Water dynamics in ionic magnetic colloids studied by H nuclear magnetic resonance

In a previous nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study we observed that the NMR spectra of water in both surfacted and ionic ferrofluids are asymmetric and several orders of magnitude wider than the one of pure water. It has been proposed that this effect is produced by extremely strong magnetic field gradients in the intergrain volume and/or by surface interactions between the carrier liquid molecules and the grains surface. In the case of aqueous ionic ferrofluids the latter possibility should be interpreted as electric interactions between water (polar) molecules and the charges in the grain surface.

In this work we study a series of ionic and surfacted ferrofluids prepared at different magnetic grain concentrations and sizes, and with different surface charge densities. Our experiments clearly show that the sign and the density of the electric charge on the magnetic grains have no influence on NMR spectra. On the other hand, spectral widths increase with the magnetic grain concentration.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance study of iron overload in liver tissue

Whole-tissue and homogenized samples of human liver were studied in a NMR spectrometer, T1 and T2 relaxation times were measured as a function of added inorganic or organic iron. When inorganic iron (Fe+3) was added, pronounced T1 and T2 shortening was noted. However, when organic iron, in the form of ferritin, was added, the amount of T1 and T2 relaxation enhancement was much reduced for the same amount of added iron. The in vitro ferritin results model the situation found in clinical studies of hemochromatosis. Only in cases of severe iron overload were significant decreases in relaxation times observed. The T2 relaxation time was the more reliable indicator of excessive levels of iron in the liver. The large range of T1 and T2 values encountered in normal volunteers precludes the use of MR to quantitatively measure iron levels in the liver. The T1 and T2 relaxation times measured at intervals for one individual tend to fluctuate as well, making the use of MR to follow the course of treatment of iron overload disorders unreliable.     

核磁共振成像系列实验教学探讨

超小型核磁共振成像仪已经应用在近代物理实验教学中,该仪器可以研究各种样品的脉冲核磁共振.本文从教学内容和教学方法上对核磁共振成像实验进行了探讨·     

磁共振波谱与成像技术

文章简要介绍了核磁共振的基本原理,详细阐述了液体核磁共振在蛋白质结构、功能和动力学等方面的研究进展,论述了增强固体核磁共振分辨率的方法及其应用,讲述了磁共振成像的原理并综述了不同磁共振成像方法的应用研究进展,并对核磁共振的发展作了展望。     

核磁共振技术在生物研究中的应用

核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)是以原子核自旋的共振跃迁为探测对象的谱学方法.当自旋量子数不为零的原子核处于外磁场中时,会引起能级的Zeeman分裂.若再施加能量等于Zeeman能级差的射频场,则会诱发原子核自旋的共振跃迁,这种现象即为核磁共振.核自旋的共振频率与原子的类型有关,且受原子所处化学和物理环境的影响.此外,NMR能量较低,不会影响探测对象(常为分子)的状态.因此,NMR能够在无损条件下提供多种具有原子和分子分辨的物质组成、结构、形态、动态变化等丰富信息.     

A computer algorithm for the simulation of any nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging method

More than a dozen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) imaging methods have been described using different radio-frequency pulse sequences, magnetic field gradient variations, and data processing. In order to have a theoretical understanding in the most general case, we have conceived a computer program for the simulation of NMR imaging techniques. The algorithm uses the solution of the Bloch equations at each point of a simulated object. The direction of every elementary magnetic moment is computed at each instant, and stored in an array giving the global signal to be processed, whatever the pulse and gradient sequence. To test the validity of this program, we have simulated some well-known experimental results. Some applications are presented which contribute to the understanding of image distortions and to techniques such as selective radio-frequency pulse or oscillating gradients. This program can be used to unravel physical and technological causes of image distortions, to have a "microscopic" look at any parameter of an experiment, and to study the contrast given by various NMR imaging techniques as a function of the three NMR parameters, i.e., the hydrogen nuclei density rho and the relaxation times T1 and T2.     

