脉冲电弧等离子体激励控制超声速平板边界层转捩实验

脉冲电弧等离子体激励器具有局部加热效应强、扰动范围广等特点,在超声速流动控制中具有广阔的应用前景.本文运用电参数测量系统和高速纹影技术研究了脉冲电弧等离子体激励器在Ma=3来流条件下的电特性和流场特性;采用纳米粒子平面激光散射技术对超声速平板边界层的流动结构进行了精细测量,并对不同等离子体激励频率下的边界层转捩特性进行了研究.实验结果表明,脉冲电弧放电会产生速度较高的前驱冲击波和温度较高的热沉积区,给边界层施加连续不断的扰动.施加扰动的脉冲电弧等离子体激励能够促进超声速平板边界层转捩.并且脉冲放电的高频冲击效应可以促进转捩提前发生,且频率越高,效果越好,当施加激励频率为60 k Hz时,转捩区长度为0,湍流边界层厚度为25 mm.脉冲电弧等离子体激励器可以用来促进超声速边界层转捩.     

高超音速流场中锥体边界层转捩图象的纹影显示及处理

边界层转换是气动力研究的一个令人关注的问题,给出模型物面流态对分析和应用试验数据都是十分有用的。用光学方法显示边界层能获得直观的图象,将其进行图象处理与分析计算后能得到一些定量的结果。本文介绍了一种大画幅纹影成象技术,该技术具有较高的显示灵敏度和摄影分辨率,能将原来的φ24(毫米)纹影图变成为φ110或更大。应用该技术,在气动中心五所高马赫数的激波风洞中,显示高超音速流场中锥体     

湍流级串和动力学过程之间的关系

利用在边界层转捩中逐渐建立起来的主要动力学过程，对湍流级串概念做了进一步的分析.对边界层转捩的测量结果进行定量分析，从所得能谱中可以清楚看到湍流级串与转捩的动力学过程的对应关系，进而丰富了对湍流级串的理解. 关键词： 级串 动力学 转捩     

边界层转捩对风力机气动性能模拟结果的影响

本文采用CFD软件包FINETM/Turbo,选用结合AGS转捩模型的S-A湍流模型,研究边界层转捩对NORD-TANK 500/41型风力机LM19.1叶片三维流场的影响,并与采用-方程S-A和两方程k-ω(SST)模型获得的全湍流计算结果比较.在计算结果与实验数据进行对比的基础上,分析了三维粘性流场的流动细节,探讨了边界层转捩对风力机叶片气动性能和载荷预估的影响,获得了叶片转捩线随风速和沿展向的变化趋势.结果显示边界层转捩使数值计算的叶片性能和载荷增大、边界层分离推迟,为风力机叶片的优化设计提供参考.     

后掠机翼的横流不稳定性分析及转捩预测

后掠机翼边界层的流动稳定性及转捩对翼型的设计及优化有着重要的参考价值,而横流失稳是引起后掠机翼边界层转捩的关键因素之一.以NLF（2）-0415翼型为研究对象,采用三维可压缩Navier-Stokes方程并结合γ-Re_θt转捩模式计算了展向无限长后掠机翼的基本流场.由于原始γ-Re_θt模式只能预测流向边界层转捩,因此在原始转捩模式中添加横流间歇因子项,进而对复杂构型进行横流不稳定性转捩预测.计算结果显示,利用改进后γ-Re_θt转捩模式预测得到的后掠翼型的转捩位置与实验数据吻合较好,证明了修正的转换模式的合理性和实用性.      

高超声速椭圆锥边界层横流转捩特性大涡模拟

横流效应显著影响高超声速飞行器的三维边界层转捩过程, 深化对该流动机制的认识有助于提升和改善飞行器气动性能及热力学环境. 针对HIFiRE5椭圆锥绕流问题, 采用大涡模拟方法计算分析了超声速边界层横流转捩特性, 并揭示其中的流动机理. 参考HIFiRE5风洞模型试验条件, 数值模拟中椭圆锥来流入口处施加人工速度扰动以激发边界层内不稳定扰动波, 进而预测了高超声速边界层流动横流失稳、转捩过程等基本流动特征, 并基于转捩热流分布形态对比, 获得了与试验数据基本吻合的计算结果. 研究发现, 椭圆锥中心线流动汇聚形成的流向涡结构非常容易失稳, 另外在中心线及侧缘之间的中部区域存在较强的横流不稳定性, 两种机制共同作用影响边界层转捩过程. 此外, 分析了来流扰动幅值对边界层横流失稳转捩的影响, 并发现静来流条件下, 横流区域出现两组独立的定常横流涡结构, 而强噪声来流条件下, 中心线主涡和中部横流涡均发生失稳转捩, 且在椭圆锥表面形成多峰状的转捩阵面. 最后, 深入分析流场的压力脉动动力学特性, 揭示了三维边界层发生失稳转捩的非线性演化机制.      

