毛细管电泳无胶筛分介质分离DNA的机理

快速、高效而灵敏的分离技术对于DNA的分析是至关重要的。使用无胶筛分介质的毛细管电泳是最重要的DNA分离技术之一,通常使用无交联的高分子溶液作为无胶筛分介质。本文在介绍高分子溶液理论的基础上,综述了DNA在毛细管电泳无胶筛分介质（缠结溶液和稀溶液）中的分离机理,主要包括Ogston筛分模型、各种修正的爬行模型、瞬态缠结偶合机理及其改进机理等。     

毛细管电泳无胶筛分介质分离DNA的机理

快速、高效而灵敏的分离技术对于DNA的分析是至关重要的.使用无胶筛分介质的毛细管电泳是最重要的DNA分离技术之一,通常使用无交联的高分子溶液作为无胶筛分介质.本文在介绍高分子溶液理论的基础上,综述了DNA在毛细管电泳无胶筛分介质(缠结溶液和稀溶液)中的分离机理,主要包括Ogston筛分模型、各种修正的爬行模型、瞬态缠结偶合机理及其改进机理等.     

毛细管电泳无胶筛分介质分离DNA的机理

快速、高效而灵敏的分离技术对于DNA的分析是至关重要的。使用无胶筛分介质的毛细管电泳是最重要的DNA分离技术之一,通常使用无交联的高分子溶液作为无胶筛分介质。本文在介绍高分子溶液理论的基础上,综述了DNA在毛细管电泳无胶筛分介质(缠结溶液和稀溶液)中的分离机理,主要包括Ogston筛分模型、各种修正的爬行模型、瞬态缠结偶合机理及其改进机理等。     

凝固过程中分子缠结对PAN结晶行为的影响

制备不同浓度聚合物溶液凝固得到的PAN薄膜以及不同喷丝速率下得到的初生纤维,运用流变仪、X射线衍射仪等进行表征,研究凝固过程中分子缠结对PAN分子结晶行为的影响。结果表明,聚合物溶液浓度的不同会影响聚合物溶液中分子线团的密集程度,从而影响分子之间的缠结,最终导致结晶行为发生变化。分子间缠结度越高,分子结晶度越低。剪切作用能够改变分子链的构象,促进分子间的解缠结,有利于提升PAN分子的运动能力,增大PAN初生纤维的结晶度。     

不同类型聚合物溶液对采油残余油的作用机理研究

通过实验测定了HPAM溶液和黄原胶溶液的流变性、在多孔介质中的流变性和残余阻力系数 ,计算了衰竭层效应 .用不同的浓度和注入速度进行了驱油实验 .提出聚合物分子缠结作用的增强不仅引起表观粘度增加或衰竭层厚度降低 ,而且使平行于油水界面的拉动残余油的力增加 ,从而使残余油饱和度降低 ,采收率提高 .随浓度增加 ,HPAM溶液的表观粘度和残余阻力系数增加 ,衰竭层厚度减小 ;黄原胶溶液的浓度高于缠结浓度时 ,衰竭层厚度和表观粘度变化不大 .注入速度增加时 ,两种聚合物溶液的衰竭层厚度均降低 ,HPAM溶液的残余阻力系数不变 ,粘弹性增加 ;而黄原胶溶液的残余阻力系数下降 .不同浓度和注入速度情况下两种聚合物溶液的驱油结果证实了文中提出的聚合物分子缠结作用和衰竭层效应对残余油的作用机理 .分子结构的不同是造成两种聚合物溶液在多孔介质中渗流规律和对残余油作用机理的差别的根本原因 .     

原始链模型——一种新的聚合物粘弹性的分子学说

聚合物粘弹性的分子理论,主要是以Rou-se的珠簧模型为基础发展起来的。Rouse模型未曾考虑到分子链之间存在着缠结效应,因此只适用于稀溶液,而无法推广到高分子浓溶液和熔体等稠厚体系。即使象零切粘度与分子     

链解缠结后聚合物的结晶行为

就近年来关于高分子链解缠结及其对聚合物结晶行为的影响研究作了较为详细的介绍,阐明链解缠结后由于高分子的运动不受或很少受到周围分子的限制,聚合物的结晶能力是增强的,并对可能影响链解缠结程度以及结晶的多种因素(制样溶液浓度、溶剂性能、溶剂尺寸等)进行了讨论.     

