Computional Study of Metathesis Degradation of Rubber, 2. Distribution of Cyclic Oligomers via Intramolecular Metathesis Degradation of Natural Rubber

The results of molecular modeling of the ring distributions for the intramolecular metathesis degradation of natural rubber (NR) at HF/6–31G(d) level of theory showed that in the ring‐ring equilibrium participate cyclic oligomers containing from two to four isoprene units with all‐trans cyclic isoprene trimer being the main product. The formation of trans,trans,trans‐1,5,9‐trimethyl‐1,5,9‐cyclododecatriene from larger rings is thermodynamically favored. According to the calculations, the ring‐ring equilibrium for the intramolecular metathesis degradation of cis‐polybutadiene (cis‐PB) is completely shifted towards the all‐trans cyclic butadiene trimer. These results are in reasonable agreement with recent experimental data.     

New Strategy for Enzymatic Synthesis of High‐Molecular‐Weight Poly(butylene succinate) via Cyclic Oligomers

Summary: High‐molecular‐weight poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) is prepared by the lipase‐catalyzed polymerization of dimethyl succinate and butane‐1,4‐diol via the formation of cyclic oligomers as a new strategy for the green production of bio‐based plastics. The cyclic oligomer is first produced by the lipase‐catalyzed condensation of dimethyl succinate and butane‐1,4‐diol in a dilute toluene solution using lipase from Candida antarctica, followed by the ring‐opening polymerization of the cyclic oligomer in a more concentrated solution or in bulk with the same lipase to produce PBS with an of 130 000. On the other hand, PBS is produced with an of 45 000 by direct polycondensation.

The lipase‐catalyzed preparation of PBS by two routes.     

烯烃易位法降解顺丁橡胶及制备遥爪低聚物的研究

采用烯烃交叉易位反应,在Grubbs二代催化剂和含有功能基团的链转移剂作用下,研究了工业级高分子量顺丁橡胶的降解以及高附加值遥爪型丁二烯低聚物的制备.涉及的链转移剂主要是轴对称的顺丁烯类衍生物:顺-1,4-二氯-2-丁烯(DCB)、顺-1,4-二乙酰氧基-2-丁烯(DAB)、马来酸二甲酯(DMM)、马来酸二乙酯(DEM).产物的分子量(Mn)和分子量分布指数(PDI)通过凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)测定,产物的分子链段结构和组分通过红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)以及高效液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)表征.实验结果表明,通过引入不同的链转移剂,控制顺丁橡胶/链转移剂、顺丁橡胶/催化剂的摩尔投料比以及反应时间,可以有效控制低聚物的Mn和PDI,其Mn变化范围为230~4800,PDI变化范围为1.09~2.82.进一步研究发现,在一定反应条件引入DAB,可以逐一断裂顺丁橡胶的主链,获得丁二烯重复单元仅为1的小分子新结构.     

聚(对苯二甲酸-1,3-丙二酯)环状低聚物的合成、表征和开环聚合反应

探索了由对苯二甲酰氯和1,3-丙二醇在“假高稀”条件下合成聚(对苯二甲酸-1,3-丙二酯)(PTT)环状低聚物的可行性.通过柱色谱分离了环状低聚物和线形低聚物;用核磁共振、质谱和元素分析表征了产物的化学结构;用GPC和HPLC研究了不同大小环的分布,发现在本文实验条件下合成的PTT环状低聚物主要由二、三、四、五和七聚体构成,其中环状三聚体含量最多,没有发现环状六聚体的存在.PTT环状低聚物的熔程为92.3～222.6℃,熔融后是无色、透明的低粘度液体.于250℃将PTT环状低聚物分别在辛酸亚锡、1-乙基-3-氯四丁基锡氧烷、钛酸四丁酯和三氧化二锑催化下进行开环聚合反应,制备了特性粘数为0.18～0.49dL/g的聚合物.     

Poly(para‐phenylene vinylene) and Polynorbornadiene Containing Rod‐Coil Block Copoylmers via Combination of Acyclic Diene Metathesis and Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization

Poly(para‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and its derivatives are important semiconducting polymers for organic electronics. Herein, an alkene metathesis approach to obtain PPVs is reported. Tri(iso propyl)silyl‐substituted norbornadienes are employed as solubilizing agents. As PPV precursors divinylbenzene is used for acyclic diene metathesis and paracyclophane diene for a ring‐opening metathesis polymerization‐type approach. The resulting polymers are analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), UV‐vis, fluorescence, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. All of the polymers show good solubility in common solvents.

