Chemical kinetic modeling study of the effects of oxygenated hydrocarbons on soot emissions from diesel engines

A detailed chemical kinetic modeling approach is used to examine the phenomenon of suppression of sooting in diesel engines by the addition of oxygenated hydrocarbon species to the fuel. This suppression, which has been observed experimentally for a few years, is explained kinetically as a reduction in concentrations of soot precursors present in the hot products of a fuel-rich diesel ignition zone when oxygenates are included. The kinetic model is also used to show how different oxygenates, ester structures in particular, can have different soot-suppression efficiencies due to differences in the molecular structure of the oxygenated species.     

Ag(I) catalyzed and uncatalyzed oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide by ceric nitrate in nitric acid medium: A kinetic study

The uncatalyzed oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by Ce(IV) involves complex formation between them in nitric acid medium which yields final products. The orders in [Ce(IV)] and [DMSO] were one and fractional, respectively. With Ag(I) as catalyst, an Ag(I)-DMSO adduct is proposed. This adduct reacts with Ce(IV) bimolecularly to give a Ag(II)-DMSO adduct which finally yields the products. The rates exhibit fractional order in [Ag(I)] as well as [DMSO] and first order in [Ce(IV)].

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(DMSO) Ce(IV) , . [Ce(IV)] , [DMSO]—. Ag(I) , Ag(I)–DMSO. Ce(IV) , Ag(II)–DMSO, . [Ag(I)], [DMSO], [Ce(IV)].

     

柴油机尾气碳黑氧化催化剂钛酸钾的制备与表征

以TiO₂和K₂CO₃为原料,采用固相法合成K/Ti比不同的钛酸钾催化剂。利用XRD和SEM对催化剂结构进行表征,并通过程序升温反应（TPR）对催化剂活性进行评估。结果表明,K₂Ti₂O₅在850℃达到较好的结晶度,分别以CH₃COOK、KNO₃及K₂CO₃作为K前驱体时,制备出的K₂Ti₂O₅结晶程度基本一致;K/Ti比较高的K₂Ti₂O₅可明显降低碳黑颗粒氧化温度,最低起燃温度为280℃,且K₂Ti₂O₅比担载贵金属Pt催化剂的碳黑氧化催化活性更高。     

Ethylene pyrolysis and oxidation: A kinetic modeling study

Ethylene oxidation and pyrolysis was modeled using a comprehensive kinetic reaction mechanism. This mechanism is an updated version of one developed earlier. It includes the most recent findings concerning the kinetics of the reactions involved in the oxidation of ethylene. The proposed mechanism was tested against ethylene oxidation experimental data (molecular species concentration profiles) obtained in jet stirred reactors (1–10 atm, 880–1253 K), ignition delay times measured in shock tubes (0.2–12 atm, 1058–2200 K) and ethylene pyrolysis data in shock tube (2–6 atm, 1700–2200 K). The general prediction of concentration profiles of minor species formed during ethylene oxidation is improved in the present model by using more accurate kinetic data for several reactions (principally: HO₂ + HO₂ → H₂O₂ + O₂, C₂H₄ + OH → C₂H₃ + H₂O, C₂H₂ + OH → Products, C₂H₃ → C₂H₂ + H).     

Y对柴油车碳烟氧化催化剂MnOx-CeO2热稳定性的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了不同Y含量的MnOx-CeO2-Y2O3催化剂,并用于NOx存在条件下的碳烟氧化反应.通过在干空气气流中800°C焙烧12 h评价了这些催化剂的热稳定性.采用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、拉曼光谱、H2程序升温还原、储氧量测试、NO程序升温氧化、X射线光电子能谱和碳烟程序升温氧化等手段对催化剂进行了表征.实验发现,Y的添加导致催化剂比表面积、还原性能和储氧能力下降,从而影响了NO和碳烟的氧化活性.然而,热老化之后, Y可增大催化剂的热稳定性,其中以6%–10%Y的添加效果最好,它们的最大碳烟氧化速率温度仅增加了34–35°C. MnOx-CeO2催化剂的催化活性和热失活与其表面的Mn4+和氧物种密切相关.     

A kinetic study of the autocatalytic permanganate oxidation of formic acid

The kinetics of the permanganate oxidation of formic acid in aqueous perchloric acid has been studied. The results indicate that this reaction is autocatalyzed by both manganese(II) ion (formed as a reaction product) and colloidal manganese dioxide (formed as an intermediate). The apparent rate constants corresponding to the noncatalytic and autocatalytic reaction pathways are given, respectively, by the following equations The activation energies associated with the true rate constants, ??, ??, ??, ??, ??, and ?? are 37.2, 62.5, 70.9, 52.5, 40.8, and 59.9 kJ mol^?1, respectively. The percentage of the total reaction corresponding to each pathway is given for typical experimental conditions. Mechanisms in agreement with the kinetic data are proposed for the six different reaction pathways observed.     

