Mechanism of ketone hydrosilylation using NHC–Cu(I) catalysts: a computational study

The porous MIL-47 material shows a selective adsorption behavior for para-, ortho-, and meta-isomers of xylenes, making the material a serious candidate for separation applications. The origin of the selectivity lies in the differences in interactions (energetic) and confining (entropic). This paper investigates the xylene–framework interactions and the xylene–xylene interactions with quantum mechanical calculations, using a dispersion-corrected density functional and periodic boundary conditions to describe the crystal. First, the strength and geometrical characteristics of the optimal xylene–xylene interactions are quantified by studying the pure and mixed pairs in gas phase. An extended set of initial structures is created and optimized to sample as many relative orientations and distances as possible. Next, the pairs are brought in the pores of MIL-47. The interaction with the terephthalic linkers and other xylenes increases the stacking energy in gas phase (?31.7?kJ/mol per pair) by roughly a factor four in the fully loaded state (?58.3?kJ/mol per xylene). Our decomposition of the adsorption energy shows various trends in the contributing xylene–xylene interactions. The absence of a significant difference in energetics between the isomers indicates that entropic effects must be mainly responsible for the separation behavior.     

Selective adsorption and separation of ortho-substituted alkylaromatics with the microporous aluminum terephthalate MIL-53

The metal-organic framework MIL-53(Al) was tested for selective adsorption and separation of xylenes and ethylbenzene, ethyltoluenes, and cymenes using batch, pulse chromatographic, and breakthrough experiments. In all conditions tested, MIL-53 has the largest affinity for the ortho-isomer among each group of alkylaromatic compounds. Separations of the ortho-compounds from the other isomers can be realized using a column packed with MIL-53 crystallites. As evidenced by Rietveld refinements, specific interactions of the xylenes with the pore walls of MIL-53 determine selectivity. In comparison with the structurally similar metal-organic framework MIL-47, the selectivities among alkylaromatics found for MIL-53 are different. Separation of ethyltoluene and cymene isomers is more effective on MIL-53 than on MIL-47; the pores of MIL-53 seem to be a more suitable environment for hosting the larger ethyltoluene and cymene isomers than those of MIL-47.     

Modeling the effect of structural changes during dynamic separation processes on MOFs

A model able to describe the effect of structural changes in the adsorbent or adsorbed phase during the dynamic (breakthrough) separation of mixtures on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is presented. The methodology is exemplified for a few pertinent case studies: the separation of xylene isomers and ethylbenzene on the flexible MOF MIL-53 and the rigid MOF MIL-47. At low pressures, no preferential adsorption of any component occurs on both MOFs. Contrarily, at higher pressures separation of ethylbenzene (EB) from o-xylene (oX) occurs on MIL-53 as a result of the breathing phenomenon within the MIL-53 structure. The increase in selectivity, starting from the gate-opening pressure, could be modeled by using a pressure-dependent saturation capacity for the most strongly adsorbed component oX. In the separation of m-xylene (mX) from p-xylene (pX) on the rigid MOF MIL-47, separation at higher pressures is a result of preferential stacking of pX. Here, the selectivity increases once the adsorption of pX switches from a single to a double file adsorption. By implementing a loading dependent adsorption constant for pX, the different unconventional breakthrough profiles and the observed selectivity profile on MIL-47 can be simulated. A similar methodology was used for the separation of EB from pX on MIL-47, where the separation is a result from steric constraints imposed onto the adsorption of EB.     