Dynamic H nuclear magnetic resonance of rotating solids

The sensitivity of one-dimensional dynamic magic-angle spinning (MAS) and off-MAS ²H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra to changes in the parameters of jump-type molecular motions is studied. The Floquet theory approach is used to simulate spectra of spins with I = 1, which are involved in exchange processes in rotating solids. The solution of the Bloch-McConnell equations for rotating samples are derived and some simulated frequency spectra are shown. The dependence of the lineshapes of the center and sidebands of the MAS and off-MAS spectra on the exchange parameters are discussed. Experimental results of ²H spectra of perdeuterated dimethyl sulfone, obtained in the temperature range 20–55 °C, are demonstrated. The methyl groups in this molecule undergo π flips at rates that can be detected by MAS and off-MAS NMR. The shapes of the experimental sidebands are compared with simulated results.     

Basic concepts for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

The basic concepts necessary to understand the physical basis of NMR imaging are presented in this didactic article. It is intended as a starting point for the radiologist or medical physicist who is addressing the topic of NMR for the first time. The basis of the NMR phenomena is described with introduction of the concepts of magnetic moment, magnetic fields, magnetic resonance, net magnetic moment of a sample, NMR excitation and NMR emission. The equipment necessary to observe these NMR properties of matter is summarized as well as the procedures for basic pulsed NMR experiments. The physical concepts for spatial localization of NMR emissions are introduced with physical analogies to stringed musical instruments. Several alternative imaging modalities are compared with greatest emphasis on the inversion recovery technique which yields images weighted by tissue T₁ values. The six subsystems of an NMR imaging device (primary magnet, computer, radio equipment, magnetic gradient, data storage and display subsystems) are described in an overview fashion. The paper is followed by a series of study questions to test the reader's comprehension of basic NMR imaging concepts.     

1H relaxation and dynamics of triphenylbismuth in deuterated solvents

ABSTRACT

¹H spin–lattice relaxation experiments have been performed for triphenylbismuth dissolved in fully deuterated glycerol and tetrahydrofuran. The experiments have been carried out in a broad frequency range, from 10?kHz to 40?MHz, versus temperature. The data have been analysed in terms of a relaxation model including two relaxation pathways: ¹H-¹H dipole–dipole interactions between intrinsic protons of triphenylbismuth molecule and ¹H-²H dipole–dipole interactions between the solvent and solute molecules. As a result of the analysis, rotational correlation times of triphenylbismuth molecules in the solutions and relative translational diffusion coefficient between the solvent and solute molecules have been determined. Moreover, the role of the intramolecular ¹H-¹H relaxation contribution has been revealed, depending on the motional parameters, as a result of decomposing the overall relaxation dispersion profile into contributions associated with the ¹H-¹H and ¹H-²H relaxation pathways. The possibility of accessing the contribution of the relaxation of the intrinsic protons is important from the perspective of exploiting Quadrupole Relaxation Enhancement effects as possible contrast mechanisms for Magnetic Resonance Imaging.     

Weighted iterative inversion method for T2 spectrum in nuclear magnetic resonance

Abstract

In traditional nuclear magnetic resonance T₂ inversion methods, the components with long T₂ absorb the components with short T₂, especially for low magnetic field intensity. As a result, the true distribution of all components often cannot be reflected by their solutions, and thus obtaining short T₂ components is an important T₂ inversion problem. Herein, a weighted iterative inversion method for T₂ spectrum in nuclear magnetic resonance is proposed to solve this problem. The weight-based method is applied to ensure that the short T₂ components are not eliminated. The weight scheme is determined by two parameters: the number of weights and maximum weight. The number of weights is determined by the rate of decay, and the maximum weight is mainly determined by three parameters: signal-noise ratio, curvature, and slope of collected signal. To avoid the mutations of results caused by weights, the iteration process was adopted to obtain the optimal solution. The proposed method provides good results, and it was verified to be robust and accurate though simulations and experiments.     