窄分布聚丙烯的部分解缠结及其流变性能

通常 ,聚合物的分子链处于缠结状态 .缠结对聚合物的流变性能及机械性能有重要的影响 .用茂金属催化体系生产的聚丙烯改善了制品的综合性能 ,拓宽了它的应用范围 .然而 ,由于产品具有窄的分子量和组成分布 ,使得其加工困难 [1] . De Gennes[2 ] 认为 ,聚合物溶液存在一个临界交叠浓度 c* ,在此浓度以上聚合物分子链开始发生物理缠结 .我们用分子摩尔体积较大的溶剂液体石蜡处理茂金属催化聚合的聚丙烯 ,在临界交叠浓度以上可以获得部分解缠结的聚丙烯 .使树脂的加工流动性能有较大幅度的提高 ,同时产品的机械性能保持不变 .1　实验部分1 .1…     

链缠结对聚合物结晶行为的影响

链缠结是聚合物分子链相互作用的一种形式 ,它主要影响分子链的长程运动 .自链缠结的概念被提出以来 ,人们对聚合物粘弹性、流变行为和网络平衡力学等进行了理论研究和实验验证 .然而 ,在聚合物结晶领域 ,链缠结对结晶过程的影响一直存在着很大的争论 .Flory等 [1] 认为 ,聚合物结晶时分子链根本没有足够的时间进行构象调整 ,分子链进入晶格后 ,使大量的缠结链段被挤入非晶区 ,并由此建立了聚合物结晶“插线板”模型 .Hoffman等 [2 ]根据单根分子链从过冷熔体“卷饶”到晶体前沿所需的时间进行估算 ,结果比 Flory预言的快约 3～ 5个数量级…     

聚苯乙烯磺酸钠在1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐中的流变行为

研究了聚苯乙烯磺酸钠(Na PSS)在1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(AmimCl)中的流变行为,并与其在AmimCl/H_2O混合溶剂中的流变行为进行了对比.聚合物浓度单位为每升溶剂中所含链段单元的摩尔数(mol/L).研究发现,Na PSS在AmimCl中表现出与其在无盐、有盐水溶液以及中性聚合物在离子液体(ILs)溶液中不同的流变行为.Na PSS在AmimCl含量不同的AmimCl/H_2O混合溶剂中的流变行为也不相同,随着AmimCl含量的增加,Na PSS在混合溶剂中的特性黏数[η]逐渐降低,表明分子线团逐渐塌缩,溶液的增比黏度随Na PSS浓度变化的标度所表现出的性质由聚电解质无盐水溶液特点逐渐变为中性聚合物溶液在θ状态下特点.当溶剂为纯AmimCl时,0.007~0.8 mol/L的浓度范围在0.29 mol/L处被分成2个浓度区.动态流变行为研究表明c0.29 mol/L浓度区为稀溶液区,溶液的增比黏度和弛豫时间随Na PSS浓度变化的标度关系为:ηsp~c1.4p和τ~c0p,与无盐聚电解质水溶液在缠结区的行为相似;c0.29 mol/L浓度区为溶液的亚浓非缠结区,溶液在该浓度区内增比黏度和弛豫时间随Na PSS浓度变化的标度关系为:ηsp~c3.5p和τ~c1.9p,接近于中性聚合物良溶液在亚浓缠结区的行为.这一特殊现象可能由混合体系中强烈的长程静电耦合作用引起.     

Polymeric matrices for DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis

We review the wide range of polymeric materials that have been employed for DNA sequencing separations by capillary electrophoresis. Intensive research in the area has converged in showing that highly entangled solutions of hydrophilic, high molar mass polymers are required to achieve high DNA separation efficiency and long read length, system attributes that are particularly important for genomic sequencing. The extent of DNA-polymer interactions, as well as the robustness of the entangled polymer network, greatly influence the performance of a given polymer matrix for DNA separation. Further fundamental research in the field of polymer physics and chemistry is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms by which DNA is separated in dynamic, uncross-linked polymer networks.     