含钛低聚物合成高结晶度的MIL-125显著提高二甲苯异构体吸附分离选择性

二甲苯作为石油化工行业中的基础原料,其应用价值很大且需求量逐年增加,因此二甲苯分离提纯的研究具有重要理论意义和工业应用价值.同时,二甲苯异构体分离被认为是改变世界的七大分离难题之一.金属有机骨架材料MIL-125是一种典型的含钛金属有机骨架材料,被广泛应用于光催化氧化和吸附分离中.目前传统金属有机骨架材料MIL-125的合成方法需要严格的无水操作环境以及无水级的超纯试剂.由于合成过程中钛源极易水解,很难控制其水解速率.本研究组提出了一种新的MIL-125的合成方法,该法引入了耐水解的含钛无机-有机杂化低聚物,并且可以稳定合成得到高结晶度且形貌规整的MIL-125.由于MIL-125材料本身在二甲苯异构体分离领域展现出的较大优势及潜力,将新方法合成的MIL-125进行了二甲苯分离性能评价,并对其选择性显著增强的原因和不同溶剂体系下分离性能的影响进行了探讨.为了考察新方法合成的MIL-125在液相中二甲苯的分离性能.在25℃的条件下进行了二甲苯异构体的单组分液相吸附实验.单组分等温吸附曲线结果表明,pX(对二甲苯)吸附量最多,其次是oX(间二甲苯)和mX(邻二甲苯),表明MIL-125吸附剂对pX的吸附能力最强,而对mX和oX的吸附能力相对较低.同时双组分竞争吸附实验得到pX/mX的竞争选择性高达13.6,pX/oX的选择性为8左右,这种选择性优于大多数对位选择性的多孔吸附剂材料.为了在更接近工业应用的条件下评估吸附剂的动态分离性能,在造粒后的MIL-125装填的吸附柱中进行了双组分等摩尔pX/mX穿透实验,穿透曲线显示了对pX和mX的理想分离效果,并再次证实该吸附剂对pX/mX具有较高的分离选择性.穿透实验后,用溶剂洗脱吸附柱,由于洗脱过程中mX的快速解吸,pX的纯度高达99.5％.在液相吸附实验和穿透实验中溶剂的选择会影响吸附剂骨架结构对二甲苯异构体分子的分离效果.因此本文通过实验和理论计算结合探讨了不同溶剂种类对MIL-125分离性能的影响.正庚烷和均三甲苯与二甲苯分子的微量热结果表明,二甲苯分子与均三甲苯的相互作用更弱,说明二甲苯分子与骨架的结合作用更强.使用DFT理论计算了不同溶剂体系下二甲苯分子与吸附剂间的相互作用能.在两种类型的溶剂中,pX与MIL-125骨架的相互作用能均低于mX,表明MIL-125更优先吸附pX.值得注意的是,当使用均三甲苯作为溶剂时,骨架与pX/mX之间相互作用能的差异更加明显,从而导致更明显的分离效果.由于规则的晶体形貌和高结晶度,改进方法合成的MIL-125比目前的对位选择性吸附剂具有更高的pX/mX选择性.进一步的量热实验和理论计算证实了不同类型的溶剂对于二甲苯吸附分离的影响.此外,该方法解决了钛源的易水解问题,并通过引入耐水解的含钛低聚物简化了MIL-125的合成条件,这将有助于进一步将MIL-125应用于二甲苯异构体的分离,同时也拓宽了其他新型含钛材料的应用领域.     

Toward understanding the influence of ethylbenzene in p-xylene selectivity of the porous titanium amino terephthalate MIL-125(Ti): adsorption equilibrium and separation of xylene isomers

The potential of the porous crystalline titanium dicarboxylate MIL-125(Ti) in powder form was studied for the separation in liquid phase of xylene isomers and ethylbenzene (MIL stands for Materials from Institut Lavoisier). We report here a detailed experimental study consisting of binary and multi-component adsorption equilibrium of xylene isomers in MIL-125(Ti) powder at low (≤0.8 M) and bulk (≥0.8 M) concentrations. A series of multi-component breakthrough experiments was first performed using n-heptane as the eluent at 313 K, and the obtained selectivities were compared, followed by binary breakthrough experiments to determine the adsorption isotherms at 313 K, using n-heptane as the eluent. MIL-125(Ti) is a para-selective material suitable at low concentrations to separate p-xylene from the other xylene isomers. Pulse experiments indicate a separation factor of 1.3 for p-xylene over o-xylene and m-xylene, while breakthrough experiments using a diluted ternary mixture lead to selectivity values of 1.5 and 1.6 for p-xylene over m-xylene and o-xylene, respectively. Introduction of ethylbenzene in the mixture results however in a decrease of the selectivity.     