Effect of nuclear magnetic resonance on early stages of amphibian development

Frog spermatozoa, fertilized eggs (during second meiotic division), and embryos (during cleavage) were subjected separately to 30 MHz continuous wave NMR exposure in a static magnetic field of 7.05 kG for 20 min and were compared to unexposed groups, at similar stages, with respect to damage in genetic material, interference with meiotic cell division, and impairment in the development of embryos. No significant differences were observed following treatment suggesting that NMR exposure, at the dose used, does not cause detectable adverse effects in this amphibian.     

Effect of nuclear magnetic resonance on chromosomes of mouse bone marrow cells

Three groups of six male Balb/c mice, subjected to 30 MHz continuous wave NMR exposure in a static magnetic field of 7.05 K Gauss for one hour, were each compared to another group of ten unexposed mice with respect to chromatid and chromosomal aberrations. The exposed groups were sacrificed at two hours, 24 hours and 48 hours following NMR exposure respectively. Control mice were sacrificed 24 hours after sham-exposure. All groups had approximately 0.02 apparent aberrations per cell. These apparent aberrations were in the form of metacentric chromosomes, possibly resulting from a union of chromosomes at their centromeres or possibly simply chromosomes in association. The results are consistent with earlier in vitro findings that NMR exposure causes no adverse cytogenetic effects.     

Site location and requirements for the installation of a nuclear magnetic resonance scanning unit

The installation of a nuclear magnetic resonance unit in any diagnostic facility involves certain location and environmental requirements. Based on our experience with the FONAR QED 80 system, we have delineated the major factors which must be considered when planning for such an installation. The major requirements are location and space. Suggested layouts for the suite and the control room are included. Certain environmental specifications will vary depending on the location of the facility and the type of unit installed.     

Review of nuclear magnetic resonance studies on iron-based superconductors

The newly discovered iron-based superconductors have triggered renewed enormous research interest in the condensed matter physics community. Nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） is a low-energy local probe for studying strongly correlated electrons, and particularly important for high-Tc superconductors. In this paper, we review NMR studies on the structural transition, antiferromagnetic order, spin fluctuations, and superconducting properties of several iron-based high-Tc superconductors, including LaFeAsOl_xFx, LaFeAsOl_x, BaFe2As2, Bal_xKxFe2As2, Cao.23Nao.67Fe2As2, BaFe2（Asl_xPx）2, Ba（Fel_xRux）2As2, Ba（Fel_xCox）2As2, Lil＋xFeAs, LiFel_xCoxAs, NaFeAs, NaFel_xCoxAs, KyFe2_xSe2, and （T1,Rb）yFe2_xSe2.     

Cerebral energy metabolism in rats studied by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance using surface coils

Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance with surface coils was used to investigate the regional metabolism of the rat brain in vivo under conditions of normoxia, severe hypoxemia, partial necrosis, and partial ischemia. The results show an increase in sugar phosphate and/or inorganic phosphate with injury in accordance with in vivo assays. The technique provides a powerful means of monitoring the metabolism of stroke and its response to therapy in vivo.     

量子算法的NMR实现方法

量子计算机是一种以量子耦合方式进行信息处理的装置[1 ] 。原则上 ,它能利用量子相干干涉方法以比传统计算机更快的速度进行诸如大数的因式分解、未排序数据库中的数据搜索等工作[2 ] 。建造大型量子计算机的主要困难是噪音、去耦和制造工艺。一方面 ,虽然离子陷阱和光学腔实验方法大有希望 ,但这些方法都还没有成功实现过量子计算。另一方面 ,因为隔离于自然环境 ,核自旋可以成为很好的“量子比特” ,可能以非传统方式使用核磁共振 (NMR)技术实现量子计算。本文介绍一种用NMR方法实现量子计算的方法 ,该方法能够用比传统方法少的步骤解决一个纯数学问题。基于该方法的简单量子计算机使用比传统计算机使用更少的函数“调用”判断一未知函数的类别。     

