由第二定律导出熵的一种方法

物质体系中存在状态函数熵这一事实是自然界最深刻的规律之一。熵函数是由热力学第二定律导出的。在其推导方法中,严格的方法有两个,一是Carnot循环法,一是公理化方法。     

微量元素既可载舟又可覆舟

“先天不足”和“后天失调”的全球性“元素病”，引起了各国政府的关注。中国政府出台了一系列法律文件，成立了国家级的相应机构进行调研和治理。与此同时，加大了元素科学和生命科学的教育和宣传力度，取得可喜的成绩，控制了“碘缺乏病”和“硒缺乏病”，儿童锌缺乏率和儿童铅超标率下降。为了减少各种慢性病的发病率，     

无机化学微信平台的构建与实践研究

针对无机化学传统教学模式的不足,构建了无机化学微信平台。介绍了构建平台必需的微信公众号和微信群的建立过程和方法。分析了无机化学微信平台在教学中的实践效果,弥补了传统教学中的不足。讨论了无机化学微信平台的积极作用,提高了教师教学水平和学生的学习能力,达到了师生双赢的目的。     

臭氧化物生成机理研究综述

以Criegee三步反应机理为核心对烯烃臭氧化反应中的臭氧化物生成机理进行了综述。论述了初级臭氧化物的生成与分解和臭氧化物生成过程的选择性和立体化学。讨论了烯烃结构和反应各步骤的选择性和立体化学的关系。     

光致变色与光子器件

本文概述了光致变色和光子器件领域的发展现状和机遇。总结了他们在基础和应用方面获得的结果。通过激光光解技术、时问分辨光谱和反应中问体的衰减动力学深入研究了光致变色机理。     

均分散氧化钛粒子的制备研究

用升温水解法制备了组成为TiO2的球形和椭球形均分散粒子。系统地研究了制备条件对粒子大小和形状的影响,用电子显微镜和红外光谱对粒子的形态和组成进行了分析。跟踪测定了均分散粒子形成过程中体系电导率的变化,探讨了均分散粒子的形成机制。     

高分子电致发光材料结构设计方法概述*

高分子发光二极管（PLED）因其巨大的科学和商业价值而得到了广泛关注,近年来各种新材料的不断开发和深入研究使PLED器件日益走向实用化。高分子电致发光材料的结构设计是新材料开发的灵魂,本文结合我们的工作概述了高分子发光材料结构设计的基本原理和设计要点,详细介绍了单分子结构设计方法及其相关的基本思路和理论,分析了聚集态结构对材料及其器件性能的影响,概括了聚集态结构设计的一些基本方法。最后提出了高分子发光材料结构设计的一般性思路,并展望了其研究和发展方向。     

《气相色谱方法及应用》（第二版）

该书重点介绍了气相色谱的分析方法、常用技术和应用。内容涉及了气相色谱的基本原理、仪器的结构和操作方法及气相色谱的新发展和新技术。该书是《色谱技术丛书》之分册,在第一版基础上作了修改和充实,力求实用性、新颖性和典型性。例如,第四章集中介绍了气相色谱的各种进样技术,第五章介绍了毛细管一气相色谱的应用实例;     

微生物电解电池制氢*

在微生物燃料电池（MFC）的基础上发展而来的微生物电解电池（MEC）为生物制氢提供了一种全新的方法。本文综述了自2005年MEC发明以来取得的研究进展。简要介绍了MEC制氢的基本原理和系统的评价参数;比较了不同MEC系统结构和电极材料对体系产氢效能的影响;讨论了MEC制氢实际应用中存在问题和限制因素;提出了MEC制氢今后的研究思路和发展趋势;展望了MEC在利用生物质制氢和有机废水资源化利用中的应用前景。     

《气相色谱方法及应用》（第二版）

该书重点介绍了气相色谱的分析方法、常用技术和应用。内容涉及了气相色谱的基本原理、仪器的结构和操作方法及气相色谱的新发展和新技术。该书是《色谱技术丛书》之分册,在第一版基础上作了修改和充实,力求实用性、新颖性和典型性。例如,第四章集中介绍了气相色谱的各种进样技     

Carnot Cycle Revisited

Sadi Carnot stated that the efficiency of a reversible Carnot cycle is independent of the properties of the material used to run the cycle. Using this statement, all textbook discussions of the Carnot cycle use an ideal gas. Here, in contrast, we consider, in the spirit of the Caratheodory approach, a general analysis centered on the existence of an integrating factor that transforms an inexact differential into an exact differential. Also we derive a general relation between temperature and volume along an adiabatic path. Using these two results, we obtain the efficiency of the Carnot cycle, = 1 – T_C/T_H, for any equation of state.     

