分布式矢量传感器对宽带源被动定位的方法研究

本文给出了两种基于矢量传感器的被动定位方法。一般来说，对目标进行被动定位可以通过方位信息或时延信息来实现。单个矢量传感器就可以实现目标方位估计，而对多个矢量传感器接收的信号进行互相关运算即可得到目标对各矢量传感器的时延信息。本文先给出了利用方位信息进行被动定位的方法，然后给出了利用分布式矢量传感器进行方位一时延信息联合被动定位的新方法，并通过仿真分析对这两种方法的定位性能进行了比较。     

基于声矢量传感器的分布式定位系统在水下宽带声源定位中的应用

提出了基于声矢量传感器的分布式浮标网络定位系统,研究了不同应用背景下单个声矢量传感器的测向算法,推导了目标DOA估计的Cramer-Rao界,给出了分层海水介质中多个声矢量传感器的几何定位算法。数值仿真结果表明:(1)系统的定位性能强烈依赖于接收信噪比;(2)该系统适用于单一强声源的定位。     

Transparent ZnO/glass surface acoustic wave based high performance ultraviolet light sensors

Surface acoustic wave(SAW) resonators are a type of ultraviolet(UV) light sensors with high sensitivity, and they have been extensively studied. Transparent SAW devices are very useful and can be developed into various sensors and microfluidics for sensing/monitoring and lab-on-chip applications. We report the fabrication of high sensitivity SAW UV sensors based on piezoelectric(PE) ZnO thin films deposited on glass substrates. The sensors were fabricated and their performances against the post-deposition annealing condition were investigated. It was found that the UV-light sensitivity is improved by more than one order of magnitude after annealing. The frequency response increases significantly and the response becomes much faster. The optimized devices also show a small temperature coefficient of frequency and excellent repeatability and stability, demonstrating its potential for UV-light sensing application.     

利用PASCO传感器研究管中声波的共振

利用PASCO传感器测量了共振管中的声压分布,结果与基于多重反射的理论分析符合很好.在此基础上,测量了共振管开口端对管内声波的反射系数及其对频率的依赖关系.     

声矢量阵指向性

单矢量传感器具有可电子旋转的偶极子指向性,声压、振速信息联合矢量信号处理在噪声背景下有良好的探测能力,矢量(传感器)阵能取得更好的能力。本文对理想条件下单矢量传感器、二元矢量阵的偶极子指向性和单边指向性进行了计算机仿真,并对单矢量传感器的指向性进行了水池实验,实验结果与仿真结果基本一致。结果表明矢量传感器具有较强的抗相干干扰和非相干干扰的能力。     

干涉型光纤声传感器的研究

本文对光纤声传感器的压力灵敏度作了理论分析,且分析讨论了非均匀压力下的灵敏度,实现了直流相位跟踪零差检测(PTDC)系统,并测定了声压与输出电信号的关系,采用5m长光纤得到声压检测阈值为200μPa.     

表面声波传感器及其应用

本文简要介绍多种表面声波传感器的结构、特点、应用及其研究进展概况。表面声波传感器依其波型分类,主要包括瑞利波、水平切变声板波、乐甫波和兰姆波传感器;其应用领域根据作用特点大致可分为物理传感器和化学、生物传感器,前者较易实现,后者特异性强,需要针对具体情况作更细致研究。由于表面声波的传播速度和相位对周围环境的参量变化极为敏感,因此有关传感器具有很高的灵敏度和广泛的应用领域。     

Tracking sperm whales with a towed acoustic vector sensor

Passive acoustic towed linear arrays are increasingly used to detect marine mammal sounds during mobile anthropogenic activities. However, these arrays cannot resolve between signals arriving from the port or starboard without vessel course changes or multiple cable deployments, and their performance is degraded by vessel self-noise and non-acoustic mechanical vibration. In principle acoustic vector sensors can resolve these directional ambiguities, as well as flag the presence of non-acoustic contamination, provided that the vibration-sensitive sensors can be successfully integrated into compact tow modules. Here a vector sensor module attached to the end of a 800 m towed array is used to detect and localize 1813 sperm whale "clicks" off the coast of Sitka, AK. Three methods were used to identify frequency regimes relatively free of non-acoustic noise contamination, and then the active intensity (propagating energy) of the signal was computed between 4-10 kHz along three orthogonal directions, providing unambiguous bearing estimates of two sperm whales over time. These bearing estimates are consistent with those obtained via conventional methods, but the standard deviations of the vector sensor bearing estimates are twice those of the conventionally-derived bearings. The resolved ambiguities of the bearings deduced from vessel course changes match the vector sensor predictions.     

High-order angular response beamformer for vector sensors

A linear processing scheme for computing higher-order angular response modes of a vector sensor is described. Examples of modal response beampatterns are presented. The response modes form (in principle) a complete, orthonormal set that can be transformed into steerable sets of one or more directive beams. The linear processing scheme facilitates calibration of vector sensor measurement systems. The angular resolution that can be achieved with the new processing scheme is predicted to be (155/N_m) degrees, where N_m is the highest order of computed response mode, for the higher orders. The number of higher-order response modes appears to be limited only by the computational power available.     