     

Computational study of metathesis degradation of rubber, 1. Distribution of cyclic oligomers via intramolecular metathesis degradation of cis‐polybutadiene

The results of the molecular modelling of the intramolecular metathesis degradation of cis‐polybutadiene (cis‐PB) into cyclic oligomers at PM3 level of theory showed that the chain‐ring equilibrium is completely shifted towards the all‐trans cyclic isomers. The formation of cyclic products, containing from three to six butadiene units, from larger rings is thermodynamically favoured with cyclic butadiene tetramers and pentamers being the main products. These results are in reasonable agreement with most of the available experimental data. The discrepancy observed in some cases between found and calculated ring distributions for the intramolecular metathesis degradation of cis‐PB suggests that the reaction is kinetically controlled under certain conditions.     

Photoisomerization and Emission Properties of trans‐ and cis‐Poly(dimethylsilylenephenylenevinylene)s

The photoirradiation of trans‐ and cis‐poly(dimethylsilylenephenylenevinylene)s gave cis‐rich mixtures at equilibrium states. The degree of the photoisomerization could be exactly evaluated by comparing the UV spectra of the photoirradiated solutions with those of the trans and cis polymers. The geometric configuration of the trans and cis polymers was thermally stable and hardly changed even though they were heated. The trans and cis polymers exhibited different emission properties; e.g., trans polymer: λ_max = 400 nm, quantum yield = 3.4×10^–3; cis polymer: λ_max = 380 nm, quantum yield = 1.5×10^–3.     

酚酞聚芳醚酮酮环状齐聚物的合成及开环聚合

从4,4’-二氟三苯二酮(DFTBDK)和酚酞出发,利用"拟高稀(pseudo high dillution)"技术,一步法制备酚酞聚芳醚酮酮环状齐聚物(c-PEKK-C),成环率78%。基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱MALDI-TOF MS数据表明,聚合产物系聚合度为n=2~8的环状低聚物,其中以二、三聚体为主要成分(占环化产物的85%)。运用J-S高分子环化理论证实4,4’-二氟三苯二酮的单体结构有利于形成环状化合物。以4,4’-联苯二酚钾盐为催化剂,在300~350℃范围内,N2气保护下,环状齐聚物进行熔融开环聚合反应得到相应的线性高相对分子质量酚酞聚芳醚酮酮(ROP-PEKK-C),GPC测得其Mw为1.2×105。     

Synthesis and Surface Morphology of Tetraaniline‐block‐Poly(L‐lactate) Diblock Oligomers

Summary: Tetraaniline‐block‐poly(L ‐lactide) diblock oligomers are synthesized via ring‐opening polymerization. The diblock oligomers cast from an L ‐lactide selective solvent (chloroform) show spherical aggregates for the leucoemeraldine state, and ring‐like structures that are composed of much smaller spherical aggregates for the emeraldine state. The formation mechanisms of the two different surface morphologies are discussed in detail.

Surface morphology changes induced by oxidation of the aniline segment of tetraaniline‐block‐poly(L ‐lactate) and drying effects.     

On the Crystal Structure of Isotactic cis‐1,4‐Poly(1,3‐pentadiene)

Summary: A comparison between the crystal structure of isotactic cis‐1,4‐poly(1,3‐pentadiene) previously predicted by molecular mechanics calculations and that successively determined by other authors by experimental data is reported. The agreement between the two structures is very good as far as the space group, the unit cell parameters and the conformation of the polymer chain are concerned. The mode of packing of the chains proposed in the experimental crystal structure is very similar to that found as relative minimum in the previous energy calculations. The coexistence, in different amounts, of these two modes of packing is suggested by the analysis of the simulated X‐ray spectra and by the results of new energy calculations.

A mode of packing of chains of isotactic cis‐1,4‐poly(1,3‐pentadiene).     

Lipase‐Catalyzed Transformation of Unnatural‐Type Poly(3‐hydroxybutanoate) into Reactive Cyclic Oligomer

Unnatural‐type syndiotactic and atactic poly[(R,S)‐3‐hydroxybutanoate]s [P(3HB)s] were enzymatically transformed into a reactive cyclic 3HB oligomer of molecular weight ca. 500 in an organic solvent, such as toluene, using immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica at 40°C for 24 h. It was confirmed that similar results were obtained for both syndiotactic and atactic P(3HB)s. On the other hand, the acidic degradation of these polymers using a protonic acid, such as p‐toluenesulfonic acid, exclusively produced the linear 3HB oligomer instead of the cyclic oligomer. The formation of the cyclic oligomer was regarded as the characteristic feature of the lipase‐catalyzed degradation in organic media. The cyclic oligomer obtained readily reacted with alcohol as a nucleophile, and using lipase, to produce the alkyl ester of the 3HB oligomer.     

