Selective methane oxidation to formaldehyde using polymorphic T-, M-, and H-forms of niobium(V) oxide as catalysts

The investigations of selective methane oxidation to formaldehyde over T-Nb₂O₅, the mixture of M-Nb₂O₅ and H-Nb₂O₅ as well as H-Nb₂O₅ were carried out. The tests were conducted under atmospheric pressure, in the temperature range 420–750°C, using oxygen as the oxidizing agent. T-Nb₂O₅ samples were examined at the contact time 0.7–1.8 s (GHSV 2000–5143 h⁻¹). Other polymorphic forms of niobium(V) oxide were examined at the contact time 0.9 s. Various polymorphic forms of Nb₂O₅ displayed various formaldehyde and carbon dioxide yield. Using H-Nb₂O₅ and M-Nb₂O₅ phases with a block type structure, made it possible to obtain higher formaldehyde selectivity (78 % at 0.9 s) as compared to T-Nb₂O₅ (47 % at 0.9 s), a polymorphic form which does not have a block type structure. However, the highest space time yield of formaldehyde (46 g per kg of catalyst per h) was obtained over T-Nb₂O₅ supported on SiO₂. Presented at the 34th International Conference of the Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, Tatranské Matliare, 21–25 May 2007.     

Synthesis of dimethyl ether from methane mediated by HBr (Special column of methane transformation, Article)

Dimethyl ether (DME) was synthesized from methane through a two-step process, in which CH₃Br was prepared from the oxidative bromination reaction of methane in the presence of HBr and oxygen over a Rh-SiO₂ catalyst and then, in the second step, CH₃Br was hydrolyzed to DME over a silica supported metal chloride catalyst. 12 mol%ZnCl₂/SiO₂ catalyst was found to be the most active, but it deactivated because of Cl⁻ losing.     

Oscillations during partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over Ru/Al2O3 catalyst (Special column of methane transformation, Article)

Oscillations in temperatures of catalyst bed as well as concentrations of gas phase species at the exit of reactor were observed during the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over Ru/Al₂O₃ in the temperature range of 600 to 850 °C. XRD, H₂-TPR and in situ Raman techniques was used to characterize the catalyst. Two types of ruthenium species, i.e. the ruthenium species weakly interacted with Al₂O₃ and that strongly interacted with the support, were identified by H₂-TPR experiment. These species are responsible for two types of oscillation profiles observed during the reaction. The oscillations were the result of these ruthenium species switching cyclically between the oxidized state and the reduced state under the reaction condition. These cyclic transformations, in turn, were the result of temperature variations caused by the varying levels of the strongly exothermic CH₄ combustion and the highly endothermic CH₄ reforming (with H₂O and CO₂) reactions (or the less exothermic direct partial oxidation of methane to CO and H₂), which were favored by the oxidized and the metallic sites, respectively. The major pathway of synthesis gas formation over the catalyst was via the combustion-reforming mechanism.     

植物还原法制备负载型金纳米催化剂催化乙醇选择氧化反应

采用侧柏叶提取液还原氯金酸制备负载型金纳米催化剂,通过乙醇选择氧化反应,筛选出催化性能较好的TiO2载体。以TiO2载体为载体,考察了Au负载量、焙烧温度、催化剂用量、碳酸氢钠添加量及催化剂反应条件(时间、温度、压力)等因素对乙醇选择氧化反应的影响。结果表明,1.5%Au/TiO2催化剂(Au负载量为1.5%,质量分率,下同)催化乙醇选择氧化反应性能最佳,产物为乙醛、乙酸乙酯和缩醛,0.5%碳酸氢钠添加剂可抑制缩醛的生成,并可显著提高乙醇转化率和乙酸乙酯选择性。通过优化催化反应条件(1.5%Au/TiO2催化剂焙烧温度为400℃、用量为0.4 g、反应温度为100℃、氧气压力为3 MPa、反应时间为3 h时),乙醇转化率为47.9%,乙酸乙酯选择性为89.1%。     