Pore-filling-dependent selectivity effects in the vapor-phase separation of xylene isomers on the metal-organic framework MIL-47

Vapor-phase adsorption and separation of the C8 alkylaromatic components p-xylene, m-xylene, o-xylene, and ethylbenzene on the metal-organic framework MIL-47 have been studied. Low coverage Henry adsorption constants and adsorption enthalpies were determined using the pulse chromatographic technique at temperatures between 230 and 290 degrees C. The four C8 alkylaromatic components have comparable Henry constants and adsorption enthalpies. Adsorption isotherms of the pure components were determined using the gravimetric technique at 70, 110, and 150 degrees C. The adsorption capacity and steepness of the isotherms differs among the components and are strongly temperature dependent. Breakthrough experiments with several binary mixtures were performed at 70-150 degrees C and varying total hydrocarbon pressure from 0.0004 to 0.05 bar. Separation of the different isomers could be achieved. In general, it was found that the adsorption selectivity increases with increasing partial pressure or degree of pore filling. The separation at a high degree of pore filling in the vapor phase is a result of differences in packing modes of the C8 alkylaromatic components in the pores of MIL-47.     

H-ZSM-5分子筛催化二甲苯异构化的反应机理

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和ONIOM方法, 研究了H-ZSM-5分子筛上二甲苯异构化机理. 描述了中间体物种和过渡态的结构. 反应物吸附和产物脱附对二甲苯异构化的反应趋势有重要影响. 反应活化能的计算结果表明, 在H-ZSM-5分子筛延伸的孔道结构中, 异构化反应沿着生成间二甲苯的方向进行. 但是较高的脱附能使生成的间二甲苯滞留在分子筛孔道中,其进一步异构化生成对二甲苯具有动力学优势. 对二甲苯产物在分子筛孔道的酸中心上可选择性生成. 在H-ZSM-5分子筛外表面, 不受延伸孔道结构的静电限制时, 二甲苯异构化生成间二甲苯产物, 其可以很容易从活性位上脱附. 非选择性异构化降低了对二甲苯的选择性. 因此, 对H-ZSM-5分子筛外表面改性能够抑制二甲苯的非选择性异构化, 因此限制了反应在分子筛孔道中进行, 提高了对二甲苯的选择性. 二甲苯异构化相对反应速率常数的计算结果也表明, 在分子筛外表面上, 生成间二甲苯的异构化反应速率较快. 升高反应温度会降低对二甲苯的选择性.     

Pt/MIL-101(Cr)在肉桂醛选择性加氢反应中的催化性能

采用简单易行的浸渍法将Pt纳米粒子负载到MIL-101(Cr)上, 制备了Pt/MIL-101(Cr)催化剂, 并对其在肉桂醛选择性加氢反应的催化性能进行了研究。XRD、N₂吸附、TEM和催化性能的研究结果表明, Pt的负载量对负载于MIL-101(Cr)上Pt纳米粒子的尺寸及所制备催化剂对肉桂醇的选择性有很大影响。低Pt负载量(1.0wt%)的Pt/MIL-101(Cr)较其他MOFs和无机材料在肉桂醛选择性加氢反应中表现出了高的催化性能, 在优化的反应条件下肉桂醛转化率和对肉桂醇的选择性可分别达96.5%和86.2%。Pt/MIL-101(Cr)催化剂具有良好的稳定性。Pt/MIL-101(Cr)所表现出的优良的催化性能同MIL-101(Cr)载体的孔道结构及其表面性质密切相关。     

