New Thermodynamic Consistency Test for Isobaric Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium Data

A thermodynamic consistency test for the vapour-liquid equilibrium data obtained under isobaric conditions is proposed. According to this procedure, the coexistence equation with correction term for the nonideality of the vapour phase was used. The differential equation has two singulier points and was solved by numerical integration according to the method predictor-corrector Adams combined with the classical Runge-Kutta method. The nonideality of the vapour phase is considered by using the second coefficients from the virial equation of state. The residuals of the vapour phase obtained as differences between the calculated, respectively experimental values were statistically analysed to detect systematic and random errors. In this order Student and Abbe tests were used. A study of the influence of the method and the step of the integration is also presented. In this order Runge-Kutta and Adams methods were compared and for the estimation of the second virial coefficients different published procedures have been taken into account. In this paper the method of Tsonopoulos and Hayden - O'Connell are taken into account. A correlation analysis is performed to evaluate the results of this study. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

On the accurate direct computation of the isothermal compressibility for normal quantum simple fluids: application to quantum hard spheres

A systematic study of the direct computation of the isothermal compressibility of normal quantum fluids is presented by analyzing the solving of the Ornstein-Zernike integral (OZ2) equation for the pair correlations between the path-integral necklace centroids. A number of issues related to the accuracy that can be achieved via this sort of procedure have been addressed, paying particular attention to the finite-N effects and to the definition of significant error bars for the estimates of isothermal compressibilities. Extensive path-integral Monte Carlo computations for the quantum hard-sphere fluid (QHS) have been performed in the (N, V, T) ensemble under temperature and density conditions for which dispersion effects dominate the quantum behavior. These computations have served to obtain the centroid correlations, which have been processed further via the numerical solving of the OZ2 equation. To do so, Baxter-Dixon-Hutchinson's variational procedure, complemented with Baumketner-Hiwatari's grand-canonical corrections, has been used. The virial equation of state has also been obtained and several comparisons between different versions of the QHS equation of state have been made. The results show the reliability of the procedure based on isothermal compressibilities discussed herein, which can then be regarded as a useful and quick means of obtaining the equation of state for fluids under quantum conditions involving strong repulsive interactions.     

Thermodynamic phase equilibria of wax precipitation in crude oils

Economic loss due to wax precipitation in oil exploitation and transportation has reached several billion dollars a year recently. Development of a model for better understanding of the process of wax precipitation is therefore very important to reduce the loss. In this paper, a new thermodynamic model for predicting phase equilibriums of crude oils is proposed. The modified SRK EOS and the UNIQUAC equations are used to describe the vapor, liquid phase and the wax, respectively. New correlations have been introduced to calculate the volume parameter, c, in SRK EOS and the heat of vaporization in UNIQUAC equation. The model can be used to describe the systems which contain paraffin, naphthene and aromatic fractions. New correlations for the enthalpies, temperatures of solid–solid transitions and fusion enthalpies of paraffins are established in this paper based on data obtained from open literature. By using the proposed modified model, the wax precipitation in hydrocarbon fluids has been predicted for three crude oil systems. The calculation results have been compared with experimental observations and those results obtained using regular solution models. It is found that wax precipitation in complex systems can be better predicted by using this new model.     

Window consensus PCA for multiblock statistical process control: adaption to small and time‐dependent normal operating condition regions,illustrated by online high performance liquid chromatography of a three‐stage continuous process

A method for multiblock statistical process control is described, involving the computation of Q and D statistics both for individual blocks and for the overall process using window consensus principal components analysis (WCPCA). The approach overcomes two common problems. The first is a small normal operating conditions (NOC) region, which is done by determining the Q‐statistic limits and D statistics using leave‐one‐out (LOO) residuals and scores, rather than employing the residuals and scores of a single training set model obtained from the entire NOC region. The second overcomes the problem of temporal drift of the process and/or measurement technique by updating the NOC covariance matrix to adapt to normal process changes. The unifying multiblock statistical process control and relevant statistics are adapted to cope with these issues and are illustrated in this paper using CPCA as applied to online high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of a three‐stage continuous process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison between theoretical values and simulation results of viscosity for the dissipative particle dynamics method