平板边界层中湍流的发生与混沌动力学之间的联系

通过对平板边界层流动中的测量数据的仔细分析,证实了在平板边界层的湍流发生的过程中存在着奇怪吸引子.将这一结论与先前的转捩动力学分析结果相比较,证明了湍流的发生本身具有着混沌动力学本质,从而在平板边界层中的湍流发生与混沌之间建立了联系 关键词： 边界层 转捩 湍流的发生 混沌 奇怪吸引子     

涡轮叶栅气热耦合数值方法与验证

应用三阶精度TVD格式和自由型曲面阿格技术,对涡轮内冷叶片进行气热耦合数值模拟.结合商用软件采用多种湍流模型计算方法的结果进行实验验证和对比分析,结果表明,商用软件采用传统湍流模型对温度边界层的模拟是不合理的,采用考虑转捩的湍流模型,调整转捩起始雷诺数,可以较好地模拟温度边界层的热传导.本文对非转捩区边界层温度的计算结果与实验结果吻合较好.     

高超声速边界层中由粗糙元引起强制转捩的机理

由大粗糙元引起的高超声速边界层强制转捩在航天技术中有实际应用, 因而近年来受到人们的广泛关注.虽然目前导致该转捩过程的内在机理尚不完全清楚, 但有一点是明确的, 即粗糙元的尾迹流场中存在强对流不稳定性.文章的出发点是研究这种对流不稳定模态是如何触发转捩的.首先通过CFD方法, 计算出高超声速边界层中粗糙元的尾迹流场, 并对其进行二维稳定性分析.结果发现, 在传统不稳定Tollmien-Schlichting(T-S)模态出现的临界Reynolds数之前, 存在高增长率的无黏不稳定模态, 表现为对称的余弦模态和反对称的正弦模态.然后对该不稳定模态在粗糙元尾迹流中的演化进行了模拟, 验证了二维稳定性分析的结果, 并考察了非平行性效应的影响.最后通过直接数值模拟, 研究由这些不稳定模态触发转捩的全过程.结果表明, 对流不稳定模态确实是导致边界层转捩的关键机制.该转捩过程的特点是, 局部湍斑首先在不稳定模态特征函数的峰值附近出现, 然后向全流场扩散.就文章研究的工况而言, 余弦和正弦模态的相互作用对转捩的影响并不明显, 且后者在转捩过程中起主导作用.      

高超声速圆锥边界层转捩实验研究

在高超声速静音风洞内, 通过基于纳米粒子示踪的平面激光散射(nano-tracer-based planar laser scattering, NPLS)技术、高频压力传感器和温敏漆(temperature sensitive paints, TSP)技术开展了0°攻角条件下7°直圆锥高超声速边界层转捩相关实验研究, 得到了圆锥边界层由层流发展至湍流完整过程的NPLS图像, 清晰地展示了第2模态波的"绳状"结构, 尖锥与钝锥边界层的NPLS结果表明尖锥边界层转捩中第2模态波占主导, 而钝锥边界层在转捩前出现波长约为第2模态波波长5倍(甚至更长)、特征频率不高于31 kHz的狭长涡结构; 采用功率谱密度(power spectrum density, PSD)分析、互相关和N值计算对高频脉动压力数据进行分析, 得到了边界层内扰动波的发展规律, 在尖锥和钝锥中均观察到了沿流向第2模态波幅值先增大后减小、特征频率逐渐降低, 低频成分逐渐增加, 表明边界层发展过程中第2模态率先发展达到饱和, 而后逐渐衰减, 而低频模态则逐渐发展; 通过TSP技术得到了不同单位Reynolds数下的圆锥表面温升分布, 结果表明, 随单位Reynolds数增大, 边界层转捩阵面前移.      