A kinetic study of the air oxidation of pyrogallol and purpurogallin

Pyrogallol (1,2.3-benzentriol, 1 ) reacts with dioxygen in weakly alkaline solutions to form purpurogallin (2,3,4,6-tetrahydroxy-5H-benzocycloheptene-5-one, 2 ) which then reacts to form purpurogalloquinone ( 3 ) which then decays to a product absorbing at 440 nm. The formation of 3 requires 1.5 mol O₂ per mol 1 , and 1.0 mol per mol 2 . No O₂ is consumed during the decay of 3 , and this reaction, being insensitive to O₂ concentrations and the presence of both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, does not appear to be an oxidation. The first-order rate of decay of 3 decreases with increasing pH. 1 and 3 react at pH 9.0 with a second-order rate constant of ca. 100 M^?1 s^?1. SOD inhibits the oxidation of 1 and 2 . Slight and variable apparent inhibition of the oxidation of 2 and 3 by SOD may be due to trace impurities in 2 , but not contamination by 1 . The peak concentration of 3 is attained more rapidly during the oxidation of 1 than during the oxidation of 2 . A kinetic scheme based on parallel oxidation of 1 by dioxygen and superoxide, and it which the semiquinone of 1 oxidizes 2 , is partially successful in simulating the observed kinetic behavior.     

空气或氮氧化物气氛下Ag/LaCoO3上的碳黑燃烧性能

碳黑颗粒是柴油机尾气固体污染物的主要成分,是大气污染中的主要颗粒状污染物.消除碳黑颗粒物的有效方式之一是在尾气排放前安装柴油机颗粒物过滤器.然而,尾气排放温度远远低于碳黑燃烧温度,在过滤器上使用碳黑氧化催化剂能够明显降低碳黑的燃烧温度,防止过滤器堵塞.钙钛矿类催化剂由于具有良好的储氧能力,高活性的晶相氧有利于碳黑燃烧过程中气相氧和晶相氧的转换,具有较高的活性和结构稳定性,从而受到广泛关注.本课题组曾先后对LaKNiMnOx和LaMO3(M=Fe,Co,Cu)等钙钛矿体系的碳黑燃烧性能进行了系统研究,其中La-CoO3及掺杂的LaCoO3基钙钛矿在碳黑催化燃烧中表现了较高的催化活性.然而担载型钙钛矿催化剂在该领域的应用很少有报道.银基催化剂由于具有较高的低温氧活化能力在碳黑燃烧反应中具有较高的催化活性,Kiyoshi Yamazaki等发现在银表面吸附的氧物种能够迁移到银与载体的界面,并可以进一步迁移到碳黑表面氧化碳黑,但是载体的选择对催化活性有较大影响,具有较高储氧能力和氧离子传输能力的CeO2和ZrO2载体上负载银催化剂的碳黑燃烧性能明显高于以Al2O3为载体的催化剂.为了进一步提高LaCoO3基钙钛矿的碳黑氧化性能,本文结合LaCoO3基钙钛矿和银基催化剂的特点,以LaCoO3为载体制备了负载型银催化剂,考察了Ag/LaCoO3催化剂结构和催化性能随焙烧温度的变化,并对银物种分布及催化作用进行了讨论.采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和碳黑程序升温还原(soot-TPR)等表征手段研究了银物种分布及影响催化剂结构和催化活性的原因.XRD测试结果表明,经过800℃焙烧的LaCoO3催化剂具有钙钛矿结构,并有少量Co3O4,银担载在LaCoO3催化剂上,经400 ℃焙烧后XRD测试检测到Ag的特征峰,说明银物种主要为单质银而不是以氧化物形式存在.随着焙烧温度的升高(400-700℃),Ag的衍射峰减弱,同时Co3O4的衍射峰消失,说明在热处理过程中银物种发生了迁移,从表面逐渐迁移进入钙钛矿结构,进而影响Co物种的分布.继续升高焙烧温度(750-800℃),由于高温烧结,部分银物种从钙钛矿结构中析出,钴物种也发生重新分布,Co3O4的衍射峰出现.XPS结果表明银物种主要为Ag0,钴物种主要为低价钴离子,Ag/LaCoO3催化剂具有较高的吸附氧浓度.Soot-TPR结果表明,表面单质银的存在有利于活化气相氧,Ag物种进入钙钛矿的晶胞增加了氧缺陷有助于气相氧和晶相氧的转移,Ag/LaCoO3催化剂能够在低温下完全氧化碳黑.低温焙烧的Ag/LaCoO3表面形成的大量吸附氧物种是其高活性的原因.在空气气氛和NOx气氛下考察了该系列催化剂上碳黑的催化燃烧性能,发现银的担载使LaCoO3钙钛矿催化活性显著提高,在空气气氛下碳黑燃烧最大速率对应温度(Tp)降低了50-70℃,碳黑燃烧性能与催化剂的低温还原性相关.在NOx气氛下,银在低温下的高活化氧能力使碳黑燃烧温度进一步降低,其中在Ag/LaCoO3-400催化剂上碳黑的燃烧温度降低了140℃.以Ag/LaCoO3-700催化剂为例,考察了在NOx气氛下碳黑燃烧性能的稳定性,发现该催化经历3次循环实验后没有明显的失活且其结构稳定.     