In order to investigate the validity of the dissipative particle dynamics method, which is a mesoscopic simulation technique, we have derived an expression for viscosity from the equation of motion of dissipative particles. In the concrete, we have shown the Fokker-Planck equation in phase space, and macroscopic conservation equations such as the equation of continuity and the equation of momentum conservation. The basic equations of the single-particle and pair distribution functions have been derived using the Fokker-Planck equation. The solutions of these distribution functions have approximately been solved by the perturbation method under the assumption of molecular chaos. The expressions of the viscosity due to momentum and dissipative forces have been obtained using the approximate solutions of the distribution functions. Also, we have conducted nonequilibrium dynamics simulations to investigate the influence of the parameters, which have appeared in defining the equation of motion in the dissipative particle dynamics method. The theoretical values of the viscosity due to dissipative forces in the Hoogerbrugge-Koelman theory are in good agreement with the simulation results obtained by the nonequilibrium dynamics method, except in the range of small number densities. There are restriction conditions for taking appropriate values of the number density, number of particles, time interval, shear rate, etc., to obtain physically reasonable results by means of dissipative particle dynamics simulations.     

Use of normal boiling point correlations for predicting critical parameters of paraffins for vapour–liquid equilibrium calculations with the SRK equation of state

Correlations between normal boiling points and critical parameters (critical temperatures and critical pressures) and between normal boiling points and acentric factors of normal and branched paraffins in the range from C₇ to C₁₀₀ have been developed. These correlations can be used to quickly and easily compute critical properties that allow to reproduce closely, by means of the Soave–Redlich–Kwong (SRK) equation of state (EoS), the vapour pressure of pure compounds. In the range of 0.5–5 mmHg the values of vapour pressure calculated by means of the SRK EoS become less accurate and they can be improved using a different equation for the temperature-depending attractive parameter (i.e., the Mathias–Copeman alpha function) instead of the classical Soave function.     

Estimation of pure component properties: Part 3. Estimation of the vapor pressure of non-electrolyte organic compounds via group contributions and group interactions

A group contribution method for the estimation of the normal boiling point of non-electrolyte organic compounds, which was published earlier, has been the basis for development of subsequent physical property methods. In this work, the model was extended to enable the prediction of vapor pressure data with special attention to the low-pressure region. The molecular structure of the compound and a reference point, usually the normal boiling point, are the only required inputs and enables the estimation of vapor pressure at other temperatures by group contribution. The structural group definitions are similar to those proposed earlier for the normal boiling point, with minor modifications having been made to improve the predictions. Structural groups were defined in a standardized form and fragmentation of the molecular structures was performed by an automatic procedure to eliminate any arbitrary assumptions. The new method is based on vapor pressure data for more than 1600 components. The results of the new method are compared to the Antoine correlative equation using parameters stored in the Dortmund Data Bank, as well as, the DIPPR vapor pressure correlations. The group contribution method has proven to be a good predictor, with accuracies comparable to the correlations. Moreover, because the regression of group contributions was performed for a large number of compounds, the results can in several cases be considered more reliable than those of the correlative models that were regressed to individual components only. The range of the method is usually from about the triple or melting point to a reduced temperature of 0.75–0.8.     

Equation of state for mercury: revisited

An analytical equation of state by Song and Mason is developed to calculate the PVT properties of mercury. The equation of state is based on the statistical-mechanical perturbation theory of hard convex bodies and can be written as a fifth-order polynomial in the density. There exists three temperature-dependent parameters in the equation of state; the second virial coefficient, an effective molecular volume, and a scaling factor for the average contact pair distribution function of hard convex bodies. The temperature-dependant parameters have been calculated using corresponding-states correlations based on the surface tension and the liquid density at the normal boiling point. Employing the present equation of state, we have calculated the PVT properties of mercury over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. The average absolute deviation for the calculated density of mercury in the saturation and compressed states is 1.09%.     

Densities and isothermal compressibilities of ionic liquids—Modeling and application

Two corresponding-states forms have been developed for direct correlation function integrals in liquids to represent pressure effects on the volume of ionic liquids over wide ranges of temperature and pressure. The correlations can be analytically integrated from a chosen reference density to provide a full equation of state for ionic liquids over reduced densities from 1.5 to more than 3.6. One approach is empirical with 3 parameters, the other is a 2-parameter theoretical form which is directly connected to a method for predicting gas solubilities in ionic liquids. Parameters for both methods have been obtained for 28 different ionic liquid systems by reduction of carefully validated PρT data. The results show excellent agreement with the experimental data for nearly all substances over all ranges of conditions. Group contributions to parameters are also explored, leading to an entirely predictive method for ambient pressure densities and densities of compressed ionic liquids. Extensive comparisons are made with other techniques.     

