低成本吸附剂稻壳灰对Cr(Ⅵ)去除机制的谱学表征

以低成本稻壳灰作为吸附剂,使用FTIR,SEM,XPS,XRD,XRF等分析手段,研究稻壳灰对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除机制。FTIR研究表明酰胺Ⅱ带,Si—O—Si,O—Si—O等在Cr(Ⅵ)去除过程中有一定贡献。由SEM图片清晰可见：吸附Cr(Ⅵ)后,稻壳灰表面分布有众多的光亮沉积物。XPS图谱证明：稻壳灰的主要组成元素为C,N,O,P和Si;C元素的存在状态以醛酮类为主,含C官能团与Cr(Ⅵ)发生了配位反应;N元素以—NH₂形态为主,Cr(Ⅵ)可能以静电作用与含N基团结合,并以物理吸附为主;Si的存在以Si—O为主,含Si官能团可能与Cr(Ⅵ)发生了配位反应。XRD分析结果表明：谱图中出现的峰是典型的SiO2特征峰;稻壳灰的结晶度增加,表明稻壳灰与Cr(Ⅵ)形成了具有晶体结构的金属化合物。XRF研究发现,K,Na,Mg和Ca的元素含量在吸附前后有所变化,另有两种新元素出现,这说明吸附过程存在离子交换机制。所有这些皆表明：各种官能团在Cr(Ⅵ)去除过程中的角色各不相同,无机微沉淀机制、氧化还原机制、表面络合机制、离子交换机制等是稻壳灰去除Cr(Ⅵ)的主要途径。这可以为吸附技术的实际应用提供理论支持。     

Cr(VI) adsorption mechanism on rice husk ash burned at low temperature by method of IR spectra

Boehm titration method was used to analyze functional groups on cell surface of rice husk ash burned at low temperature in the present paper. Effects of initial pH value and temperature on Cr(VI) adsorption were studied, adsorption capacity was tested with the help of kinetic models and adsorption isotherms, instruments of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to check characteristics and adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI). The results indicated that optimal removing rate was achieved at initial pH value 5, and pH values of aqueous solution changed little be fore and after adsorption process. The adsorbent of rice husk ash could remove Cr(VI) effectively, and the maximum removing rate could be 95% with Cr(VI) concentration 20 mg x L(-1) and achieve 1-2 level of state standard(GB8978-1996). The adsorption process fits pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm better, the maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) was 3.2776 mg x g(-1). Results of FTIR showed that amide II band, Si--O--Si, O--Si--O were important for Cr(VI) removal. SEM micrographs revealed that series of needle-shaped precipitation appeared on cell surface, and inorganic precipitation mechanism and redox mechanism might work in the test. As a kind of low cost adsorbent, rice husk ash can be applied to remove heavy metals in environment with great potential.     

红外光谱法研究低温焚烧稻壳灰对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附机理

采用Boehm滴定法量化了低温焚烧稻壳灰表面官能团,考察了溶液初始pH值和温度对吸附效能的影响,借助动力学方程和吸附等温线,研究了稻壳灰对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能,利用红外图谱、扫描电镜表征了稻壳灰的表面形貌和吸附机理。结果表明：在pH值为5时,稻壳灰对Cr(Ⅵ)取得最优去除效果,吸附前后溶液pH值变化很小。稻壳灰对Cr(Ⅵ)有较强的去除能力,对于20 mg·L-1的Cr(Ⅵ)溶液,最高去除率能达到95%左右,达到《污水综合排放标准GB8978—1996》1～2级标准。吸附过程能更好地符合准二级反应动力学方程和Langmuir等温线方程,饱和吸附容量可达3.277 6 mg·g-1。红外光谱表明酰胺Ⅱ带、Si—O—Si、O—Si—O等在Cr(Ⅵ)吸附过程中可能有重要贡献。扫描电镜图片表明吸附Cr(Ⅵ)后,稻壳灰表面分布有众多的光亮沉积物,有条带状或不规则点斑出现,推测无机微沉淀和氧化还原机理在吸附过程中起重要作用。稻壳灰是一种价格低廉、有应用潜力的高效吸附剂,可以用于水体重金属污染的治理修复。     