Trace and minor element characterization of diesel soot

Summary Concentrations of 20 trace and minor components, such as metals, nitrogen and sulphur, were determined in representative diesel soot samples corresponding to various driving patterns of an old and a new type of Mercedes-Benz diesel engine for passenger cars. The samples were analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis, and after decomposition, by flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The content of sulphur was determined by a method based on the formation of hydrogen sulphide and precipitation micro-titrimetry. The concentrations of the elements Au, La, Sb, Sc, and V were at the sub-g/g level; As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Se were at the lower g/g level; and Ca, Cu, Fe, N, Na, Pb, S, and Zn ranged from the upper g/g to lower percent levels. The emission of several elements was likely the result of different factors such as utilization of organometallic additives (Ca, Na, Zn) in diesel fuel or lubrication oil, contamination of diesel fuel by alkyllead compounds, wear and corrosion of the engine and exhaust system parts. The concentration of elemental components in diesel soot, generally, varied with operating conditions, which affected fuel and oil consumption, combustion efficiency (soot production), and mechanical strain. Permanent address: Czechoslovak Academy of Science, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Vevei 96, CS-61142 Brno, SFR     

Characteristics of soot particles formed by diesel pyrolysis

This experiment involving diesel fuel pyrolysis was performed to study the process of soot formation without oxidation. The effects of temperature, residence time, and lubricating oil presence on soot formation were investigated through measurement of particle size distribution, morphology, and C/H ratio as well as through thermal analysis. The results show that the formation of soot during diesel pyrolysis depended strongly on both temperature and residence time. The critical temperature for the creation of soot with a primary particle diameter of 20 nm was about 1100 °C. Greater temperatures and residence times resulted in diesel soot particles that were more mature, i.e., with a higher C/H ratio, larger particle size, and higher ignition temperature. The carbonization of diesel soot through pyrolysis was also weakly affected by the addition of 5% lubricating oil to the diesel fuel. The results of this experiment provide information for modeling the formation of diesel soot without oxidation as well as for developing soot generators for after-treatment systems.     

A kinetic study of the persulfate oxidation of octacyanotungstate(IV)

The kinetics of the oxidation of octacyanotungstate(IV) ions by persulfate have been studied in an alkaline medium. The reaction is of the first order with respect to both W(CN) ₈ ^4– and S₂O ₈ ^2– . The reaction is cation catalyzed and is of the first order with respect to the alkali metal ion concentration. The catalytic effect is in the order K⁺>Na⁺. It is postulated that the ions KS₂O ₈ ^– and KW(CN) ₈ ^3– are the reactive species. The third order rate constant is 2 l mol^–2 min^–1 for potassium ions and 6 l mol^–2 min^–1 for sodium ions.

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(IV) . W(CN)₈ ^–4 S₂O₈ ^–2. . : K⁺>Na⁺ , KS₂O₈ ^– KW(CN)₈ ^–3 . 2 .^–2.^–1 6 .^–2.^–1 .