On generalized Waldmann-Snider equations: II. Π̌-subdynamics

Three non-equilibrium equations have been derived describing the evolution of the matrix elements, which are highly off-diagonal on the internal energy of the singlet density operator, ?⁽¹⁾, of a quantum dilute gas of molecules with internal levels. The first equation has been obtained by assuming the requirement of sufficient spacing of the spectral transition lines, the second one being its extension for weakly inhomogeneous gases and the third one the equation generalized for spectral transition lines of arbitrary spacing. They have been obtained inside the framework of the subdynamics theory of the Brussels Group where the Π̌-subdynamics have been explicitly constructed.Their linearized version is presented permitting to obtain closed equations for the ?⁽¹⁾-operator, which can be shown useful in the correlation functions, being interesting in spectroscopic measurements. A discussion concerning the above aspects has been included as well.     

基于BOS的超声速流场瞬态密度场的可视化

瞬态密度场的可视化对于超声速流场复杂流动机理研究有着重要的参考价值.设计了基于脉冲激光照明的瞬态密度场可视化系统,针对非对称尖锥模型在Ф=120 mm激波风洞开展了双方向密度场可视化应用研究,获得了Ma=6条件下激波流场清晰的瞬态和长曝光背景纹影图像.研究表明,瞬态背景纹影图像曝光时间为10 ns,能够有效"冻结"超声...     

Global visualization and quantification of compressible vortex loops

The physics of compressible vortex loops generated due to the rolling up of the shear layer upon the diffraction of a shock wave from a shock tube is far from being understood, especially when shock-vortex interactions are involved. This is mainly due to the lack of global quantitative data available which characterizes the flow. The present study involves the usage of the PIV technique to characterize the velocity and vorticity of compressible vortex loops formed at incident shock Mach numbers ofM=1.54 and1.66. Another perk of the PIV technique over purely qualitative methods, which has been demonstrated in the current study, is that at the same time the results also provide a clear image of the various flow features. Techniques such as schlieren and shadowgraph rely on density gradients present in the flow and fail to capture regions of the flow influenced by the primary flow structure which would have relatively lower pressure and density. Various vortex loops, namely, square, elliptic and circular, were generated using different shape adaptors fitted to the end of the shock tube. The formation of a coaxial vortex loop with opposite circulation along with the generation of a third stronger vortex loop ahead of the primary with same circulation direction are of the interesting findings of the current study.     

Schnell rotierender Lichtbogen als spektroskopische Lichtquelle

An electric arc quickly moved magnetically forms a closed plasma cone or plasma ring between two concentrically arranged electrodes. Aerosols and suspended matters can be brought into the plasma in an optimum manner with a little carrier gas flow, and can be excited to emission. The dates applied and attained till now are: Arc current 5…?20 A, magnetic field strength 10⁴…?4 · 10⁵ A/m, magnetic induction 0.1…?0.3 T, rotation frequency 8…?15 kc, carrier gas air or argon maximum flow 0.5 1/min, intensity increase for CuI-lines up to factor 100. Further applications are possible for special lamps and electric arc diagnostics.     

Dynamics of the phase transitions in the system of nonequilibrium charge carriers in quantum-dimensional Si1 − x Ge x /Si structures

The dynamics of the phase transition from an electron-hole plasma to an exciton gas is studied during pulsed excitation of heterostructures with Si_{1 ? x} Ge _x /Si quantum wells. The scenario of the phase transition is shown to depend radically on the germanium content in the Si_{1 ? x} Ge _x layer. The electron-hole system decomposes into a rarefied exciton and a dense plasma phases for quantum wells with a germanium content x = 3.5% in the time range 100–500 ns after an excitation pulse. In this case, the electron-hole plasma existing in quantum wells has all signs of an electron-hole liquid. A qualitatively different picture of the phase transition is observed for quantum wells with x = 9.5%, where no separation into phases with different electronic spectra is detected. The carrier recombination in the electron-hole plasma leads a gradual weakening of screening and the appearance of exciton states. For a germanium content of 5–7%, the scenario of the phase transition is complex: 20–250 ns after an excitation pulse, the properties of the electron-hole system are described in terms of a homogeneous electron-hole plasma, whereas its separation into an electron-hole liquid and an exciton gas is detected after 350 ns. It is shown that, for the electron-hole liquid to exist in quantum wells with x = 5–7% Ge, the exciton gas should have a substantially higher density than in quantum wells with x = 3.5% Ge. This finding agrees with a decrease in the depth of the local minimum of the electron-hole plasma energy with increasing germanium concentration in the SiGe layer. An increase in the density of the exciton gas coexisting with the electron-hole liquid is shown to enhance the role of multiparticle states, which are likely to be represented by trions T ⁺ and biexcitons, in the exciton gas.     

