弧形折纸模式薄壁结构的压缩变形与能量吸收

选用PolyMax^TM PLA为试样材料,利用3D打印技术制备了弧形折纸薄壁管件。基于准静态轴向压缩实验,运用ABAQUS软件对弧形折纸薄壁管件轴向准静态压缩和冲击行为进行了有限元计算,探讨了其变形模式和能量吸收特性,分析了预折角和薄壁单胞管件阵列数量对其压溃模式及能量吸收的影响。有限元计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。薄壁管件的变形过程可分为4个阶段：初始压溃阶段、预折角塑性旋转阶段、腹板塑性屈曲阶段和完全压溃密实化阶段。弧形折痕的引入能够有效地降低薄壁管件在压缩过程中的初始压溃载荷峰值,减小冲击载荷的振荡幅值。对比了高度相等、质量近似相等的方管与弧形折纸薄壁管在不同冲击速度下的压缩变形与能量吸收。在准静态压缩作用下,对于单胞模型,仅有折痕倾角为70°的模型的比吸能优于方管;对于多胞管件阵列模型,方管的比吸能均优于折纸管。折纸管的压缩力效率和比总体效率均优于方管,其中折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率最高。在动态冲击压缩下,阵列方管的比吸能均优于阵列折纸管。当冲击速度为10 m/s时,折纸管的压缩力效率和比总体效率均优于方管,其中折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率最高。当冲击速度为20 m/s时,仅有折痕倾角为50°的模型的压缩力效率和比总体效率优于方管。

     

纳米流控能量吸收耗散系统

基于纳米流控行为设计的新一代能量吸收耗散系统(nanofluidic en-ergy absorption system,NEAS)将会比传统吸能材料具有更高的能量吸收密度,而且还可以重复使用,特别是在小体积应用环境下具有显著的优势.本文从实验和计算模拟两方面综述了目前关于NEAS能量吸收耗散行为的最新研究进展,其中实验研究主要包括准静态压缩和动态压缩测试,计算模拟研究主要是采用基于经验势的分于动力学模拟方法.通过准静态压缩实验,可以测量NEAS模型的载荷–位移关系曲线,从而获得NEAS模型的临界渗透压强,了解卸载后系统是否能够恢复到加载前的状态(即是否可以重复使用),井通过载荷–位移关系曲线下面积估算NEAS模型的吸能密度;通过动态压缩实验可以测量NEAS模型对脉冲载荷的缓冲保护作用,主要体现为降低脉冲载荷幅值和扩展脉冲宽度.计算模型研究可以明确给出NEAS对外载荷的微观响应,从而可以准确了解NEAS的能量吸收耗散机制以及吸能密度的主要影响因素.本研究可以帮助我们全面了解NEAS的研究进展,为NEAS的设计与优化提供重要指导.     

Nanofluidic energy absorption system: A review

基于纳米流控行为设计的新一代能量吸收耗散系统（nanofluidic en-ergy absorption system,NEAS）将会比传统吸能材料具有更高的能量吸收密度,而且还可以重复使用,特别是在小体积应用环境下具有显著的优势.本文从实验和计算模拟两方面综述了目前关于NEAS能量吸收耗散行为的最新研究进展,其中实验研究主要包括准静态压缩和动态压缩测试,计算模拟研究主要是采用基于经验势的分子动力学模拟方法.通过准静态压缩实验,可以测量NEAS模型的载荷–位移关系曲线,从而获得NEAS模型的临界渗透压强,了解卸载后系统是否能够恢复到加载前的状态（即是否可以重复使用）,并通过载荷–位移关系曲线下面积估算NEAS模型的吸能密度;通过动态压缩实验可以测量NEAS模型对脉冲载荷的缓冲保护作用,主要体现为降低脉冲载荷幅值和扩展脉冲宽度.计算模型研究可以明确给出NEAS对外载荷的微观响应,从而可以准确了解NEAS的能量吸收耗散机制以及吸能密度的主要影响因素.本研究可以帮助我们全面了解NEAS的研究进展,为NEAS的设计与优化提供重要指导.     