Pt/MIL-101(Cr)在肉桂醛选择性加氢反应中的催化性能

采用简单易行的浸渍法将Pt纳米粒子负载到MIL-101(Cr)上,制备了Pt/MIL-101(Cr)催化剂,并对其在肉桂醛选择性加氢反应的催化性能进行了研究。XRD、N₂吸附、TEM和催化性能的研究结果表明,Pt的负载量对负载于MIL-101(Cr)上Pt纳米粒子的尺寸及所制备催化剂对肉桂醇的选择性有很大影响。低Pt负载量(1.0%)的Pt/MIL-101(Cr)较其他MOFs和无机材料在肉桂醛选择性加氢反应中表现出了高的催化性能,在优化的反应条件下肉桂醛转化率和对肉桂醇的选择性可分别达96.5%和86.2%。Pt/MIL-101(Cr)催化剂具有良好的稳定性。Pt/MIL-101(Cr)所表现出的优良的催化性能同MIL-101(Cr)载体的孔道结构及其表面性质密切相关。     

High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of position isomers using metal-organic framework MIL-53(Al) as the stationary phase

Metal-organic framework MIL-53(Al) was explored as the stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of position isomers using a binary and/or polar mobile phase. Baseline separations of xylene, dichlorobenzene, chlorotoluene and nitrophenol isomers were achieved on the slurry-packed MIL-53(Al) column with high resolution and good precision. The effects of mobile phase composition, injected sample mass and temperature were investigated. The separation of xylene, dichlorobenzene, chlorotoluene and nitrophenol isomers on MIL-53(Al) were controlled by entropy change.     

Chemical and thermal stability of isotypic metal-organic frameworks: effect of metal ions

Chemical and thermal stabilities of isotypic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) like Al-BDC (Al-benzenedicarboxylate called MIL-53-Al), Cr-BDC (MIL-53-Cr) and V-BDC (MIL-47-V), after purification to remove uncoordinated organic linkers, have been compared to understand the effect of the central metal ions on the stabilities of the porous MOF-type materials. Chemical stability to acids, bases, and water decreases in the order of Cr-BDC>Al-BDC>V-BDC, suggesting stability increases with increasing inertness of the central metal ions. However, thermal stability decreases in the order of Al-BDC>Cr-BDC> V-BDC, and this tendency may be explained by the strength of the metal-oxygen bond in common oxides like Al(2)O(3), Cr(2)O(3), and V(2)O(5). In order to evaluate precisely the stability of a MOF, it is necessary to remove uncoordinated organic linkers that are located in the pores of the MOF, because a filled MOF may be more stable than the same MOF after purification.     

Facile magnetization of metal-organic framework MIL-101 for magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental water samples

The unusual properties such as high surface area, good thermal stability, uniform structured nanoscale cavities and the availability of in-pore functionality and outer-surface modification make metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) attractive for diverse analytical applications. However, integration of MOFs with magnets for magnetic solid-phase extraction for analytical application has not been attempted so far. Here we show a facile magnetization of MOF MIL-101(Cr) for rapid magnetic solid-phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from environmental water samples. MIL-101 is attractive as a sorbent for solid-phase extraction of pollutants in aqueous solution due to its high surface area, large pores, accessible coordinative unsaturated sites, and excellent chemical and solvent stability. In situ magnetization of MIL-101 microcrystals as well as magnetic solid-phase extraction of PAHs was achieved simultaneously by simply mixing MIL-101 and silica-coated Fe(3)O(4) microparticles in a sample solution under sonication. Such MOF-based magnetic solid-phase extraction in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography gave the detection limits of 2.8-27.2 ng L(-1) and quantitation limits of 6.3-87.7 ng L(-1) for the PAHs. The relative standard deviations for intra- and inter-day analyses were in the range of 3.1-8.7% and 6.1-8.5%, respectively. The results showed that hydrophobic and π-π interactions between the PAHs and the framework terephthalic acid molecules, and the π-complexation between PAHs and the Lewis acid sites in the pores of MIL-101 play a significant role in the adsorption of PAHs.     