SOLUBILITIES OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND DI-REGION THEORY

By using the relationship equation of Partition coefficients with water solubilities for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), we have estimated the solubilities of PAHs. In addition the high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) method has been used for the indirect determination of solubilities of PAHs. t3ased on the di-region theory, We have studied the relationship of the solubilities of PAHs with carcinogenicity and introduced the solubility parameter into the di-region theory equation. The calculated carcinogenicity of PAHs from the obtained equation shows little difference from that calculated from Dai Qianhuan's equation.     

Double-layer interaction between parallel solid cylinders partially immersed in an oil/water interface

We consider two identical, parallel, infinitely long solid cylinders at a given separation, lying flat on a plane oil/water interface and both immersed to the same extent in the oil and water phases. The part of the surface of each cylinder in contact with the aqueous phase is charged, forming an electric double layer in a symmetrical aqueous binary electrolyte. The electrical potential in the overlapping electric double layers in the aqueous phase satisfies the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. The potentials within the uncharged interiors of the solid cylinders and in the oil phase satisfy Laplace's equation. The equations for the three potentials are solved simultaneously using the finite element method with Galerkin weighted residuals. The double-layer interaction per unit length of the cylinders is then calculated. Of the numerical results obtained, three deserve special mention. First, a short-range double-layer repulsion, decaying exponentially with separation between the two cylinders, acts through the aqueous electrolyte medium, whereas in the case of an uncharged oil/water interface a weaker, but much longer-ranging, repulsive interaction acts through the oil medium. Second, reasonable estimates of the short-range interaction between cylinders in a planar interface can be obtained from the Derjaguin approximation for thin double layers. Third, in addition to the repulsive force between the cylinders parallel to the oil/water interface, a force normal to the interface acts on the cylinders in the direction of the aqueous electrolyte phase.     

Electronic parameters of cation complexation by calixarene ionophores

The Gibbs energy of extraction experiments of ionophoric calixarenes with alkali metals from the literature have been correlated with electronic parameters of their “monomeric” structures calculated by AM1, PM3 and PM7 algorithms: energies of molecular orbitals and charge densities of oxygen and nitrogen atoms. We observed general correlations of the extraction constants with the charge on the carbonyl oxygen and specific correlations with MO-energy using the covalent term of the Klopman–Salem equation. The correlations for calixarenes with 5 and 6 phenolic units were very poor, and we attributed to the structural flexibility, which allow different optimized conformations for metal binding.     

Orientational ordering in hard rectangles: The role of three-body correlations

We investigate the effect of three-body correlations on the phase behavior of hard rectangle two-dimensional fluids. The third virial coefficient B3 is incorporated via an equation of state that recovers scaled particle theory for parallel hard rectangles. This coefficient, a functional of the orientational distribution function, is calculated by Monte Carlo integration, using an accurate parametrized distribution function, for various particle aspect ratios in the range of 1-25. A bifurcation analysis of the free energy calculated from the obtained equation of state is applied to find the isotropic (I)-uniaxial nematic (N(u)) and isotropic-tetratic nematic (N(t)) spinodals and to study the order of these phase transitions. We find that the relative stability of the N(t) phase with respect to the isotropic phase is enhanced by the introduction of B3. Finally, we have calculated the complete phase diagram using a variational procedure and compared the results with those obtained from scaled particle theory and with Monte Carlo simulations carried out for hard rectangles with various aspect ratios. The predictions of our proposed equation of state as regards the transition densities between the isotropic and orientationally ordered phases for small aspect ratios are in fair agreement with simulations. Also, the critical aspect ratio below which the N(t) phase becomes stable is predicted to increase due to three-body correlations, although the corresponding value is underestimated with respect to simulation.     