轴向冲击载荷下薄壁折纹管的屈曲模态与吸能

在方管的基础上引入折纹结构, 利用几何关系建立折纹管的折角公式。采用LS-DYNA软件研究了6种折纹管在轴向冲击下的屈曲模态与能量吸收性能, 并与方管进行对比分析。结果表明, 折纹管在冲击载荷作用下屈曲变形过程可分为3个阶段, 初始峰值阶段、稳定渐进屈曲阶段和密实化阶段。折角是影响初始峰值载荷和平均载荷的重要因素之一, 折纹结构的引入有效的降低了初始峰值载荷, 减小了冲击力的波动幅度; 折纹管的比吸能低于方管, 但是在特定折角下, 折纹管的压缩力效率和比总体效率高于方管。     

方管在高速撞击下的能量吸收能力

本文报导了速度约为100m/sec的子弹高速撞击铝合金方管的实验,表明在这种撞击条件下仍与准静态实验中一样,方管仍呈现“开裂与卷曲”的变形破坏模式,并证实了在高速碰撞下方管仍是一种极好的能量吸收装置.理论分析表明,在这种撞击条件下惯性力仍是不重要的;计入了应变率效应之后,理论预计的方管承载能力与实验符合良好.     

聚乙烯泡沫单填充纸瓦楞管的轴向跌落冲击缓冲吸能特性

利用聚乙烯闭孔泡沫单填充纸瓦楞管开展轴向跌落冲击试验,对比分析了结构参数和冲击参数对其缓冲吸能特性参数（比吸能、行程利用率、压缩力效率、比总体效率）的影响。结果表明,X向单填充管的动态缓冲吸能特性优于Y向单填充管,而静态缓冲吸能特性差于Y向单填充管。正四边形单填充管的动态缓冲吸能特性优于正五、六边形单填充管,X向正四边形单填充管的比吸能相较于正五、六边形管分别提高了114.4%和182.3%。对于跌落冲击压缩,单填充管的比吸能、行程利用率、比总体效率随着管长比的增大而减小,管长比为1.4的X向单填充管的比吸能相较于管长比为2.2和3.0的单填充管分别增加了45.8%和117.9%,而压缩力效率随着管长比的增大而增大。随着跌落冲击质量或冲击能量的增加,比吸能、行程利用率、压缩力效率和比总体效率皆呈增大趋势,冲击质量对X向单填充管的影响较大,而冲击速度则对Y向单填充管的影响较大。

     

复合圆柱管撞击吸能特性实验研究

本文研究了外部缠有玻璃纤维增强环氧的金属圆柱管（简称为“复合管”）在轴向撞击载荷下的能量吸收特性。总结了复合管撞击渐进破坏压缩历程的瞬时速度、位移、载荷等的变化规律。从破坏模式、压缩速率（与准静态实验比较）、金属材料的性能、复合材料层的厚度、纤维的缠绕角这几个角度研究了复合管的吸能性能的影响因素。     

受轴向撞击破坏的玻璃─环氧圆柱壳的等效模型

将圆柱壳受轴向撞击破坏简化为一维问题,应用一维应力波传播的理论分析了破坏过程,由此计算了圆柱壳的吸能能力．结果表明,模型计算与撞击试验符合较好．     

受轴向撞击复合材料管的渐进破坏

玻璃—环氧圆柱壳 (管 )的撞击试验表明它的破坏是渐进过程。在低加载速率范围假定圆柱壳与均质圆柱杆具有相同的轴向破坏过程基础上 ,通过建立它们之间的刚度等效关系 ,复合材料圆柱壳的破坏问题简化为一维碰撞问题。根据一维应力波传播的理论 ,提出了圆柱壳受轴向撞击破坏的简化模型 ,分析了这一破坏过程中的能量变化。结果表明本文所提模型能较好地描述圆柱壳受轴向撞击渐进破坏。     

Mitigating impact/blast energy via a novel nanofluidic energy capture mechanism

To effectively mitigating intense impact and blast waves, a novel protection mechanism is proposed in this study where a significant amount of the incident energy can be temporarily captured as potential energy in a nonwetting liquid-nanoporous material system, thereby weakening the peak pressure and elongating the impact pulse. When the pressure of a compressive wave traveling in a liquid overcomes the capillary resistance, the liquid molecules quickly intrude into nanopores while retaining highly compressed form. The incident energy is thus captured (temporarily stored) in nanopores in the form of potential energy of intercalated water molecules, and then gradually released upon unloading (which makes the system reusable). Comparing with other energy absorption materials, the present system has the unique advantage of low activation pressure and high energy density. Using comprehensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the effects of several key parameters (e.g., impact velocity, nanopore size, and pore composition) on energy capture are investigated, and the molecular mechanism is elucidated. The findings are qualitatively validated by a parallel blast experiment on a zeolite/water system.     