Magnetoelastic sensors and geophones for vector measurements in geoacoustics

The process of earthquake origination is associated with the action of intrinsic forces of both natural and artificial origin, which substantially change the stress fields in the Earth’s crust. These slow movements are accompanied by acoustic noise (acoustic emission). Broadband measurements of acoustic emission from naturally deposited rocks is an effective tool for an instrumental monitoring of the Earth’s crust that is aimed at earthquake forecasting. Considerable advances in this direction have become possible with the development of a new type of acoustic sensors with a velaccelerometric characteristic, for which the sensitivity increases by three orders of magnitude when the frequency increases tenfold. In geoacoustic observation systems, this makes it possible to considerably expand the amplitude-frequency range of investigation and creates new opportunities for a detailed analysis of the earthquake origination process. The results of observations of high-frequency underground acoustic noise, which were carried out in various regions of the Earth, in wells and edits, with the use of hardware/software systems containing new broadband magnetoelastic acoustic geophones, have confirmed experimentally its relation to slow deformations in the Earth’s crust. It turns out that underground hum in the frequency range from 16 to 2000 Hz contains new independent information on changes in the stressed state and is a sensitive indicator of tectonic and tidal movements. Practical investigations performed by researchers from the Institute of Volcanology, Far East Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski have convincingly proved that acoustic noise variation may serve as a reliable seismic alert. The present publication is devoted to the history of the development and application of magnetoelastic geophones.     

Miniature all-silica fiber optic pressure and acoustic sensors

We present a miniature diaphragm-based Fabry-Perot (F-P) interferometric fiber optic sensor fabricated by novel techniques for pressure or acoustic wave measurement that is only approximately 0.32 mm in diameter. By choosing different diaphragm thicknesses and effective diameters, we obtain a sensor measurement range from 5 to 10,000 psi (1 psi = 51.72 Torr) and a frequency response up to 2 MHz. In addition, the sensor's F-P cavity can be set from micrometers to millimeters with a precision of several nanometers. With the all-silica structure, the sensor is reliable, biocompatible, and immune to electromagnetic interference and has high-temperature sensing capability.     

Directionality of generalized acoustic sensors of arbitrary order

For several decades there has been a great deal of interest in acoustic sensors that can make multiple measurements at a single point in the ocean. The order of such sensors has been defined by linking it to the order of the Taylor series approximation of the pressure field at that point. Following this definition, the pressure, vector, and dyadic sensor is of order zero, one, and two, respectively. For this theoretical study, a multichannel three-dimensional spatial filter is derived for a directional acoustic sensor of arbitrary order. Explicit formulas are found for the filter coefficients that maximize the array gain (directivity index) of the filter as well as an explicit expression for the maximum array gain (directivity index). This process is repeated for the case of a first-order null placed in the direction opposite to the look direction of the multichannel filter. Finally, an example is presented which tracks the array gain and beamwidth of a third-order acoustic sensor as the order of the null is assigned values 0, 1, 2, and 3.     

Propagation of acoustic wave in viscoelastic medium permeated with air bubbles

Based on the modification of the radial pulsation equation of an individual bubble, an effective medium method (EMM) is presented for studying propagation of linear and nonlinear longitudinal acoustic waves in viscoelastic medium permeated with air bubbles. A classical theory developed previously by Gaunaurd (Gaunaurd GC and \"{U}berall H, {\em J. Acoust. Soc. Am}., 1978; 63: 1699--1711) is employed to verify the EMM under linear approximation by comparing the dynamic (i.e. frequency-dependent) effective parameters, and an excellent agreement is obtained. The propagation of longitudinal waves is hereby studied in detail. The results illustrate that the nonlinear pulsation of bubbles serves as the source of second harmonic wave and the sound energy has the tendency to be transferred to second harmonic wave. Therefore the sound attenuation and acoustic nonlinearity of the viscoelastic matrix are remarkably enhanced due to the system's resonance induced by the existence of bubbles.     

Synthetic aperture imaging by scanning acoustic microscopy with vector contrast

Based on phase sensitive scanning acoustic microscopy (PSAM), a novel scheme suitable for volume imaging has been developed. The method employs synthetic aperture insonification combined with synthetic aperture imaging. Excitation and detection are performed by planar scanning of two focusing transducer and vector (phase and amplitude) detectors for the ultrasonic wave packages observed in transmission. Examples for applications of the scheme, including technically relevant simplifications based on reduced dimensions of the scan ranges, are presented. Detection schemes already applied for non-destructive testing (NDT) and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of the mechanical properties of functionally graded materials are an example for the application of the generalised approach presented here with reduced dimensions of the scan. The technique is suitable for NDT and NDE imaging respectively with three-dimensional resolution.     

Passive stabilization of capillary bridges in air with acoustic radiation pressure

Long liquid capillary bridges are normally unstable because of the growth of a mode where one end becomes slender while the other becomes rotund. This Rayleigh-Plateau instability was suppressed for weightless bridges on NASA's KC-135 aircraft by placing the bridge in an acoustic standing wave. With an appropriate acoustic wavelength and amplitude the radiation pressure automatically squeezes more on the rotund portion of the bridge so as to suppress the growth of the relevant capillary mode. Stabilization is a natural consequence of the interaction with the steady sound field.     

用于矢量水听器的弯曲圆盘型声压水听器

针对在同振型矢量水听器中有效地复合声压通道的问题,提出一种采用压电双迭片结构的弯曲圆盘型声压水听器。压电双迭片由中心开孔的压电圆片和金属背衬组成,采用弯曲振动工作模式。为提高声压水听器的灵敏度,分别通过理论计算和有限元仿真的方法对双迭片结构进行了分析与优化设计,并制作了一只声压水听器样机用于实验验证。测试结果表明,声压水听器的灵敏度为-157 dB(0 dB re 1 V/μPa),在25 Hz~1000 Hz频带内分布平坦,并具有全指向性的特点。综合理论研究与实验室测试结果,这种弯曲圆盘型声压水听器成功满足了低频宽带声信号接收的需要,达到了复合同振型矢量水听器对声压通道的设计要求。     

Multiplexing of fiber-optic acoustic sensors in a Michelson interferometer configuration

A new multiplexing method demonstrating the separation of two series of geometrically arranged fiber-optic distributed sensors in a Michelson interferometer (MI) configuration has been developed. This method can acquire data from two sensors, then propagate the data into one channel, and finally separate the data by determining their working point, which is essential for some remote measurements. The working point of one sensor was deflected from the normal MI by introduction of two reference arms. The deflection was extracted electrically and employed to label the sensor. Verification with commercial piezoelectric transducers proves the efficiency of the method.     

高性能石墨烯霍尔传感器

本文回顾了石墨烯霍尔传感器的相关研究工作.通过改善石墨烯生长转移和霍尔元件的微加工工艺,石墨烯霍尔元件和霍尔集成电路都展示出超越传统霍尔传感器的优异性能.石墨烯霍尔元件的灵敏度、分辨率、线性度和温度稳定性等重要指标都优于传统商用霍尔元件.通过开发一套钝化工艺,霍尔元件的稳定性有了明显提升.结合石墨烯材料的特点,展示了石墨烯在柔性磁传感和多功能传感领域的新颖应用.此外,成功实现了石墨烯/硅互补型金属-氧化物-半导体(CMOS)混合霍尔集成电路,并进行了应用展示.通过发展一套低温加工工艺(不超过180℃),将石墨烯霍尔元件制备在硅基CMOS芯片的钝化层上,从而与硅基CMOS电路实现了单片集成.本文的研究结果表明石墨烯在霍尔磁探测方向拥有重大的性能优势,在产业化应用中有巨大发展潜力.     

Low speed bearing fault diagnosis using acoustic emission sensors

In this paper, a new methodology for low speed bearing fault diagnosis is presented. This acoustic emission (AE) based technique starts with a heterodyne frequency reduction approach that samples AE signals at a rate comparable to vibration centered methodologies. Then, the sampled AE signal is time synchronously resampled to account for possible fluctuations in shaft speed and bearing slippage. The resampling approach is able to segment the AE signal according to shaft crossing times such that an even number of data points are available to compute a single spectral average which is used to extract features and evaluate numerous condition indicators (CIs) for bearing fault diagnosis. Unlike existing averaging based noise reduction approaches that require the computation of multiple averages for each bearing fault type, the presented approach computes only one average for all bearing fault types. The presented technique is validated using the AE signals of seeded fault steel bearings on a bearing test rig. The results in this paper have shown that the low sampled AE signals in combination with the presented approach can be utilized to effectively extract condition indicators to diagnose all four bearing fault types at multiple low shaft speeds below 10 Hz.     

Proposed method of partial discharge allocation with acoustic emission sensors within power transformers

Employing acoustic emission sensors for detection of partial discharge, PD, introduces many advantages. Besides easy installation and replacement, they are non-invasive and immune to electromagnetic noise and interference and their sensitivity does not vary with object capacitance. For PD allocating utilizing AE sensors, distance calculations are based on the arrival time of acoustic waves to the sensors. Considering structure-borne waves of higher speed, the peaks of some of indirect path AE signals with significant contribution are mistakenly considered as peaks of direct path AE signals. Furthermore, the acoustic signals are propagating through certain parts of the transformer, such as the windings, and this complicates the partial discharge detection and allocation. These would imply an incorrect distance between the source and sensor. A method based on a heuristic algorithm has been proposed which considering all possible indirect paths with the relevant propagation times and all the barriers on the travel path of acoustic signal, calculates the more precise arrival times to sensors. A test chamber has been utilized and artificial PD signals are produced at various points. Output results of algorithm have been compared with results of classic method. It has been shown that proposed method significantly reduces the positioning errors.