Electrophoretic migration behavior of DNA fragments in polymer solution

A newly developed polymer coil shrinking theory is described and compared with the existing entangled solution theory to explain electrophoretic migration behaviour of DNA in hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) polymer solution in buffer containing 100 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane 100 mM boric acid, 2 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at pH 8.3. The polymer coil shrinking theory gave a better model to explain the results obtained. The polymer coil shrinking concentration, Cs, was found to be 0.305% and the uniform entangled concentration, C+, 0.806%. The existence of three regions (the dilute, semidilute, and concentrated solution) at different polymer concentrations enables a better understanding of the system to guide the selection of the best conditions to separate DNA fragments. For separating large fragments (700/ 800 bp), dilute solutions (HPMC < 0.3%) should be used to achieve a short migration time (10 min). For small fragments (200/300 bp), concentrated solutions are preferred to obtain constant resolution and uniform separation. The best resolution is 0.6% HPMC due to a combined interaction of the polymer coils and the entangled structure. The possibility of DNA separation in semidilute solution is often neglected and the present results indicate that this region has a promising potential for analytical separation of DNA fragments.     

Dynamics of entangled supramolecular polymer networks in presence of high‐order associations of strong hydrogen bonding groups

Dynamics of entangled polymer chains in the melt state are deliberately excluded in most of the studies on supramolecular polymer networks by utilizing nonentangled precursor chains. Relaxation of the system mainly depends on the dissociation of the associative groups in latter case and nonentangled chains deliver nothing to resist afterward. Conversely, in an entangled system, relaxation of polymer chains and dissociation of associative groups can occurred parallel. Supramolecular networks based on an entangled precursor polymer with different levels of strong associating ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) groups are synthesized to screen the corresponding effects on the dynamics of the system. Binary‐associated UPy groups phase separate into collective assemblies by stacking and form high‐order, needle‐like domains at higher UPy contents. Relaxation of polymer chains is significantly hindered due to the trapping of polymer segments between UPy stacks. Above a certain threshold of UPy content (~4 mol%), the plateau level and final relaxation time of networks show a significant jump, which is attributed to the onset of high‐order association of UPy groups.     

Dynamics of relaxation of entangled polymers in shear flow

The application of shear flow to entangled polymer melts can strongly modify its rheological and physicochemical behaviors, giving rise to an acceleration of several chemical processes such as diffusion-controlled reactions. In the present work, we investigate the modification of conformational and diffusive properties of an entangled polymer in shear flow by numerical methods. The flow affects both the conformational and diffusive properties of the system, giving rise to a quasinematic ordering of the macromolecules which take prolate spheroid shape with the main axis aligned to the shear direction. The shear flow is found to accelerate the overall diffusion of the chains in all directions at times longer than the polymer relaxation time. The polymer chains display a quite peculiar displacement behavior in direction parallel to the flow. At the same conditions, the linear relation between the diffusion constant in direction perpendicular to the flow and the inverse of the relaxation time, usually adopted in equilibrium regimes, is shown to hold even in the presence of flow.     

Viscoelasticity and primitive path analysis of entangled polymer liquids: from F-actin to polyethylene

We combine computer simulations and scaling arguments to develop a unified view of polymer entanglement based on the primitive path analysis of the microscopic topological state. Our results agree with experimentally measured plateau moduli for three different polymer classes over a wide range of reduced polymer densities: (i) semidilute theta solutions of synthetic polymers, (ii) the corresponding dense melts above the glass transition or crystallization temperature, and (iii) solutions of semiflexible (bio)polymers such as F-actin or suspensions of rodlike viruses. Together, these systems cover the entire range from loosely to tightly entangled polymers. In particular, we argue that the primitive path analysis renormalizes a loosely to a tightly entangled system and provide a new explanation of the successful Lin-Noolandi packing conjecture for polymer melts.     

Dynamics of polymer melts confined by smooth walls: crossover from nonentangled region to entangled region

The authors present the results of molecular dynamics simulations of polymer films confined by smooth walls. Simulations were performed for a wide range of chain lengths covering both nonentangled and entangled regions, as well as film thicknesses ranging from the order of unperturbed chain size to the bulk state. The simulation results for the chain size dependence on the film thickness are compared with the prediction of the scaling model. By measuring the correlation function of the end-to-end vectors, we have determined the relaxation time of confined polymer chains in different entangled states. It is shown that there is a minimum in the relaxation time of long chains when decreasing the film thickness, which is partially due to the confinement-induced disentanglement effect.     