Mo/ZrO2催化剂上甲烷选择氧化制甲醛

 制备了一系列甲烷选择氧化制甲醛的Mo／ZrO2催化剂．采用催化剂性能评价、BET比表面积测定、XRD、共焦显微激光拉曼光谱、H2－TPR和XPS等方法研究比较了不同Mo担载量催化剂的性能及其结构和性质．实验结果表明：Mo／ZrO2催化剂具有催化选择氧化甲烷制甲醛的性能，且对甲醛有较高的选择性．在所考察的范围内，随着催化剂Mo担载量的增加，甲烷的转化率增加，甲醛的选择性增加，甲醛的比活性增加．随着反应温度的升高，甲烷的转化率增加，甲醛的选择性降低，甲醛比活性升高．Mo／ZrO2催化剂中主要含有ZrO2和Zr（MoO4）2．催化剂的性能和性质与催化剂中Zr（MoO4）2的性质密切相关．随着Mo担载量的增加，Zr（MoO4）2晶粒尺寸增大，并且其含量增加；ZrO2晶粒尺寸基本不变．Zr（MoO4）2晶粒尺寸增大和含量增加导致催化剂的比表面积降低，使甲烷选择氧化生成甲醛的钼氧物种增多，催化剂的还原温度升高和表面Mo的配位不饱和程度降低．从而使得Mo含量较高的催化剂（12％Mo／ZrO2）具有较高的甲烷选择氧化生成甲醛的活性．     

Energy-Efficient coaromatization of methane and propane (Special column of methane transformation, Review)

Development of highly effective catalysts for one-stage conversion of methane with high selectivity to valuable products and energy efficiency will provide an efficient way to utilize natural gas and oil-associated gases and to protect environment. In recent years, there have been many efforts on direct catalytic transformations of methane into higher hydrocarbons by feeding additives together with methane under non-oxidative conditions. This paper reviewed the advances in recent research on non-oxidative aromatization of methane in the presence of propane over different modified HZSM-5 catalysts. The thermodynamic consideration, the isotope verification and the mechanism of the activation of methane in the presence of propane are discussed in the paper in detail.     

High-temperature methane oxidation over metallic monolith-supported zeolite catalysts containing Mn,Co, and Pd ions

The high-temperature complete oxidation of methane over metallic monolith-supported zeolite catalysts containing isolated Mn, Co, and Pd ions was studied. The reaction involves heterogeneous and heterogeneous-homogeneous catalytic processes. The ratio between these processes depends on the temperature, feed rate, and the amount of catalyst charged in the reactor. In the heterogeneous catalytic process, the activity of the catalysts supported on the Fe—Cr—Al monolithic alloy decreases in the series Pd > Mn > Co > Fe—Cr—Al monolith and the reaction rate uniformly increases with increasing contact time. In the heterogeneous-homogeneous process, the reaction rate drastically increases and a 100% conversion of methane to CO₂ can be achieved by minor variations of the contact time. In this case, methane oxidation depends not only on the catalyst chemical composition but also on its external surface area and the reaction volume.     

Selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid over mixed metal oxide catalysts

The effects of metal atomic ratio, water content, oxygen content, and calcination temperature on the catalytic performances of MoVTeNbO mixed oxide catalyst system for the selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid have been investigated and discussed. Among the catalysts studied, it was found that the MoVTeNbO catalyst calcined at a temperature of 600 ℃ showed the best performance in terms of propane conversion and selectivity for acrylic acid under an atmosphere of nitrogen. An effective MoVTeNbO oxide catalyst for propane selective oxidation to acrylic acid was obtained with a combination of a preferred metal atomic ratio （Mo1V0.31Te0.23Nb0.12）. The optimum reaction condition for the selective oxidation of propane was the molar ratio of C3H8 ：O2 ： H2O ： N2 = 4.4： 12.8 ： 15.3 ： 36.9. Under such conditions, the conversion of propane and the maximum yield of acrylic acid reached about 50% and 21%, respectively.     

Effect of Bi promoter on the performances of selective oxidation of isobutane to methacrolein over MoVO/AlPO4 catalysts

The effects of Bi on the catalytic performance of selective oxidation of isobutane to methacrolein over MoVO/AlPO4 catalyst were investigated by XRD, FT-Raman, XPS, UV-vis DRS techniques. The results show that the addition of Bi component into the MoVO/AlPO4 catalyst obviously improves the catalytic performance, and the selectivity to methacrolein can increase from 14.2% to 45.1% with the increase of Bi/V molar ratio from 0 to 1. Combining the characterization results with the reaction evaluation, it is concluded that the catalytic activities of the MoV0.3Bix/AlPO4 catalysts are related to the crystalline phase composition and the dispersion of molybdenum and vanadium oxides species in general, and also to the V5+/V4+ molar ratio on the surface in particular.     