     

Hydroperoxide build-up in the thermal oxidation of polypropylene - A kinetic study

The thermal oxidation of unstabilised polypropylene (PP) was studied at 80 °C under various oxygen pressures: 0.02, 0.5 and 5.0 MPa, and, under 5.0 MPa oxygen pressure at various temperatures: 60, 80, 100 and 120 °C. Hydroperoxides were titrated using a chemical titration method and modulated DSC (taking an enthalpy of −325 kJ mol⁻¹). Starting from a previous kinetic analysis of carbonyl growth in same exposure conditions, we have tried to simulate experimental results by a model based on the classical mechanistic scheme in which initiation results from POOH (mainly bimolecular) decomposition. The model, which takes into account substrate consumption and does not rely on usual simplifying assumptions (steady state for radicals, long kinetic chains, interrelations between termination rate constants), generates kinetic curves with the same shape as experimental ones and predicts well the effect of O₂ pressure and temperature on hydroperoxide and carbonyl concentrations.     

A kinetic model for limonene oxidation

The kinetic regularities of the autooxidation of R(+)−limonene (LH) were experimentally studied at various temperatures. A kinetic model including the main elementary reactions and the corresponding rate constants was developed. The degenerate chain branching during limonene oxidation proceeds via bimolecular reactions and involves hydroperoxide LOOH + LH → L· + LO· + H₂O and LOOH + LOOH → LO· + LO₂ · + H₂O. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 80–86, January, 2008.     

Role of nitrogen dioxide in the oxidation of diesel soot on promoted mixed catalysts with fluorite and perovskite structures

The oxidation of soot on catalysts with the perovskite and fluorite structures (including platinum-promoted catalysts) in the presence and in the absence of NO₂ was studied using in situ IR spectroscopy and temperature-programmed techniques (TPR, TPD, and TPO). It was found that, as a rule, the temperature of the onset of soot oxidation considerably decreased upon the addition of NO₂ to a flow of O₂/N₂, whereas the amount of oxygen consumed in soot oxidation considerably increased. To explain these facts, we hypothesized that the initiation of soot combustion in the presence of NO₂ was related to the activation of the NO₂ molecule through the formation (at a low temperature) and decomposition (at a high temperature) of nitrate structures on the catalyst. Superequilibrium amounts of NO₂ resulted from the decomposition of nitrate complexes immediately on the catalyst for soot combustion. Based on a comparison between catalyst activities and data obtained by TPR and the TPD of oxygen, a conclusion was drawn that the presence of labile oxygen in the catalyst is a necessary but insufficient condition for the efficient occurrence of a soot oxidation reaction in the presence of NO₂. The introduction of platinum as a constituent of the catalyst increased the amount of labile oxygen and, as a consequence, increased the amount of highly reactive nitrate complexes. As a result, this caused a decrease in the temperature of the onset of soot combustion.     

Chemical oscillations in the uncatalyzed bromate oxidation of hydroquinone and nitrophenols

Chemical oscillatory behavior in the uncatalyzed bromate oxidation of hydroquinone and nitrophenols is reported. The reaction is strongly inhibited by stirring. Effect of one-electron redox couples (EZ catalysts) on the system is described.

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. . - ( EZ) .

     

多相条件下亚硫酸镁非催化氧化反应动力学及机理

副产物的氧化回收利用是影响镁法脱硫工艺发展的关键.本文通过真空旋转蒸发的方式制备了高纯度的亚硫酸镁样品,并利用鼓泡式反应装置,研究了亚硫酸镁非催化氧化的反应动力学,考察了pH、氧分压、亚硫酸镁浓度、气体流量、温度等因素对亚硫酸镁氧化反应速率的影响,得到了各反应物的分级数及表观活化能.结合三相反应过程的数学模型推断出亚硫酸镁氧化的本征反应在慢反应区进行,且氧的传质扩散是总反应的速率控制步骤.研究结果为氧化回收镁法脱硫副产物提供了理论依据.     

Numerical study on soot removal in partial oxidation of methane to syngas reactors

The serious carbon deposition existing in catalytic partial oxidation of methane (CPOM) to syngas process is one of the key problems that impede its industrialization. In this study, 3-dimensional unsteady numerical simulations of the soot formation and oxidation in oxidation section in a heat coupling reactor were carried out by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach incorporating the Moss-Brookes model for soot formation. The model has been validated and proven to be in good agreement with experiment results. Effects of nozzle type, nozzle convergence angle, channel spacing, number of channels, radius/height ratio, oxygen/carbon ratio, preheat temperature and additional introduction of steam on the soot formation were simulated. Results show that the soot formation in oxidation section of the heat coupling reactor depends on both nozzle structures and operation conditions, and the soot concentration can be greatly reduced by optimization with the maximum mass fraction of soot inside the oxidation reactor from 2.28% to 0.0501%, and so that the soot mass fraction at the exit reduces from 0.74% to 0.03%.