粉煤灰地聚合物固封Cr3+的FTIR和XPS研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)研究了粉煤灰地聚合物固封Cr3 的机理。含Cr的污泥由人工合成,主要成分是Cr(OH)3。浸出试验采用ICP-AES方法,测试了固封Cr3 前后,粉煤灰地聚合物中Al和Si的浸出量;研究结果表明,掺入含Cr的污泥后,粉煤灰地聚合物中Si和Al元素的浸出量较不掺污泥时减少了,且浸出Si元素减少的幅度比浸出Al元素降低的幅度要大。FTIR结果显示,Cr3 的掺入削弱了粉煤灰地聚合物主峰的强度,增加了Si—O—Si和Al—O—Si的振动波数;XPS测试结果表明,O(1s),Si(2p)和Cr(2p)的结合能都有不同程度的改变,而Al(2p)的结合能几乎没有发生变化;结果揭示Cr3 参与了粉煤灰地聚合物中硅酸结构的聚合,粉煤灰地聚合物固封Cr3 ,不仅仅只是物理性的包裹作用,而且主要是化学反应的结果。     

FTIR和XPS对沸石合成特性及Cr(Ⅲ)去除机制的谱学表征

以粉煤灰为原料,采用优化的水热晶化法合成沸石,使用XRD,SEM和ζ电位分析沸石产品的组成特性,借助FTIR和XPS等揭示废水中Cr(Ⅲ)的去除机制。合成产品主要为NaP1型沸石,在pH值8～12区间内,ζ电位由-8.72mV降到-24.46mV。准二级方程和Langmuir等温线对试验的拟合效果更好,理论饱和吸附量为33.557 0mg.g-1。FTIR图谱表明—OH和Si—O类官能团在反应过程中有重要贡献。XPS全谱发现:结合能576.45eV为Cr(2p3/2)的特征峰,揭示了吸附过程的有效性。吸附Cr(Ⅲ)后,沸石中Si—Si和Si—O对应的结合能增加了0.25和0.60eV,含Si官能团可能与Cr(Ⅲ)发生了配位反应。O(1s)的结合能在反应后变得更低。这些证据表明:沸石对Cr(Ⅲ)的去除过程是物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用的结果。     

Mössbauer spectroscopy for optimising systems for environmental remediation

Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to examine Fe-containing microporous materials zeolite X and AlPO-5 designed for the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and Cr(III) uptake. XRD, XRF, EPR and XPS were used to provide supporting information. AlPO-5 was found to only incorporate inactive Fe(III), whilst Fe(II) and Fe(III) were identified in zeolite X across a distribution of sites. Fe coordinates to oxygen atoms belonging to both water molecules and framework positions. EPR confirmed these findings and showed how the site distribution narrows upon dehydration. XPS showed that a distribution of Fe sites exists at the sample surface. Mössbauer spectroscopy was also used to track oxidation and reduction processes in Fe-zeolite X. Over time, gradual Fe oxidation takes place in air-exposed samples. Reduction under hydrogen flow increases the populations of low oxidation state Fe; as the reaction time increases, Fe(II) populations first increase, then decrease as Fe(0) is evolved.     

CuO纳米粒子的谱学特性研究

以六次甲基四胺为沉淀剂宿主、Cu(NO3)2为铜源在乙醇-水(1∶1,φ)体系中采用均匀沉淀法合成了前驱体Cu2(NO3)(OH)3,然后在不同温度下锻烧获得系列纳米CuO粉体,借助XRD,FTIR,XPS,FT-Raman和UV-Vis等测试手段对其谱学特性进行了系统研究。XRD分析表明,所得粉体为单斜晶系的纳米CuO,随锻烧温度的升高,粉体的粒径增大;XPS图谱表明,随热处理温度的升高CuO粉体的表面氧空位减少,导致表面吸附氧含量降低;FTIR图谱表明,随晶粒粒径的减小,在525cm-1附近处Cu—O键特征吸收峰明显宽化,且发生劈裂,劈裂小峰出现双移现象;FT-Raman谱图表明,随着粒径的减小,样品的拉曼散射峰出现宽化现象,并向低波数方向移动;UV-Vis吸收光谱表明,粉体在300～400nm之间有强的吸收,随着粒径的减小最大吸收发生蓝移。探讨了上述谱学规律的成因,对氧化物纳米粒子的谱学特性研究具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Study on spectrum of solvent extraction of chromium( VI) by primary amine