富氧条件下Co/MOR 催化剂上甲烷选择催化还原NO

采用浸渍法制备了一系列用于甲烷选择催化还原(CH₄-SCR)氮氧化物的Co/MOR催化剂。采用XRD、BET、TG-MS、H₂-TPR、NH₃-TPD和NO-TPD等手段对催化剂进行表征,并对其在甲烷选择催化还原氮氧化物反应中的活性进行评价。结果表明,钴物种以Co₃O₄尖晶石形态存在于Co/MOR催化剂中;与MOR载体相比,引入钴物种后,催化剂的酸性、氧化还原能力和对NO的吸脱附能力均发生了变化。在甲烷选择催化还原氮氧化物反应中,Co/MOR的催化活性与其氧化还原性能和对NO的吸脱附性能直接相关;其中,Co负载量为10%的Co(10)/MOR催化剂的CH₄-SCR脱硝活性最好,在330℃下NO的转化率达54.2%。     

Effect of nitrogen oxides NOx on gas-phase oxidation of methane by oxygen

We propose a kinetic model for gas-phase oxidation of methane by oxygen in the presence of nitrogen oxides NOx. The model calculations agree satisfactorily with experimental kinetic data provided in the literature. We consider the basic principles for the effect of nitrogen oxides on the rate of the process and the selectivity with respect to methanol and formaldehyde. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 113–118, March–April, 2006.     

Selective oxidation of hydrocarbons catalyzed by iron-containing heterogeneous catalysts

Recent studies on iron-based heterogeneous catalysts for selective oxidation of hydrocarbons are reviewed with emphasis on the partial oxidation of methane and the epoxidation of alkenes. High dispersion of iron sites is essentially important for the selective oxidations. The effective catalysts include immobilized or encapsulated iron complexes, iron-doped metal oxides such as Fe³⁺-doped silica, iron-containing microporous and mesoporous materials, and iron-containing compounds with isolated iron sites typified by iron phosphate. The structure-reactivity relationships and the factors affecting the catalytic performances are discussed with the aim to uncover the requirements of the active iron sites in target-selective oxidation.     

Preparation of iron molybdate catalysts for methanol to formaldehyde oxidation based on ammonium molybdoferrate(II) precursor

It was demonstrated that iron molybdate catalysts for methanol oxidation can be prepared using Fe(II) as a precursor instead of Fe(III). This would allow for reduction of acidity of preparation solutions as well as elimination of Fe(III) oxide impurities which are detrimental for the process selectivity. The system containing Fe(II) and Mo(VI) species in aqueous solution was investigated using UV–Vis spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that three types of chemical reactions occur in the Fe(II)–Mo(VI) system: (i) formation of complexes between Fe(II) and molybdate(VI) ions, (ii) inner sphere oxidation of coordinated Fe(II) by Mo(VI) and (iii) decomposition of the Fe–Mo complexes to form scarcely soluble Fe(III) molybdate, Mo(VI) hydrous trioxide and molybdenum blue. Solid molybdoferrate(II) prepared by interaction of Fe(II) and Mo(VI) in solution was characterized by EDXA, TGA, DTA and XRD and a scheme of its thermal evolution proposed. The iron molybdate catalyst prepared from Fe(II) precursor was tested in methanol-to-formaldehyde oxidation in a continuous flow fixed-bed reactor to show similar activity and selectivity to the conventional catalyst prepared with the use of Fe(III).     

Control of the directions of oxidative transformation of methane over nickel-based catalysts by acid-base properties

Two completely different directions of the oxidative transformation of methane (OTM) were performed on nickel-based catalysts due to the different acid-base properties of those catalysts. The relatively acidic LaNiO_x and LiNiLaO_x/Al₂O₃ catalysts exhibit excellent Partial Oxidation of Methane to Syngas (POM) performance. However, the relatively basic LiNiLaO_x catalyst has a good Oxidative Coupling of Methane to C₂ Hydrocarbons (OCM) activity. The basic properties of the catalyst makes it difficult to reduce nickel and keeps it in the oxidized state. Reduced nickel is necessary for POM and oxidized nickel for the OCM reaction.     

Effect of support and loading on oxidation of methane over platinum catalysts

Catalytic combustion of methane was carried out using platinum catalysts supported on low-and high-surface area alumina (denoted respectively as LSA and HSA) and platinum supported on silica. Methane conversion was the highest for platinum supported on LSA alumina, smaller for Pt/HSA alumina and the smallest for Pt/silica. However, the 3 wt.% Pt/HSA catalyst was found to show the highest selectivity.     