Study on the phase transitions by nuclear magnetic resonance of α-type RbAl(SO4)2·12H2O and β-type CsAl(SO4)2·12H2O single crystals

The thermodynamic properties, spin–lattice relaxation times, T₁, and spin–spin relaxation times, T₂, of the ²⁷Al, ⁸⁷Rb, and ¹³³Cs nuclei in MAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O (M=Rb and Cs) crystals were investigated, and the two crystals were found to lose H₂O with increases in temperature. From our results for T₁ and T₂, we conclude that the discontinuities near T_d in the T₁ curves of the two crystals correspond to structural changes. In both crystals, below T_d the water molecules surrounding the Al³⁺ and M⁺ nuclei form distorted octahedra, whereas above T_d the water molecules around the Al³⁺ and M⁺ nuclei form regular octahedra and the environment of the Al³⁺ and M⁺ nuclei has cubic symmetry. Further, the T₁ for the ²⁷Al and ⁸⁷Rb nuclei in RbAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O below T_d were found to increase with increasing temperature, whereas the T₁ for the ²⁷Al and ¹³³Cs nuclei in CsAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O were found to decrease. It is possible that this difference is due to the different characteristics of α- and β-type crystals.     

Phase transitions and molecular motions in [Zn(NH3)4](BF4)2 studied by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and Raman spectroscopy

Middle infrared absorption, Raman scattering and proton magnetic resonance relaxation measurements were performed for [Zn(NH₃)₄](BF₄) in order to establish relationship between the observed phase transitions and reorientational motions of the NH₃ ligands and BF₄⁻ anions. The temperature dependence of spin-lattice relaxation time (T₁(¹H)) and of the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the bands connected with ρ_r(NH₃), ν₂(BF₄) and ν₄(BF₄) modes in the infrared and in the Raman spectra have shown that in the high temperature phase of [Zn(NH₃)₄](BF₄)₂ all molecular groups perform the following stochastic reorientational motions: fast (τ_R≈10⁻¹² s) 120° flips of NH₃ ligands about three-fold axis, fast isotropic reorientation of BF₄⁻ anions and slow (τ_R≈10⁻⁴ s) isotropic reorientation (“tumbling”) of the whole [Zn(NH₃)₄]²⁺ cation. Mean values of the activation energies for uniaxial reorientation of NH₃ and isotropic reorientation of BF₄⁻ at phases I and II are ca. 3 kJ mol⁻¹ and ca. 5 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. At phases III and IV the activation energies values for uniaxial reorientation of both NH₃ and of BF₄⁻ equal to ca. 7 kJ mol⁻¹. Nearly the same values of the activation energies, as well as of the reorientational correlation times, at phases III and IV well explain existence of the coupling between reorientational motions of NH₃ and BF₄⁻. Splitting some of the infrared bands at T_C2=117 K suggests reducing of crystal symmetry at this phase transition. Sudden narrowing of the bands connected with ν₂(BF₄), ν₄(BF₄) and ρ_r(NH₃) modes at T_C3=101 K implies slowing down (τ_R?10⁻¹⁰ s) of the fast uniaxial reorientational motions of the BF₄⁻ anions and NH₃ ligands at this phase transition.     

核磁共振技术在生物研究中的应用

核磁共振（nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR）是以原子核自旋的共振跃迁为探测对象的谱学方法.当自旋量子数不为零的原子核处于外磁场中时,会引起能级的Zeeman分裂.若再施加能量等于Zeeman能级差的射频场,则会诱发原子核自旋的共振跃迁,这种现象即为核磁共振.核自旋的共振频率与原子的类型有关,且受原子所处化学和物理环境的影响.此外,NMR能量较低,不会影响探测对象（常为分子）的状态.因此,NMR能够在无损条件下提供多种具有原子和分子分辨的物质组成、结构、形态、动态变化等丰富信息.