The Cr(VI) solvent extraction in near neutral aqueous solution by primary amine was experimentally studied by the inductively couple plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), laser Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). The ICP-AES analysis of the aqueous phase before and after solvent extraction showed that primary amine could extract Cr(VI) from nearly neutral solution. Laser Raman spectroscopy of loaded organic phase showed that a new peak appeared at 890 cm(-1) after Cr(VI) was extracted by primary amine. FTIR showed the process that primary amine extracted Cr(VI) from nearly neutral aqueous solutions was different from anion exchange mechanism, and the Cr(VI) extracted into the organic phase resulted in the appearance of the peak at 885 cm(-1) of FTIR which justified that the peak at 890 cm(-1) of Raman was caused by Cr(VI). The 1H NMR spectroscopy showed that the value of chemical shift of protons of -NH2 decreased after extraction, and it is believed that primary amine was associated with Cr(VI) through hydrogen bonding. On the basis of the spectroscopic analysis results above, the mechanism of Cr(VI) extraction by primary amine from nearly neutral aqueous solutions was believed to be solvation with molecular association between primary amine and Cr(VI) through hydrogen bonding.     

Surface-coated fly ash used as filler in biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) composite films: Part 1—The modification process

The surfaces of fly ash (FA) particles were modified by surfactant, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and used in fabrication of composite films with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Both unmodified fly ash (FA) and modified fly ash (SLS-FA) samples were examined using a range of analytical tools including X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The distribution patterns of SLS-FA particles were shifted to the higher regions compared to FA by adding 1.2-4.2 μm in the ranges between 2 and 25 μm, whereas the modification process reduced the size of the particles over 25 μm due to grinding during the activation process. The increased 1.2-4.2 μm in average can be considered the thickness of the surfactant on the SLS-FA surface. On the oxides based chemical analysis by XRF, the compositions were almost unchanged. SEM and TEM were visualised the irregular sizes morphology mostly spherical of the particles, although it is impossible to capture the images of exactly same particles in modified and unmodified forms. The composite films reinforced with SLS-FA showed 33% higher strength than those of FA filled films. The enhancement of tensile strength attributed from the level of physical bonding between SLS-FA and PVA surfaces.     

黄铁矿处理重金属废水的光谱表征

将反射光谱和吸收光谱用于黄铁矿处理酸性重金属废水的研究,探讨了黄铁矿的表面反应以及黄铁矿与重金属的相互作用。漫反射红外光谱分析证实,在处理废水过程中,黄铁矿中表面羟基与重金属离子发生反应;并通过考察黄铁矿中碳酸盐,合理解释了黄铁矿处理酸性重金属废水后的溶液自然均趋于中性(pH 7)的现象。可见区的反射光谱用于表征处理过程中的黄铁矿的颗粒及比表面变化,解释了黄铁矿在重复使用时其活性反而增强的原因。吸收光谱及XPS表征表明,黄铁矿处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水,是一个由Cr(Ⅵ)到Cr3+再到Cr(OH)₃的吸附沉淀过程。     

水田污染区稻壳与糙米中铬元素的LIBS分析可行性

为验证激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)对江西省环鄱阳湖水田污染区稻谷中铬元素的分析可行性,本试验以在该区收集的稻壳、糙米和白米作为研究对象,分别对所有样品进行LIBS测试,并利用火焰原子吸收法(AAS)对铬元素进行真实浓度检测。LIBS图谱显示稻壳中明显地检测到了铬元素的特征谱线,而糙米和白米则检测不到。AAS结果显示稻壳中Cr浓度远高于糙米,而白米中Cr未超标,同时,稻壳与糙米Cr浓度比率具有一定的梯度关系。结果说明,Cr在稻壳中的富集量高于糙米和白米,利用LIBS技术对稻壳中Cr进行检测具有一定的可行性,最终有望实现通过采集稻壳LIBS光谱信号,预测出糙米中重金属元素的分布规律,进而采用类似的方法获取大米中重金属元素含量。     

Sorption of Sb(III) on carbon steel surface in presence of molybdate and selenite in citric acid medium

Sorption of Sb(III) on carbon steel surface in aqueous medium (pH 2.8) in presence of different oxyanions like molybdate and selenite has been studied. It is observed that the presence of molybdate or selenite in solution reduced Sb(III) adsorption and surface precipitation to a great extent. The solution at different stages of the adsorption experiment has been analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy technique. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques have been used to characterize the precipitate layer and the adsorbed layer. A detailed analysis of the XPS data reveals the mechanism involved in the two cases.     