Effect of Cu promoter on Ni-based SBA-15 catalysts for partial oxidation of methane to syngas

A series of Ni/SBA-15 catalysts with 5wt% to 15wt% Ni content as well as a series of 12.5%Ni/Cu/SBA-15 catalysts with 1% to 10% copper content were prepared by the impregnation method. The catalytic performance for partial oxidation of methane was investigated in a continuous flow microreactor under atmospheric pressure. The textural and chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, BET and H2-TPR techniques. The results indicated that the catalysts modified with Cu promoter showed better performance than those without modification. For the 12.5%Ni/2.5%/Cu/SBA-15 catalyst, at 850 ◦C the conversion of CH4 reached 97.9% and the selectivity of CO and H2 reached 98.0% and 96.0%, respectively. In XRD patterns of the Ni/Cu/SBA-15 catalyst with 7.5 to 10% Cu contents there were CuO characteristic peaks beside NiO characteristic peaks. The mesoporous structure of SBA-15 was retained in all of the catalysts. TPR analysis of the catalysts revealed that a strong interaction between Ni, Cu promoter and SBA-15 support may be existed. This interaction enhanced significantly the redox properties of the catalysts resulting in the higher catalytic activity.     

Cs-Fe-Co-Bi-Mn-Mo复合氧化物选择性催化氧化异丁烯

Mixed oxide catalyst Cs0.1 Fe2Co6BiMnMo12 Ox was prepared by the interprecipitation method, then the catalyst was calcined at different temperature. Selective oxidation of isobutene was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor. The results showed that the catalyst has high catalytic activity. Under the optimum reaction conditions ( n(-C4^= ) : n(O2) = 1:2-1:4, space velocity = 180h^-1, T = 360℃ ), the yield of methacmlein and methacrylic reached 80%, 8 %,respectively. The total yields of liquid products( methacrolein, methacrylic acid and acetic acid) reached about 90%.     

Selective catalytic oxidation of NO over iron and manganese oxides supported on mesoporous silica

The selective catalytic oxidation （SCO） of NO was studied on a catalyst consisting of iron-manganese oxide supported on mesoporous silica （MPS） with different Mn/Fe ratios. Effects of the amount of manganese and iron, oxygen, and calcination temperature on NO conversion were also investigated. It was found that the Mn-Fe/MPS catalyst with a Mn/Fe molar ratio of 1 showed the highest activity at the calcination temperature of 400 °C. The results showed that over this catalyst, NO conversion reached 70% under the condition of 280 °C and a space velocity of 5000 h-1. SO2 and H2O had no adverse impact on the reaction activity when the SCO reaction temperature was above 240 °C. In addition, the SCO activity was suppressed gradually in the presence of SO2 and H2O below 240 °C, and such an effect was reversible after heating treatment.     

Selective Oxidation of Isobutane to Methacrylic Acid over Supported V-Mo-P Based

Heteropolyacid, the most popular catalyst for the direct oxidation of isobutane, exhibits high catalytic activity, poor thermal stability and a short lifetime. Therefore, the catalyst requires further research to improve its performance. Catalysts composed of mixed oxides (V2O5, P2O5, or MoO3) supported on silica were prepared by the sol-gel method to catalyze the reaction. Results of XRD, IR, and BET corroborated that the mixed oxides were dispersed homogeneously on the surface of support. The activity of lattice oxygen in the catalysts was studied by TPR, and the chemisorption property of isobutane on the surface of the catalysts was investigated by the TPD method. H2-TPR of the catalysts revealed that the lattice oxygen of the vanadium-based catalysts is more active than that of the molybdenum-based catalysts. The rcdox property of V or Mo species is slightly affected by other compositions of the series catalysts. The TPD curves illustrate that there are two kinds of adsorptive species of isobutane on the surface of the V and Mo based catalysts. The adsorbing species on the VMoP/SiO2 catalyst are identical to the main adsorbing species on VP/SiO2 and MoP/SiO2. The catalyst VMoP/SiO2 is more active than others in the selective oxidation of isobutane.     

Selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde over antimony oxide-loaded catalyst

A possibility of antimony oxide as a catalyst for the selective oxidation of methane with oxygen to formaldehyde was investigated. The activity measurement was carried out at an atmospheric pressure and at 873 K, where the homogeneous gas-phase reaction was negligible. Oxidized diamond (O-Dia)-supported antimony oxide catalyst produced 1.3 mmol h⁻¹ g-cat⁻¹ of formaldehyde with a formaldehyde selectivity of 23%. On the other hand, SiO₂ supported antimony oxide catalyst exhibited negligible catalytic activity. XRD and UV–vis analyses revealed that -Sb₂O₄ was formed on the oxidized diamond while Sb₆O₁₃ was formed on SiO₂. Selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde seemed to proceed on -Sb₂O₄ with moderate activity and selectivity to formaldehyde, via a redox cycle of -Sb₂O₄ and Sb₂O_4−x. On the other hand, Sb₆O₁₃ on SiO₂ was stable under the reaction conditions and the selective oxidation occurred only slightly.