Effect on selective adsorption of ethane and ethylene of the polyoxometalates impregnation in the metal-organic framework MIL-101

Impregnation of ionic nanostructured units in the pores of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is one approach to modify their host–guest interactions. Although, the effect of this approach is well investigated in catalysis, drug delivery, and bio imaging, still little is known about its impact on the selective adsorption properties of MOFs. Here we report the impregnation of two different polyoxometalate (POM) nanoclusters (PW₁₁ and SiW₁₁) into chromium terephthalate-based MOF, MIL-101(Cr), to investigate the post-impregnation changes in selective adsorption behavior, which are observed in terms of an important paraffin–olefin separation, using ethane and ethylene, at high pressure. The PW₁₁ and SiW₁₁ POMs bring π-accepting tendency and highly electronegative oxygen atoms on their surface to MIL-101 structure that selectively increases the affinity of material for ethylene, which is confirmed from isosteric heats of adsorption and selectivity calculation. Impregnated samples retain about 74–81 % of working adsorption capacity, after regeneration by decreasing the pressure. This study shows that anionic metal-oxide nanoclusters (POMs) may be used to change the selectivity of MOFs for olefin molecules.     

Separation of styrene and ethylbenzene on metal-organic frameworks: analogous structures with different adsorption mechanisms

The metal-organic frameworks MIL-47 (V(IV)O{O(2)C-C(6)H(4)-CO(2)}) and MIL-53(Al) (Al(III)(OH)·{O(2)C-C(6)H(4)-CO(2)}) are capable of separating ethylbenzene and styrene. Both materials adsorb up to 20-24 wt % of both compounds. Despite the fact that they have identical building schemes, the reason for preferential adsorption of styrene compared to ethylbenzene is very different for the two frameworks. For MIL-47, diffraction experiments reveal that styrene is packed inside the pores in a unique, pairwise fashion, resulting in separation factors as high as 4 in favor of styrene. These separation factors are independent of the total amount of adsorbate offered. This is due to co-adsorption of ethylbenzene in the space left available between the packed styrene pairs. The separation is of a non-enthalpic nature. On MIL-53, the origin of the preferential adsorption of styrene is related to differences in enthalpy of adsorption, which are based on different degrees of framework relaxation. The proposed adsorption mechanisms are in line with the influence of temperature on the separation factors derived from pulse chromatography: separation factors are independent of temperature for MIL-47 but vary with temperature for MIL-53. Finally, MIL-53 is also capable of removing typical impurities like o-xylene or toluene from styrene-ethylbenzene mixtures.     

Separating Xylene Isomers by Commensurate Stacking of p‐Xylene within Channels of MAF‐X8

The development of energy‐efficient processes for selective separation of p‐xylene from mixtures with its isomers is of vital importance in the petrochemical industries. Current industrial practice uses BaX zeolite that has high adsorption selectivity for p‐xylene. Finding para‐selective structures is challenging. With state‐of‐the‐art simulation methodologies we systematically screened a wide variety of zeolites and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Our investigations highlight the crucial importance of the channel dimension on the separation. MAF‐X8 is particularly noteworthy because the channel dimensions and geometry allow “commensurate stacking” which we exploit as a separation mechanism at saturation conditions. Due to a significantly improved capacity compared to BaX, the cycle times for p‐xylene with MAF‐X8 are found to be about a factor of 4.5 longer. This is expected to result in significant process improvements.     

Metal organic framework–organic polymer monolith stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography and nano-liquid chromatography

In this study, metal organic framework (MOF)–organic polymer monoliths prepared via a 5-min microwave-assisted polymerization of ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) with the addition of various weight percentages (30–60%) of porous MOF (MIL-101(Cr)) were developed as stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) and nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms of these MOF–organic polymer monoliths showed the presence of the inherent characteristic peaks and the nano-sized pores of MIL-101(Cr), which confirmed an unaltered crystalline MIL-101(Cr) skeleton after synthesis; while energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and micro-FT-IR spectra suggested homogenous distribution of MIL-101(Cr) in the MIL-101(Cr)–poly(BMA–EDMA) monoliths. This hybrid MOF–polymer column demonstrated high permeability, with almost 800-fold increase compared to MOF packed column, and efficient separation of various analytes (xylene, chlorotoluene, cymene, aromatic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trypsin digested BSA peptides) either in CEC or nano-LC. This work demonstrated high potentials for MOF–organic polymer monolith as stationary phase in miniaturized chromatography for the first time.     