Performance of an irreversible quantum Carnot engine with spin 12

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of quantum properties of the working medium on the performance of an irreversible Carnot cycle with spin 12. The optimal relationship between the dimensionless power output P* versus the efficiency eta for the irreversible quantum Carnot engine with heat leakage and other irreversible losses is derived. Especially, the performances of the engine at low temperature limit and at high temperature limit are discussed.     

Universal optimal working cycles of molecular motors

Molecular motors capable of directional track-walking or rotation are abundant in living cells, and inspire the emerging field of artificial nanomotors. Some biomotors can convert 90% of free energy from chemical fuels into usable mechanical work, and the same motors still maintain a speed sufficient for cellular functions. This study exposed a new regime of universal optimization that amounts to a thermodynamically best working regime for molecular motors but is unfamiliar in macroscopic engines. For the ideal case of zero energy dissipation, the universally optimized working cycle for molecular motors is infinitely slow like Carnot cycle for heat engines. But when a small amount of energy dissipation reduces energy efficiency linearly from 100%, the speed is recovered exponentially due to Boltzmann's law. Experimental data on a major biomotor (kinesin) suggest that the regime of universal optimization has been largely approached in living cells, underpinning the extreme efficiency-speed trade-off in biomotors. The universal optimization and its practical approachability are unique thermodynamic advantages of molecular systems over macroscopic engines in facilitating motor functions. The findings have important implications for the natural evolution of biomotors as well as the development of artificial counterparts.     

以卡诺循环为主线的热力学相关内容的集中教学

以卡诺循环为主线,通过串联讲解其背景、具体循环过程、所得定理及推论、熵的引入、克劳修斯不等式的推导等,对热力学相关内容的集中教学进行了探讨.实践表明,这一教学形式强化了热力学第一定律和第二定律间的知识连贯,既开拓了学生的视野,也有利于学生对相关知识点的系统掌握.     

Sadi Carnot: His Life and Achievements. Against the Historical Period–a Short Bibliographical Sketch

The life and work of Sadi Carnot are presented against the historical and political background existing in Europe before and after his birth. His achievements are analyzed and shown to reflect the influence that his family and education had on his development as a scientist, engineer, and military officer. In spite of his short life, the scientific consequences of his work have set the foundations of thermodynamics as we know it today.     

临界点二级相变的有限时间热力学逼近

应用内可逆卡诺循环的方法,导出了各种物质在临界点附近可逆与不可逆二级相变普遍适用的比热跃变公式以及广义的爱伦菲斯特方程。对简单(P,V,T)系统、超导、电介质顺电一铁电二级相变进行了应用讨论。     

Bound states of oscillators in infinite and finite domains: A semiclassical study

By involving the uncertainty product along with a semiclassical requirement for observables, a simple variational scheme is employed to extract major features of bound states of systems in (?∞,∞) and the same of systems confined in (?L,L). Special attention is paid to perturbative studies on the asymptotic behavior of energies for oscillators in infinite domains and dependence of energy spectra of oscillators in finite domains on various system parameters. A corrected form of the virial theorem is obtained in the latter case. The governing equations for quantum isothermal and adiabatic processes, derived recently, are also shown to be modified for general confined oscillator systems and closed‐form expressions are found. These results are useful in dealing with the quantum Carnot cycles. Advantages of the present route over other semiclassical strategies are stressed. Pilot calculations demonstrate nicely the efficacy of the endeavor under various situations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001     

直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池

碳是重要的能量载体. 直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池（DC-SOFC）是一种直接使用固体碳为燃料的能量转换装置,通过电化学反应,DC-SOFC可将碳所蕴含的化学能直接而连续地转换成电能,转换效率高,产生的CO₂浓度高,易于捕集和后续处理. 本文系统地介绍DC-SOFC的结构组成、工作原理、研究现状和发展趋势,重点介绍了作者课题组在DC-SOFC研究方面的成果和进展,包括单电池和电池组的研制、采用生物质碳和煤炭为燃料时的性能和DC-SOFC在气电联产中的应用探索.