Modeling the solid-like behavior of entangled polymer nanocomposites at low frequency regimes

A theory for the linear viscoelastic behavior of entangled polymeric liquids reinforced with non-aggregated colloidal nanoparticles is presented. Composites with low filler concentration and strong polymer-particle interaction are considered. A fraction of entangled chains is assumed to be reversibly adsorbed on the surface of fillers, due to the affinity between the polymer molecules in the matrix and dispersed filler particles. The relaxation of the system is analyzed by the combination of stress relaxation functions for free and adsorbed polymer chains. It is demonstrated that the emergence of solid-like behavior at low frequency regimes, is due to the significant slow down in relaxation of adsorbed chains. Fitting the model predictions with relevant experimental data indicates that while the effect of constraint release should be considered to obtain a reasonable estimation of neat polymer behavior, the linear combination of stress relaxation functions of free and adsorbed chains (i.e., no thermal constraint release) leads to a better agreement with experimental data of filled systems.     

Theory of nanoparticle diffusion in unentangled and entangled polymer melts

We propose a statistical dynamical theory for the violation of the hydrodynamic Stokes-Einstein (SE) diffusion law for a spherical nanoparticle in entangled and unentangled polymer melts based on a combination of mode coupling, Brownian motion, and polymer physics ideas. The non-hydrodynamic friction coefficient is related to microscopic equilibrium structure and the length-scale-dependent polymer melt collective density fluctuation relaxation time. When local packing correlations are neglected, analytic scaling laws (with numerical prefactors) in various regimes are derived for the non-hydrodynamic diffusivity as a function of particle size, polymer radius-of-gyration, tube diameter, degree of entanglement, melt density, and temperature. Entanglement effects are the origin of large SE violations (orders of magnitude mobility enhancement) which smoothly increase as the ratio of particle radius to tube diameter decreases. Various crossover conditions for the recovery of the SE law are derived, which are qualitatively distinct for unentangled and entangled melts. The dynamical influence of packing correlations due to both repulsive and interfacial attractive forces is investigated. A central finding is that melt packing fraction, temperature, and interfacial attraction strength all influence the SE violation in qualitatively different directions depending on whether the polymers are entangled or not. Entangled systems exhibit seemingly anomalous trends as a function of these variables as a consequence of the non-diffusive nature of collective density fluctuation relaxation and the different response of polymer-particle structural correlations to adsorption on the mesoscopic entanglement length scale. The theory is in surprisingly good agreement with recent melt experiments, and new parametric studies are suggested.     

Phenomenological analysis of elongational flow birefringence in semidilute solutions of hydroxypropylcellulose

The relaxation time of a polymer chain in an elongational flow field was investigated for hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) semidilute solution systems by two methods: phenomenological analysis of elongational flow-induced birefringence, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) and rheological measurements. To understand the relaxation time of an entangled semiflexible polymer solution in an elongational flow field, scaling analysis of the elongational flow-induced birefringence curve was performed. The results of both temperature and concentration scaling analyses showed that birefringence curves at different temperatures and at several HPC concentrations were described well by a universal birefringence–strain rate curve. This scaling behavior was compared with the "fuzzy cylinder" model. The critical strain rate corresponded to the correlation time of the slow relaxation mode determined by DLS measurement and the relaxation spectrum obtained by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement. The elongational flow-induced birefringence observed in an HPC semidilute solution was concluded to be attributed to the orientation of the HPC segment in the entangled molecular system, because the dominant relaxation mode is found to be the concentration fluctuation of an entangled molecular cluster in a quiescent state.     

Deformation of disentangled polypropylene crystalline grains into nanofibers

It was shown that a solid‐state deformation of polypropylene (PP) being in the form of partially disentangled powder is possible by blending with another molten polymer. During mixing of disentangled polypropylene powder with polystyrene at the temperature below melting of polypropylene crystals the shear forces deform powder grains into nanofibers. All disentangled powder particles larger than 0.7 µm underwent deformation into nanofibers having the mean thickness between 100 and 200 nm. Polypropylene nanofibers got entangled during blending and form a network within polystyrene matrix, reinforcing it. Network of entangled nanofibers can be further deformed with pronounced strain hardening and strength reaching 70 MPa at 135 °C. Blending resulted in generation of PP nanofibers and formation of PP nanofibers entangled network, thus formation of “all‐polymer nanocomposites” in one step compounding. The crucial feature for ultra‐deformation of PP grains by shearing during mixing is disentanglement of macromolecules. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016 , 54, 1983–1994