Study of selective adsorption of aromatic compounds from solutions by the flexible MIL-53(Al) metal-organic framework

The dynamic method under conditions close to equilibrium was applied to study the liquid-phase adsorption in the Henry region for a series of aromatic compounds on the MIL-53(Al) metal-organic framework at different temperatures. The interpretation of the obtained experimental adsorption data was based on the TOPOS analysis of the structure of the cavities in the MIL-53(Al) framework using the Voronoi—Dirichlet polyhedra concept. It is shown that the adsorption activity of the investigated material under the liquid-phase conditions is governed by a possible expansion of the channels and cavities in the structure and by a breathing effect of the structure caused by the temperature variation. The selectivity of adsorption shown by MIL-53(Al) for a series of the studied compounds is due to the adsorbate—adsorbent π—π-interaction and hydrogen bonding of adsorbate molecules with Brönsted acid sites of the metal-organic framework. High adsorption selectivity of the MIL-53(Al) framework were found for compounds differed in the number of aromatic rings in the molecule and the presence of the methyl substituent, as well as for aromatic hydrocarbons and their sulfur-containing heterocyclic analogs.     

松脂素二糖苷印迹修饰金属有机骨架复合材料的合成及其吸附性能

构建了金属有机骨架MIL-101的后合成印迹修饰法以改善其对松脂素二糖苷(PDG)的吸附选择性。MIL-101经过氨基化修饰及表面接枝制备了金属有机骨架-分子印迹复合材料MIPs@ED-MIL-101,用X射线衍射法、红外光谱法及扫描电镜分析对MIL-101的晶体结构、表面化学功能基团及结构形貌进行表征。测试了MIPs@ED-MIL-101对模板分子的吸附动力学、选择性及固相萃取性能。结果表明,经印迹修饰后的MIL-101对PDG的吸附性能大幅提高,且对模拟混合物中的PDG也具有较高的竞争吸附选择性。当以MIPs@ED-MIL-101为吸附剂从杜仲提取物中提取和分离PDG时,产品纯度85.3%,且复合材料多次重复使用后对目标化合物的吸附量变化不大。     

Metal-Organic Frameworks for Breakthrough Separation of 2-Butene Isomers with High Dynamic Selectivity and Capacity

Developing porous sorbents represents a potential energy-efficient way for industrial gas separation. However, a bottleneck for reducing the energy penalty is the trade-off between dynamic adsorption capacity and selectivity. Herein, we showed this problem can be overcome by modulating the kinetic and thermodynamic separation behaviours in metal–organic frameworks for sieving 2-butene geometric isomers, which are desired for upgrading the raffinates to higher value-added end products. We found that the iron-triazolate framework can realize the selective shape screening of 2-butene isomers assisted by electrostatic interactions at the pore apertures. Further introducing uncoordinated N binding sites by ligand substitution lowered the gas diffusion barrier and greatly boosted the dynamic separation performance. In breakthrough tests under ambient conditions, trans-2-C₄H₈ can be efficiently separated from cis-2-C₄H₈ with a record capacity of 2.10 mmol g⁻¹ with high dynamic selectivity of 2.39.     

Adsorption of CO2 in metal organic frameworks of different metal centres: Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations compared to experiments

A Grand Canonical Monte Carlo study has been performed in order to compare the different CO₂ adsorption mechanisms between two members of the MIL-n family of hybrid metal-organic framework materials. The MIL-53 (Al) and MIL-47 (V) systems were considered. The results obtained confirm that there is a structural interchange between a large pore and narrow pore forms of MIL-53 (Al), not seen with the MIL-47 (V) material, which is a consequence of the presence of μ ₂-OH groups. The interactions between the CO₂ molecules and these μ ₂ OH groups mainly govern the adsorption mechanism in this MIL-53 (Al) material. The subsequent breaking of these adsorption geometries after the adsorbate loading increases past the point where no more preferred adsorption sites are available, are proposed as key features of the breathing phenomenon. After this, any new adsorbates introduced into the MIL-53 (Al) large pore structure experience a homogeneous adsorption environment with no preferential adsorption sites in a similar way to what occurs in MIL-47 (V).