Numerical simulation of transitional flow on a wind turbine airfoil with RANS-based transition model

This paper presents a numerical investigation of transitional flow on the wind turbine airfoil DU91-W2-250 with chord-based Reynolds number Re_c = 1.0 × 10⁶. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes based transition model using laminar kinetic energy concept, namely the k ? k_L ? ω model, is employed to resolve the boundary layer transition. Some ambiguities for this model are discussed and it is further implemented into OpenFOAM-2.1.1. The k ? k_L ? ω model is first validated through the chosen wind turbine airfoil at the angle of attack (AoA) of 6.24° against wind tunnel measurement, where lift and drag coefficients, surface pressure distribution and transition location are compared. In order to reveal the transitional flow on the airfoil, the mean boundary layer profiles in three zones, namely the laminar, transitional and fully turbulent regimes, are investigated. Observation of flow at the transition location identifies the laminar separation bubble. The AoA effect on boundary layer transition over wind turbine airfoil is also studied. Increasing the AoA from ?3° to 10°, the laminar separation bubble moves upstream and reduces in size, which is in close agreement with wind tunnel measurement.     

Laser induced single-crystal transition in polycrystalline silicon

Transition to single crystal of polycrystalline Si material underlying a Si crystal substrate of 〈100〉 orientation was obtained via laser irradiation. The changes in the structure were analyzed by reflection high energy electron diffraction and by channeling effect technique using 2.0 MeV He Rutherford scattering. The power density required to induce the transition in a 4500 ? thick polycrystalline layer is about 70 MW/cm² (50ns). The corresponding amorphous to single transition has a threshold of about 45 MW/cm².     

Hydrogen abstraction reactions of hydroxyl radicals with 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane and pentachloroethane studied by using semi-classical transition state theory

The hydrogen abstraction reactions by OH radicals from CHCl₂CHCl₂ (R1), CH₂ClCCl₃ (R2) and C₂HCl₅ (R3) are investigated theoretically by semi-classical transition state theory. Many high-level density functional, ab initio and combinatory electronic structure calculation methods are used to evaluate the energies and ro-vibrational properties of the stationary points for the title reactions. x_ij vibrational anharmonicity coefficients, needed for semi-classical transition state theory, are calculated at the KMLYP/cc-pVTZ level of theory. Thermal rate coefficients are computed over the temperature range from 200 to 2000 K and compared with available experimental data. The computed rate constants for the reactions R1, R2 and R3 are fitted to the equation k(T) = ATⁿexp?[ ? E(T + T₀)/(T² + T²₀)].     

Virtual mass in two-phase bubbly flow

The two-phase flow equations in their usual form are unstable. It is known that the inclusion of the virtual mass of the gas bubbles greatly improves the stability of numerical computations. Since there is some confusion concerning the proper form of the virtual-mass terms, we first present a systematic derivation of the two-fluid equations for a liquid/gas mixture from a generalised form of Hamilton's variational principle. The two-fluid theory of superfluid ⁴He has been derived in a similar way. The resulting equations do not seem to have been presented before in the literature on two-phase flow. The derivation demonstrates how the pressure of the liquid/gas mixture can be defined in a natural way. Two independent vorticities can be distinguished, each having its own law of transportation (Kelvin theorem). A subsequent stability analysis shows that at neutral stability the virtual-mass coefficient m(α) takes the form $\text{m(α)=}\text{1}\text{2}\text{α(1?α)(1?3α)}$ in the case of spherical gas bubbles with void fraction α. The corresponding local distribution of gas bubbles is anisotropic. The vanishing of the virtual mass at $\text{α=}\text{1}\text{3}$ is interpreted as the breakdown of bubbly flow. Dissipative terms are introduced and analysed in an appendix.     

Depolarizing collisions in ytterbium vapor: Isotropic and anisotropic relaxation

Isotropic depolarizing collisions are studied using a stimulated photon echo with a specific polarization of the excitation radiation pulses in a mixture of ytterbium with krypton for the J = 1 ? J = 0 transition of ¹⁷⁴Yb. The difference between the relaxation rates of orientation and alignment γ _b ⁽²⁾ ? γ _b ⁽¹⁾ of the ³ P ₁(6s6p) ¹⁷⁴Yb level is measured as a function of the krypton pressure. The collision photon echo at the J = 1 ? J = 0 transition induced by the anisotropic relaxation is studied for the Yb + Xe mixture. The power of the collision echo increases from zero with the addition of a buffer gas to ytterbium, reaches an optimal level, and decreases with an increase in the buffer gas pressure. The polarization of this collision-induced echo differs from the polarization of the conventional echo. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions.