DAEM模型研究大同煤及其半焦的气化动力学

用热重法对大同煤及其在不同温度下所得的半焦在空气气氛中的气化行为进行了考察 ,并用分布活化能模型 (DAEM)对气化过程的动力学进行了解析 ,发现随着半焦中挥发分含量的减少 ,描述反应速率的Arrhenius曲线斜率逐渐接近于常数 ,即大同煤在高温区的Arrhenius曲线斜率。另外 ,通过不同煤种的对比气化实验 ,由DAEM模型所得的活化能分布曲线表明 ,当煤或半焦中挥发分量较高时 ,反应初期的活化能值变化规律不同于挥发分含量很少的半焦 ,挥发分含量越高 ,反应初期活化能的下降幅度越大。     

应用相图边界理论勾画多元恒温截面相图

根据相图的边界理论,可以确定恒温截面图中紧邻相区及其边界关系,进而可以根据有限的实验数据,比较直接地勾画出整个恒温截面图。本文以5元相图和8元相图为例加以说明。     

聚醚醚酮及其碳纤维复合材料——恒温结晶动力学的研究

本文研究了聚醚醚酮(PEEK)和以PEEK树脂为基体的碳纤维复合材料(APC-2)在恒温条件下的结晶行为。采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测定从熔体和橡胶体结晶过程中热焓的变化。利用Avrami方程分析了PEEK和APC-2试样的恒温结晶动力学。PEEK从熔体和橡胶体结晶的活化能分别为532.1和531.7KJ/mol,Avrami指数的平均值分别为5.0和3.9;而APC-2则分别为444.2和432.5KJ/mol,3.5和2.3。这些实验结果表明,APC-2试样中碳纤维表面对PEEK树脂基体具有显著的成核作用,能降低其结晶活化能,因而导致PEEK树脂基体结晶速率加快和促进其结晶更加完整。     

分布化能模型的理论及其在半焦气化和模拟蒸馏体系中的应用

通过对分布活化能模型所做的理论分析,给出了失重过程中活化能的解析表达式,阐明了失重实验中升温速率影响失重曲线的基本原理。按照本文给出的活化能求解方法,对大同煤半焦的空气气化动力学和煤焦油馏分的模拟蒸馏过程进行了分析,得到了半焦气化过程和模拟蒸馏过程的活化能变化曲线,与常规动力学分析结果的对比表明,新的DAEM方法能够很好地应用于简单反应体系。     

生物质气化燃气中固体颗粒物的恒温临氧热解机理研究

在固定床反应器中考察了不同气氛下PBG恒温热解特性的差异,结合XPS与~(13)C NM R等技术手段分析了400℃恒温热解条件下PBG固相产物的化学结构变化。结果表明,PBG在400℃恒温热解时,生物质气化燃气(BAG)与N_2气氛下更易生成焦油,其析出量分别为50.71与37.45 mg/g,而临氧燃气气氛(BAG+2%O_2)下焦油析出量仅为11.96 mg/g,说明适量O_2的存在可有效抑制焦油的生成。进一步进行化学结构分析表明,在燃气(BAG)恒温热解条件下,PBG主要发生以脱氢脱氧为主的芳香化缩聚反应,易形成焦油类的大分子多环芳烃;而在临氧燃气(BAG+2%O_2)恒温热解条件下,PBG表面的有机基团易与O_2发生表面氧化反应,生成表面含氧官能团,在一定程度上抑制了芳香环缩聚反应,进而有利于降低焦油类物质的产率。因此,在生物质气化燃气实际高温过滤过程中适当添加氧(如:2%O_2),可有效降低PBG焦油收率,且不会形成大分子多环芳烃,有助于解决粗燃气过滤的过滤介质堵塞问题。     

恒温恒压下勒夏特列原理的应用

探讨了恒温恒压条件下浓度对化学平衡的影响,归纳出勒夏特列原理的应用规律。     

动力学控制下焦炭颗粒气化特性的模型研究

焦炭颗粒气化反应属于典型的非催化气固反应,固体结构会随着反应发生变化,颗粒的气化模型包含了体现固体颗粒表面积变化的结构因子。建立了具体的焦炭颗粒与二氧化碳气化过程的扩散 反应模型,并将研究的内容限定在动力学控制区域。该模型的特点在于其反应速率项采用了形式简单的结构因子,模型结果与随机孔模型对比后显示了很好的精确性。利用该模型考察了不同初始孔隙率的焦炭颗粒的转化率变化特性以及固定初始孔隙率下,气化温度和气化剂分压对焦炭颗粒气化的影响。     

水蒸汽流化条件下的煤气化实验与模型研究

本文在实验室条件下对赤峰的两种褐煤进行了煤热解气化实验研究，考察了气化室温度和流化状态等实验条件变化对煤气产率，组分的影响，得到了具体条件下的煤气化综合过程实验数据。     

低密度聚乙烯/乙丙烯三元共聚(LDPE/EPO)共混体系的结晶动力学

用DSC方法研究了LDPE/EPO共混体系的等温及非等温结晶动力学,对LDPE/EPO共混体系的等温结晶动力学研究表明,共混物是三维生长的异相成核,共混物在各个结晶温度下的结晶过程都是以方式K_g(Ⅱ)进行的.采用联系Avrami方程和Ozawa方程导出的新非等温结晶动力学方程,处理了LDPE/EPO共混体系,得到了非等温结晶过程的一些基本参数,新方程很好地描述了此共混体系的非等温结晶动力学过程.     

A NEW REDUCING AGENT OF FLAVINS AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE ASSAY OF BACTERIAL LUCIFERASE

Copper(I) plus ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Cu(I)-EDTA, reduces flavins. Using Cu(I)-EDTA reduction of riboflavin 5'-phosphate, a new assay method for bacterial luciferase is established. In previous assay methods, flavin and aldehyde substrates for luciferase have been routinely added to luciferase at different times; the new assay permits aldehyde and Cu(I)-reduced flavin to be injected simultaneously into air-saturated buffer containing luciferase. In the new assay method using Cu(I), bovine serum albumin is not required, the initial emission intensity is more than twice and the overall yield is about twice of that in the so-called standard assay for luciferase.     

A NEW CUMULUS PARAMETERIZATION SCHEME AND ITS APPLICATION TO PRECIPITATION NUMERICAL PREDICTION

According to the characteristics of cumulus and stratiform clouds during the meiyu period (plum rains) over Jianghuai valleys (the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and the Huaihe River), a modified Kuo-type cumulus parameterization scheme applicable to midlatitude con-vective systems is suggested in this paper. It is often observed that cumulus and stratiform clouds coexist in a rain-bearing synoptic systems and the precipitation amount associated with this system may be amplified by their interaction. With some important processes of cloud physics taken into account, we use a simple seeder-feeder model (including colloidal instability, collision effect and entrainment) to describe this process of interaction within framework of Kuo-type cumulus parameterization. It is found that the rainfall amount caused by ice crystal effect accounts for 30-40% of total rainfall, but the collision effect is not so great generally. We introduced this scheme to the regional numerical model used by Wuhan Observatory of Hubei     

A NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVE THE NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION

For certain particular initial values, the results of numerical weather prediction are extremely sensitive to the errors in some parameters of the models, which probably is one of the reasons to bring about serious failures to the forecast. In this paper, this speculation is shown by an example of numerical experiments, and it is suggested that the parameters in the models be modified with the information provided by observational data of the recent atmospheric evolution to avoid failures of the forecast. The numerical simulation tests with a simple quasi-geostrophic barotropic model have obtained satisfying results.     

流体熵相关性质的Monte Carlo模拟新方法

提出了用于计算实际体系熵相关性质的Monte Carlo 多级取样分子模拟方法.应用这一方法,对硬球流体的化学势及Helmholtz 自由能进行了估算,得到了满意的结果.计算化学势时,不存在通常试验粒子方法所遇到的高密度问题.该方法特别适合规律性的系统研究,较之普通模拟方法要有效得多.模拟得到的硬球体系无限稀释组份的超额化学势与对比直径的关系,在相变区域为一条双凹曲线;无论是在相变区还是在单相区,Carnahan-Starling 公式对这一关系的描述均有较大偏差.     

一个新的液晶相转变动力学理论

本文以保留系统的宏观特性为基本原则,从用动力学方法处理非稳态相转变入手,在物理化学基础上,建立了描述液晶相转变的动力学方程,提出了动力学意义上的相转变级数参数,推导出相转变级数的理论公式及参数的变化范围,丹卉将其应用于一新的聚合物体系,获得了该体系各聚合物加热过程中所经历相态的动力学相转变级数。     

偶氮苯的光化学顺反异构化反应及其在光强测定中的应用

本文叙述了用偶氮苯露光计测定光强的原理。本方法也同样可用于测定A<﹦>B型光化学异构化反应的量子产率,设计了专用的计算机程序来处理在光强和量子产率的测定中的各种有关数据。     

THE PRECURSOR OF INSTABILITY FOR NONLINEAR SYSTEMS AND ITS APPLICATION TO EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION

By analysing the instability process of various nonlinear systems, we conclude that their instability precursors are the continual heightening of the response rate or response ratio.Applying this theory to earthquake prediction, we adopt the periodical change of the stress in crust caused by the tide-generating force as the loading and unloading. If we can measure the ratio of the response (such as crust deformation, gravity and seismicity) during the loading period to that during the unloading period, this parameter must contain some characteristic information about the seismogenic process.With nine earthquakes (M≥7) data that occurred in Chinese mainland during 1970-1988, we take the sum of square root o?energy of small earthquakes, which is called the released strain by Benioff, as the response to the tidal loading and unloading. We find that the response ratios of seven earthquakes increase obviously before the main earthquakes.     

苏氨酸—BZ振荡器的设计及应用于肝癌的检测

研究了浓度、温度、Cl~-及自由基抑制剂(如丙烯晴等)对以苏氨酸(Thr)—KBrO_3—Mn(Ⅱ)—Fe(Ⅱ)—H_2SO_4为体系的振荡反应的影响,求得了振荡反应的表观活化能.分析了振荡反应的产物,苏氨酸在振荡反应中的作用和Mn(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅱ)二种离子的影响.以该体系为标准BZ振荡器,测定了各种不同程度肝癌患者血清对该振荡反应的诱导期(t_),振荡周期(t_)以及振荡寿命(t_)的影响,列成标准表,由此可设计一种检测肝癌的新方法.结果表明,该方法选择良好,准确性较好.