Analytical/experimental investigation of energy absorption in grid-stiffened composite structures under transverse loading

In this paper we summarize preliminary results from an analytical/experimental study of the energy absorption characteristics of grid-stiffened composite structures under transverse loading. Tests and quasi-static finite element analysis simulations were carried out for isogrid E-glass/polypropylene panels in three-point bending. The results of the tests and simulations show that these types of structures have excellent damage tolerance and that most of the energy absorption occurs beyond initial failure. It is also observed that even though the peak load is greater for loading on the skin side, the specific energy absorption and the range of displacements over which energy is absorbed are significantly better when the load is applied on the rib side.     

Influence of liquid layers on energy absorption during particle impact

The influence of the thickness of a covering liquid layer and its viscosity as well as the impact velocity on energy loss during the normal impact on a flat steel wall of spherical granules with a liquid layer was studied. Free-fall experiments were performed to obtain the restitution coefficient of elastic–plastic Al2O3 granules by impact on the liquid layer, using aqueous solutions of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose with different concentrations for variation of viscosity (1–300 mPa s). In the presence of a...     

横向冲击载荷下不同约束泡沫铝夹芯圆管的动态响应

以泡沫铝夹芯圆管为研究对象,采用数值模拟研究了横向冲击载荷作用下4种不同约束夹芯圆管的动态响应。研究了夹芯圆管的几何参数、冲击速度和芯层泡沫铝相对密度对夹芯圆管力学行为的影响,对比分析了不同约束条件对泡沫铝夹芯圆管变形模式和吸能性能的影响。结果表明:随着内管直径的减小、冲击速度的增大和芯层泡沫铝相对密度的增大,泡沫铝夹芯圆管的比吸能增大;内管壁厚的增加使无约束和倾斜约束下夹芯圆管的比吸能增大,对侧壁约束和组合约束下夹芯圆管的吸能影响不明显;采用一定的外部约束条件是提高泡沫铝夹芯圆管吸能性能的一种可行的方法。     

基于元胞自动机的变厚度薄壁梁侧向耐撞性优化设计方法

薄壁结构是汽车等运载工具的重要防护装置,除了其轴向防撞能力外,侧向耐撞性能分析与提升方式也非常重要。研究基于薄壁结构厚度合理分布的侧向耐撞性能提升方式和建立基于元胞自动机的变厚度薄壁梁侧向耐撞性优化方法。以汽车B柱受力环境和性能要求为设计需求,首先利用所建立的方法给出了连续变厚度的薄壁梁厚度分布设计,其性能较常规的等厚度薄壁梁最大侵入位移大幅下降(下降82%),验证了变厚度设计的有效性;然后,考虑单向变厚度便于柔性轧制工艺制成TRB,给出了轴向连续变厚度薄壁梁的厚度分布设计,该设计较等厚度梁最大侵入位移下降73%;与连续变厚度梁相比,在侵入位移降低量略小的情况下,实现了可制造性。设计实例表明本文提出的连续变厚度设计能够有效提高侧向耐撞性能,所建立的方法能够获得合理的厚度分布设计,是有效的耐撞性优化设计方法。     

Influence of liquid layers on energy absorption during particle impact

The influence of the thickness of a covering liquid layer and its viscosity as well as the impact velocity on energy loss during the normal impact on a flat steel wall of spherical granules with a liquid layer was studied. Free-fall experiments were performed to obtain the restitution coefficient of elastic-plastic γ- Al2O3 granules by impact on the liquid layer, using aqueous solutions of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose with different concentrations for variation of viscosity （1-300 mPa s）, In the presence of a liquid layer, increase of liquid viscosity decreases the restitution coefficient and the minimum thickness of the liquid layer at which the granule sticks to the wall. The measured restitution coefficients were compared with experiments performed without liquid layer. In contrast to the dry restitution coefficient, due to viscous losses at lower impact velocity, higher energy dissipation was obtained, A rational explanation for the effects obtained was given by results of numerically solved force and energy balances for a granule impact on a liquid layer on the wall. The model takes into account forces acting on the granule including viscous, surface tension, capillary, contact, drag, buoyancy and gravitational forces. Good agreement between simulations and experiments has been achieved.     

