The critical value is sensitive to pre-existing crack length, the friction coefficient, the orientation of pre-existing crack, crack growth velocity.     

Dynamic crack growth behaviour during explosive treatment

On the basis of mixed mode fracture as well as dynamic fracture mechanics crack growth behaviour related to the stress wave during the explosive treatment is studied experimentally and theoretically. The effects of the incident wave, the reflected wave and the stress wave duration on the crack growth behaviour are discussed. A method for restricting crack growth by using an energy absorber has been tested and recommended.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF CRACK GROWTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS BASED ON XFEM1)

基于最大主应力准则,利用扩展有限元法对钢筋混凝土三点弯曲梁的裂纹扩展进行数值模拟。通过与已有模型试验结果的比对,验证了该方法的准确性与有效性。研究发现,带裂纹钢筋混凝土构件的裂纹扩展与力学性能不但受到单裂纹的尺寸、位置、倾角的影响,而且还受多裂纹间位置关系的影响;其中,裂纹横向分布位置和裂纹纵向分布位置是影响带裂纹钢筋混凝土梁裂缝扩展的主要因素。     

多参量断裂力学广义杂交/混合裂纹有限元法

通过研究广为人知的断裂力学单变量八节点位移裂纹QPE元和Akin族奇异单元法，本文运用经典局部裂纹解析解，与非协调假设应力杂交-混合元列式方法相结合，提出用于分层各向异性材料的多变量半解析假设应力奇异广义杂交／混合裂纹有限元法，能克服现有位移裂纹元法的域应力分布精度低和高次单元所需计算容量大的局限性，互为补充，更有利于结构裂纹扩展分析和应用研究。文中设计了一个半解析奇异裂纹平面单元，各向同性材料板算例验证了退化二次八节点协调位移裂纹元及六节点非协调奇异应力裂纹元，说明采用稀疏及加密单元网格，两类裂纹单元分别从上下逼近收敛于实验和理论参考解，可得到吻合程度较好的1／√r奇异应变和应力分量以及应力强度因子值，表明了本文奇异裂纹单元理论的优越性。     

爆炸处理时裂纹动态扩展行为的研究

本文研究爆炸处理时裂纹在应力波作用下的动态扩展行为,分别讨论了入射波、反射波和应力波持续时间的作用,并根据线弹性断裂力学复合型准则和动态断裂准则对裂纹的扩展进行了分析,作者建议用吸能块的办法控制爆炸处理时裂纹的扩展,并作了实验验证。     

Investigation on 3D fatigue crack propagation in surface-cracked specimens

In the present work the fatigue crack growth in AISI304 specimens is investigated experimentally. In 3D finite element analysis the virtual crack closure technique is applied to calculate distributions and variations of the stress intensity factor along the surface crack front. It is confirmed that the stress intensity factor along the surface crack front varies non-uniformly with crack growth. Crack growth rate is proportional to the stress intensity factor distribution in the 3D cracked specimen. The fatigue crack growth in surface cracked specimens can be described by the Forman model identified in conventional compact tension specimens. For crack growth in the free specimen surface the arc length seems more suitable to quantify crack progress. Geometry and loading configuration of the surface cracked specimen seem to not affect the fatigue crack growth substantially.     

Quantitative law of diffusion induced fracture

Through dimension analysis, an almost analyt-ical model for the maximum diffusion induced stress (DIS) and critical temperature (or concentration) difference at which cracks begin to initiate in the diffusion process is devel-oped. It interestingly predicts that the spacing of diffusion-induced cracks is constant, independent of the thickness of specimen and the temperature difference. These conclusions are validated by our thermal shock experiments on alu-mina plates. Furthermore, the proposed model can interpret observed hierarchical crack patterns for high temperature jump cases, and a three-stage relation between the resid-ual strength and the temperature difference. The prediction for crack spacing can guide the biomimetic thermal-shock-failure proof design, in which the hard platelets smaller than the predicted diffusion induced by constant crack-spacing are embedded in a soft matrix, and, therefore, no fracture will happen. This may guide the design of the thermal protec-tion system and the lithium ion battery. Finally we present the maximum normalized DISes for various geometry and boundary conditions by single-variable curves for the stress-independent diffusion process and two-variable contour plots for the stress-dependent diffusion process, which can provide engineers and materialists a simple and easy way to quickly evaluate the reliability of related materials and devices.     

Analysis of electric boundary condition effects on crack propagation in piezoelectric ceramics

There are three types of cracks: impermeable crack, permeable crack and conducting crack, with different electric boundary conditions on faces of cracks in piezoelectric ceramics, which poses difficulties in the analysis of piezoelectric fracture problems. In this paper, in contrast to our previous FEM formulation, the numerical analysis is based on the used of exact electric boundary conditions at the crack faces, thus the common assumption of electric impermeability in the FEM analysis is avoided. The crack behavior and elasto-electric fields near a crack tip in a PZT-5 piezoelectric ceramic under mechanical, electrical and coupled mechanical-electrical loads with different electric boundary conditions on crack faces are investigated. It is found that the dielectric medium between the crack faces will reduce the singularity of stress and electric displacement. Furthermore, when the permittivity of the dielectric medium in the crack gap is of the same order as that of the piezoelectric ceramic, the crack becomes a conducting crack, the applied electric field has no effect on the crack propagation. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19672026, 19891180)     

Effect of crack position on stress intensity factor in particle-reinforced metal-matrix composites

In this study, a numerical model was developed to study the effects of mechanical properties of the particle and matrix materials, the crack position (in particle/in matrix) and loading conditions (mode 1 and mixed-mode) in particle-reinforced metal-matrix composites. The finite element technique was used to calculate the stress intensity factors for crack at and near-interface. The Displacement Correlation Method was used to calculate the stress intensity factors K₁ and K₂. In the present model, the particle and matrix materials were modeled in linear elastic conditions. The interface crack was considered between the particle and matrix, without the presence of the interface. For near-interface crack problem, two different crack positions (in particle/in matrix) were selected. The obtained results show the key role on the stress intensity factors played by the relative elastic properties of the particle and matrix. The results also show that loading condition has an important effect on the K₂ stress intensity factor and the crack deflection angle.