Facile Synthesis of Brush Poly(phosphoamidate)s via One‐Pot Tandem Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA)‐based brush poly(phosphoamidate)s are successfully synthesized by a combination of ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) following either a commutative two‐step procedure or a straightforward one‐pot process using Grubbs ruthenium‐based catalysts for tandem catalysis. Compared with the traditional polymerization method, combining ROMP and ATRP in a one‐pot process allows the preparation of brush copolymers characterized by a relatively moderate molecular weight distribution and quantitative conversion of monomer. Moreover, the surface morphologies and aggregation behaviors of these polymers are studied by AFM and TEM measurements.

     

Permeability and morphology of poly(cis‐butadiene)/ester‐ether liquid crystal composite membranes

Various amounts of diethylene glycol bis[4‐(4′‐ethoxybenzoyloxy)benzoate] (DEBEB) were added into a poly(cis‐butadiene) (PB) membrane to improve its gas permeation ability. This type of rubber/liquid crystal (LC) composite membranes showed two obvious characteristics that are different from the gas permeation behavior reported in previous literature: (1) The permeabilities to O₂, N₂, and CO₂ were enhanced at room temperature, for example, the permeabilities for the PB/DEBEB (90/10) membrane were higher above six times than those of PB membrane under the same conditions. It is suggested that the interface microvoids probably existed on pontes between polar crystal domains and nonpolar PB matrix. (2) All relationships between the permeability coefficient (P) and temperature (T) were characterized by N‐shape, that is, there were the peaks and valleys on the P‐T curves. Furthermore, morphology studies demonstrated that when DEBEB content in the membranes was above 10 wt %, it was spherically dispersed and embedded in the PB matrix in a crystal domain state. Gas permeation characteristics of the composite membranes were appropriately interpreted as together influence results of DEBEB phase transition behavior and the membrane morphology. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 1833–1840, 2000     

Degradation of Poly(L‐lactide) by a Fungus

Fungal degradation of poly(L ‐lactide) (PLA) was studied using Tritirachium album ATCC 22563. In liquid culture using basal medium and PLA film, no film degradation was observed. However, by the addition of 0.1% gelatin, about 76% of the PLA film was degraded after 14 days of cultivation at 30°C. Furthermore, the culture filtrate showed degradation activity against PLA, silk fibroin and elastin, but not against poly(β‐hydroxybutyrate), poly(butylene succinate) and poly(ε‐caprolactone). The PLA‐degrading enzyme produced is likely to be protease rather than lipase or poly(β‐hydroxybutyrate)‐depolymerase.     

TH‐11, a Streptomyces sp. Strain that Degrades Poly(3‐Hydroxybutyrate) and Poly(Ethylene Succinate)

TH‐11, a bacterial strain with strong depolymerase activity that breaks down aliphatic esters such as poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(ethylene succinate) (PES) was isolated from a soil sample collected from the sediment of Tou‐Chain River, Taiwan, R.O.C. It was phenotypically and genetically characterized to be a Streptomyces strain. The degradation of PHB and PES were tested both using emulsified polymers in solid agar and thin polymer films in liquid culture media. The degradations were measured by clear‐zone formation on solid agar plates, or direct weight measurements and electromicroscope inspection of the incubated polymer films in the liquid culture. The depolymerase activities can be detected in the cell‐free preparation of the culture medium, and can be enhanced by gelatin.     

Poly[(μ6‐rac‐cis‐cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylato)strontium]

In the title layered coordination polymer, [Sr(C₈H₁₀O₄)]_n, the strontium ion adopts a distorted square‐antiprismatic SrO₈ geometry, arising from its coordination by six different cis‐cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylate dianions (two bidentate and four monodentate). Within the dianion, the cyclohexane ring adopts a chair conformation and the dihedral angle between the planes of the –CO₂⁻ groups is 80.4 (6)°. The polyhedral linkage pattern leads to (100) sheets in the crystal in which the SrO₈ groups share triangular faces and edges in which the Sr...Sr topological connectivity is a 6³ net. The crystal studied was a nonmerohedral twin, with the components related by a 180° rotation about [100].