A thin-walled composite beam model for light-weighted structures interacting with fluids

A thin-walled beam model is proposed for structures of variable cross-section, which can be either open or closed and includes multicellular cross-sections with either isotropic or orthotropic materials. The proposed model does not require any priori definition of cross-sectional warping which instead results from the solution of the problem. To achieve that a special deformation pattern is superimposed on the bending deformation described by Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. All sectional properties are automatically incorporated in the analysis as a result of the usual variational formulation of the system of equations. The proposed model is specifically designed to simulate the dynamics of wind/hydrokinetic turbine blade with low computational cost, especially in fluid–structure interaction (FSI) simulation. A number of test cases have been carried out to validate the proposed structural model which show good agreement between the results obtained her e and the solutions available in literature. Finally, FSI simulation of a hydrokinetic blade under field condition is carried out to illustrate the capability of the current thin-walled beam model in practice.     

非凸截面管与多胞方管轴向冲击能量吸收性能对比研究

研究了非凸薄壁管在轴向冲击下的能量吸收性能,并与方管以及多胞方管进行了比较分析。首先,采用显式非线性有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA对比分析了这三类薄壁管在壁厚相同情况下的能量吸收性能。然后,在一定的材料用量限制（相同的质量）、一定的能量吸收量需求以及一定的极限峰值力要求等三种情况,比较了这三类截面薄壁管的冲击能量吸收性能。研究表明,非凸截面管在所研究的四种条件下无论在能量吸收效率还是在载荷一致性方面都远远优于方管。此外,非凸截面薄壁管在能量吸收效率方面也显著优于多胞方管,在载荷一致性方面与多胞方管相比各有优劣。     

Prediction of energy losses in water impacts using incompressible and weakly compressible models

In the present work the simulation of water impacts is discussed. The investigation is mainly focused on the energy dissipation involved in liquid impacts in both the frameworks of the weakly compressible and incompressible models. A detailed analysis is performed using a weakly compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) solver and the results are compared with the solutions computed by an incompressible mesh-based Level-Set Finite Volume Method (LS-FVM). Impacts are numerically studied using single-phase models through prototypical problems in 1D and 2D frameworks. These problems were selected for the conclusions to be of interest for, e.g., the numerical computation of the flow around plunging breaking waves. The conclusions drawn are useful not only to SPH or LS-FVM users but also for other numerical models, for which accurate results on benchmark test-cases are provided.     

Dynamic compressive strength properties of aluminium foams. Part II—‘shock’ theory and comparison with experimental data and numerical models

One-dimensional ‘steady-shock’ models based on a rate-independent, rigid, perfectly-plastic, locking (r-p-p-l) idealisation of the quasi-static stress-strain curves for aluminium foams are proposed for two different impact scenarios to provide a first-order understanding of the dynamic compaction process. A thermo-mechanical approach is used in the formulation of their governing equations. Predictions by the models are compared with experimental data presented in the companion paper (Part I) and with the results of finite-element simulations of two-dimensional Voronoi honeycombs.A kinematic existence condition for continuing ‘shock’ propagation in aluminium foams is established using thermodynamics arguments and its predictions compare well with the experimental data. The thermodynamics highlight the incorrect application of the global energy balance approach to describe ‘shock’ propagation in cellular solids which appears in some current literature.     

泡沫铝夹芯双圆管结构的准静态轴向压缩性能研究

对泡沫铝夹芯双圆管结构的准静态轴压性能进行了实验研究,发现该新型结构的比质量吸能效率远远高于传统的泡沫铝夹芯单管,并接近甚至超过相应的空管结构;其内外管变形模式均与空管不同且受内外管组合的影响.本文讨论了它的变形机理,分析了外管壁厚对其压缩行为的影响,发现增大外管壁厚有利于增大结构的行程利用率,提高结构的比质量能量吸收...