焙烧条件对Ce离子价态影响的XPS研究

在均相沉淀法制备含铈化合物的过程中,利用XRD和IR尤其是XPS研究了含Ce化合物在不同焙烧温度条件下产物的结构、铈离子的价态变化、化合物表面性质及其内核电子构型。XRD结果表明,焙烧温度的不同可产生不同的铈基化合物,导致产物中Ce离子价态的变化,IR结果也证实了这一点。单纯均相沉淀法得到的产物为三价的斜方晶系的单晶Ce_2O(CO_3)_2·H_2O(Ⅲ)微粒;将三价的Ce_2O(CO_3)_2·H_2O加热到200℃,产物转化成高价态六价化合物CeO(CO_3)_2·H_2O(Ⅵ);加热温度再升高到250℃,产物转化为稳定的四价化合物CeO_2(Ⅳ)。XPS通过对3种不同价态化合物的O(1s),Ce(3d),Ce(4d)峰进行精细扫描,研究了产物的表面性质及其内部电子构型,比较结果证实了不同价态铈化合物的形成是由于内核价电子构型的差异引起的。     

珍珠和贝壳珍珠层的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

本文通过高分辨率傅里叶变换红外光谱法和Ｘ射线衍射技术研究了三角帆蚌生长的珍珠和壳珍珠层粉末在１６０℃热处理前后谱图的变化。     

Synthesis and characterization of Cr doped CdS nanoparticles stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone

Undoped and Cr (2 and 4 at.%) doped CdS nanoparticles were synthesized in aqueous solution by simple chemical co-precipitation method using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as stabilizer. The prepared nanoparticles were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD pattern of the nanoparticles showed cubic zincblende phase with the particle size of the order of 3-4 nm, which was in good agreement with the results obtained from TEM studies. The EDAX analysis confirmed that Cd, Cr and S elements were present in the samples and the variations between the target and actual compositions were microscopic. UV-vis DRS spectra of the samples exhibited decrease in the band gap which further attests the incorporation of Cr into CdS nanoparticles. FTIR studies revealed that the undoped as well as Cr doped CdS nanoparticles were capped by polyvinylpyrrolidone.     

红外和拉曼光谱的煤灰矿物组成研究

研究煤灰中矿物质的性质通常从矿物组成的表征入手。为了分析两种高硅铝煤灰的矿物成分,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱和X射线衍射(XRD)技术对煤灰样进行了测试和综合表征,将FTIR和拉曼光谱的分析结果与XRD进行了比较。FTIR结果表明,在1 100~1 000 cm-1范围内高硅铝煤灰出现最强的特征峰,例如石英峰(1 089 cm-1)和偏高岭石峰(1 042 cm-1),它们都归属于Si-O伸缩振动。对原始红外谱图进行二阶导数处理后,可获得重叠峰的峰位,有助于更完整的解析矿物吸收峰,从而获得更丰富的矿物组成信息。煤灰中硬石膏的红外和拉曼光谱发现,在1 157,1 126和674 cm-1的拉曼光谱峰与在1 151,1 120和678 cm-1的红外光谱峰振动模式分别相同且峰位接近,还存在一些完全不同的拉曼光谱与红外光谱峰,表明这两种光谱存在互补性。尽管煤灰中锐钛矿含量很低,但由于Ti-O的极化率很高,因此拉曼光谱显示锐钛矿的144 cm-1峰远远强于石英的461 cm-1峰。XRD结果表明,煤灰中主要存在石英、云母、赤铁矿、硬石膏和未知的无定形相矿物,FTIR和拉曼光谱综合分析的结果表明除了这些矿物,还存在偏高岭石、无定形氧化硅、长石、方解石和锐钛矿等。在定性分析方面,将FTIR和拉曼光谱结合起来比XRD单独获得的矿物组成信息更为详细。     