Cross sections and rate coefficients for electronic excitation of the triplet states of the hydrogen molecule in different vibrational levels

Cross sections for the excitation of the triplet state of H₂ from different vibrational levels of the ground electronic state have been calculated by using the Gryzinski approximation. The results for the ground vibrational level are in satisfactory agreement with the corresponding values obtained by the quantum mechanical close coupling method. The calculated cross sections have been used to generate rate coefficients for the excitation of the triplet states by using a self-consistent electron energy distribution function, obtained by numerical integration of the Boltzmann equation. The results show a strong increase of the different rate coefficients with increasing the vibrational quantum number.     

Modeling the hydrogen solubility in methanol,ethanol, 1-propanol and 1-butanol

Modeling hydrogen solubility in primary normal alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 1-butanol) has been studied in this article. Equations of state (EOS), simple correlations and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been compared to find the best modeling technique. Utilizing an equation of state requires an iterative calculation procedure and optimized interaction parameters. Iterative calculation is not suitable when time is important and optimized interaction parameters are not always available. In addition, selection of proper equation of state and mixing rules are serious problems. Simple correlations can be applied to avoid iterative calculations but they have limited flexibility.     

Solution/air interfaces I. An oscillating jet relative method for determining dynamic surface tensions

The oscillating jet method has been investigated for the determination of the surface tension of water using horizontal jets from elliptical orifices in bell-shaped and uniform-channel tubes. Improved techniques have been developed for measuring the wave parameters, the flow rate and for extending the range of investigations to include the initial 80–90 msec of jet surface age.The surface tension values, calculated using the Bohr equation from measurements on successive waves of the water jets, were dependent on the characteristics of the orifice, its position, the flow rate and the wave serial number, but were within ±2 mN/m of the equilibrium value if the initial wave values were disregarded. An extension of the Bohr equation developed for vertical jets was found to be invalid for horizontal jets.Calculated surface tension versus surface age relationships for surfactant solutions also varied with the experimental conditions, but by fixing the position of the orifice tube, and standardizing with water, a relative method was developed for determining dynamic tensions that were independent of the tube used and of the flow rate. The validity of the method was illustrated by results obtained with two surfactant solutions using seven tubes (bell-shaped and uniform-channel) over an age range from 0.6 to 75 msec. The surface tensions of deionized water samples have been determined by the relative method and compared with those obtained by a static method.The true surface age along the jet surface is concluded to be close to the value derived from the mean axial velocity.Evidence is given indicating that, within the millisecond age range, water does not have a dynamic tension above the equilibrium value.     

Multi-element Saha–Boltzmann and Boltzmann plots in laser-induced plasmas

A multi-element Saha–Boltzmann plot method is proposed for the determination of the temperature and the relative number density in laser-induced plasmas, assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium and stoichiometry conservation. The method has been applied to the characterization of a plasma generated with a Cu–Fe–Ni–Mn alloy, using a Nd:YAG laser in air at atmospheric pressure. Spectra of the local emissivity have been obtained by spatial deconvolution of the intensity spectra, obtained with spatial resolution. Saha–Boltzmann plots obtained from the emissivities of 58 spectral lines of Fe I, Fe II, Ni I, Ni II, Mn I and Mn II have been fitted to linear behavior with high correlation, which shows the validity of the equation proposed. Radial distributions of the temperature and number densities of neutral atoms and ions have been determined. The results obtained reinforce the initial considerations of local thermodynamic equilibrium and conservation of stoichiometry. The proposed equation can also be applied to only one ionization species (multi-element Boltzmann plot). Spatially-integrated measurements of the plasma emission have also been performed to show that, in this case, the application of the method to the line intensities provides the two different apparent temperatures for neutral atoms and ions.     

Density functional theory calculation and vibrational spectroscopy study of 2-amino-4,6-dimethyl pyrimidine (ADMP)

The solid phase FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of 2-amino-4,6-dimethyl pyrimidine (ADMP) have been recorded in the regions 4000-400 cm(-1) and 3500-50 cm(-1) respectively. The structure was investigated by utilizing density functional theory (DFT) calculations with the Becke 3-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) method employing the 6-31+G and 6-311++G basis sets. The optimized geometrical parameters obtained by B3LYP method show good agreement with experimental data. Complete vibrational assignments were made on the basis of normal coordinate analysis (NCA) for the molecule. The infrared and Raman spectra were also predicted from the calculated intensities. The observed and the calculated spectra were found to be in good agreement. The thermodynamic properties like entropies and their correlations with temperatures were also obtained from the harmonic frequencies of the optimized structures.