Development of TREN dendrimers over mesoporous SBA-15 for CO2 adsorption

Mesoporous SBA-15 was synthesized using rice husk ash (RHA) as the silica source and their defective Si-OH groups were grafted with tris(2-aminoethyl) amine (TREN) dendrimers generation through step-wise growth technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption/desorption results of parent SBA-15 obtained from RHA, suggests its resemblance with SBA-15 synthesized using conventional silica sources. Furthermore, the nitrogen adsorption/desorption results of SBA-15/TREN dendrimer generations (G1-G3) illustrates the growth of dendrimer inside the mesopores of SBA-15 and their CO₂ adsorption capacity was determined at 25 °C. The maximum CO₂ adsorption capacity of 5-6 and 7-8 wt% over second and third dendrimer generation was observed which is discernibly higher than the reported melamine and PAMAM dendrimers. The experimental CO₂ adsorption capacity was found to be less than theoretically calculated CO₂ adsorption capacity due to inter and intra molecular amidation as result of steric hindrance during the dendrimer growth. These SBA-15/TREN dendrimer generations also exhibit thermal stability up to 350 °C and CO₂ adsorption capacity remains unaltered upon seven consecutive runs.     

Characterization of water exposed plasma sprayed oxide coating materials using XPS

The surface compositions and oxidation states of non-exposed and water exposed plasma sprayed oxide coatings were studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Coating materials were TiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ and their mixtures. Water exposures were performed for free standing coating disks at mild electrolyte (1 mmol NaCl solution) at pH 4, 7 and 9. The exposure time was two weeks.It was observed that pure plasma sprayed TiO₂ material was chemically stable over whole experiment pH range and only slight surface hydroxylation was observed for this material.In case of plasma sprayed Al₂O₃ materials the surface O/Al ratio increased considerably during water exposure especially at exposure pH 7. This was probably result of surface conversion to hydrous form. No surface oxidation state changes were observed for this material.The non-exposed Cr₂O₃ materials contained both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) oxides. The water exposures increased the surface oxygen and Cr(VI) contents at the expense of Cr(III). The most probable reason for that was the dissolution of surface Cr(VI) oxide phase during water exposures and the (re)adsorption of dissolved Cr(VI) species back to the surface.     

Structural, optical and electrical characterization of antimony-substituted tin oxide nanoparticles

Antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) nanostructures were prepared using chemical precipitation technique starting from SnCl₂, SbCl₃ as precursor compounds. The antimony composition was varied from 5 to 20 wt%. The lower resistance was observed at composition of Sn:95 and Sb:05, when compared with undoped and higher doping concentration of antimony. The average crystalline size of undoped and doped tin oxide was calculated from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and found to be in the range of 30-11 nm and it was further confirmed from the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the nanoparticles agglomerates forming spherical-shaped particles of few hundreds nanometers. The samples were further analyzed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electrical resistance measurements.     

Applications of polymeric micelles with tumor targeted in chemotherapy

The chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles (CS MNPs) were in situ synthesized by cross-linking method. In this method; during the adsorption of cationic chitosan molecules onto the surface of anionic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with electrostatic interactions, tripolyphosphate (TPP) is added for ionic cross-linking of the chitosan molecules with each other. The characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS/ESCA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analyses. The XRD and XPS analyses proved that the synthesized iron oxide was magnetite (Fe₃O₄). The layer of chitosan on the magnetite surface was confirmed by FTIR. TEM results demonstrated a spherical morphology. In the synthesis, at higher NH₄OH concentrations, smaller sized nanoparticles were obtained. The average diameters were generally between 2 and 8?nm for CS MNPs in TEM and between 58 and 103?nm in DLS. The average diameters of bare MNPs were found as around 18?nm both in TEM and DLS. TGA results indicated that the chitosan content of CS MNPs were between 15 and 23?% by weight. Bare and CS MNPs were superparamagnetic. These nanoparticles were found non-cytotoxic on cancer cell lines (SiHa, HeLa). The synthesized MNPs have many potential applications in biomedicine including targeted drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging?(MRI), and magnetic hyperthermia.