Rapid titrimetric determination of thorium with fluoride using SPADNS

Summary A rapid titrimetric method for the estimation of thorium in the range from 5 to 88 mg. in a 50 ml. of final volume has been developed which involves the adjustment of P_h at 3.0, addition of 2 ml. of 0.02% SPADNS indicator, dilution to volume and titration with standard NaF until the colour obtained matches a blank containing the buffered solution of the indicator alone. The method has been standardised against known amounts of thorium and a calibration curve relating the titre of the fluoride solution to thorium content has been prepared. Interferences of various cations and anions have also been studied. From the results, the quantitative nature of zirconium interference has been confirmed. The method for the determination of thorium is very rapid and the colour change being sharp from blue-violet to scarlet-red, the detection of endpoint is not at all difficult.The author wishes to thank Dr. A. K. Ghosal, Principal, Darjeeling Government College, for providing Laboratory facilities and Prof. P. Ray and Dr. A. K. Mukherjee of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta for their encouragement in the research work.     

Analytical aspects of some organic acids

Summary Back titrimetric procedures for the estimation of aluminium, zirconium, and thorium have been developed, which involved the adjustment of the concentration of the metallic salts, concentration of EDTA,ph, and temperature, addition of indicator solution (namely, 2-hydroxy3-naphthoic acid and back titration with standard 0.1 M ferric chloride solution. This method is based on the fact that the excess EDTA, which is added to the metal solutions may be back titrated with iron(III), which forms a highly coloured complex with the indicator, when present in slight excess. Quantities of aluminium, zirconium and thorium as small as 10.8, 4.6, 11.6 mg respectively, can be back titrated with in experimental error, when present in a volume of 100 ml.Part IV: See Z. analyt. Chem. 172, 356 (1960).     

Rapid titrimetric determination of microgram amounts of fluoride ion with spadns -thorium lake

A rapid titrimetric method has been developed for the determination of microgram amounts of fluoride ion in the range from Img-Ioomg, in 50 ml final volume. It involves the adjustment of pH, addition of 1 ml of 0.02% SPADNS indicator, dilution to volume and titration with standard 0.004M Th(NO₃)₄ until the colour obtained matches a blank containing the buffered solution of the indicator with a. trace of thorium nitrate solution. Interference by various ions was also studied. The method described for the determination of fluoride ion is very rapid and the colour change at the end point being sharp, the detection of the end point is very easy. The method is applicable to pure solutions of fluondes.     

Direct spectrophotometric determination of thorium with spadns

A direct spcctrophotometric method is described for the determination of thorium usiiiK SPADNS as the reagent. The method is sensitive and quantities as small as 0.04 γ of thorium can be estimated. Moderate amounts of uranium and rare earths do not interfere. The stoichiometric composition of the coloured complex has been determined spcctropliotometrically by the 'slope ratio method'.     

Organic azo-dyes in quantitative analysis

Summary Chrom red brown 5RD was used as an indicator for complexometric titration of thorium. The change in the colour at the end-point was from wine-red to yellow. It is recommended that the thorium buffered aliquot should not contain less then 200 g thorium per 10 ml for a precise estimation. A range of p_H from 2.5 to 3.5 has been found satisfactory for such a titration. Ferri, ferro and zirconium ions interfere; they should be separated beforehand.Part I: Zaki, M. R., and K. Shakir: Z. analyt. Chem. 174, 274 (1960).     

Thorium complex of 2,7-dinitroso-1,8- dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulphonic acid : Complexometric determination of thorium with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

Thorium forms a pinkish-violet coloured complex with dinitrosochromotropic acid, which has been used as an indicator in the titrimetric determination of thorium with EDTA. The method is based on the fact that this coloured complex is less stable than the thorium-EDTA complex and breaks down after a bulk of thorium has reacted with EDTA; this marks the end-point, which is the change from pinkish-violet to red. am little as 3.1 mg of thorium present in 50 ml volume of solution may be accurately determined within a pH range from 2.2 to 3.5. The study of interferences revealed that quite a number of elements do not interfere; iron may be masked with ascorbic acid. Thorium may be determined by the same method, after separating it from many interfering ions by precipitating it with o-anisilic acid.     

Direct spectrophotometric determination of zirconium with spadns

A method has been developed for the spcctrophotometric determination of microgram amounts of zirconium using SPADNS as the colour-forming agent. The method is sensitive and quantities as small as 0.07 γ zirconium can be estimated in 25 ml of final volume. A standard calibration curve lias been prepared; it conforms to Beer's law. The stoichiometric composition of the coloured complex has been determined spcctrophotomctrically by adopting the 'slope ratio method'.     

The titration of Al with complexone III at a pH 3.5

A titration procedure for Al based on the reaction of Al and complexone III (disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid, (“versene”) at pH 3.5–4.3 is described. After adding an excess of complexone the excess is back-titrated with thorium nitrate, using alizarin S as an indicator. The reaction is not exactly stoichiometric, but nevertheless quite reproducible, and an about 1% higher factor for Al should be used.     

Diphenic acid as an analytical reagent

Summary Diphenic acid can separate thorium completely from moderate amounts of ferrous iron and titanium in almost neutral solutions. As the reagent forms quantitative precipitates with ferric iron and zirconium, workable methods for their separation from thorium and their co-determinations in a mixture with the help of this reagent have also been developed. The reagent can separate thorium from zirconium by precipitating the latter below p_h2, and the same from iron(ic) can be accomplished by the use of ascorbic acid as a masking agent. Ferric iron can be precipitated from solution containing ascorbic acid, by the ammonium salt of the reagent. A convenient process for the estimation and separation of zirconium, thorium, iron(ic) and titanium, when present in a mixture, has also been described, which involves the proper control ofph and the use of ascorbic acid as a complexing agent for ferric iron.My sincere thanks are due to Dr. A.K. Mukherjee of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta for his valuable suggestions and to Dr. A. K. Ghosal, Principal, Darjeeling Government College for providing laboratory facilities.     

Use of organic reagents in inorganic analysis

Summary Thorium and zirconium have been determined gravimetrically with phenylglycine-p-carboxylic acid and zirconium alone with phenylglycine-o-carboxylic acid, almost within the same pH range. Better results are obtained when zirconium is precipitated in acetic acid solution in presence of a little ammonium acetate. A number of foreign ions may be separated from thorium and zirconium with these reagents. Iron and titanium cause heavy interference. The interference caused by iron, may however, be eliminated by adding a little ascorbic acid, before precipitation of the metals. The para acid can also extract thorium from a mixture of cerite earths and from monazite sands.Part V: See Z. anal. Chem. 158, 347 (1957).The author likes to thank Dr. B. N. Bose, Principal of the College and Dr. S. K. Sinha, the Head of the Department of Chemistry for their kind advice and encouragements.     

Analytical aspects of some organic acids

Summary A direct titrimetric method for the estimation of iron(III) has been developed, which involves the adjustment of concentration of iron(III) andPh, dilution, addition of 1 ml of 2% indicator solution and titration with EDTA (30° to 35° C). It is based on the fact that the iron(III) forms a blue coloured complex which is destroyed at the 11 molar ratio making the end-point of the titration. Quantity of iron(III) as small as 23.2 mg can be titrated accurately when present in a volume of 100 ml. Study of interferences revealed that quite a number of elements like Be²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, UO₂ ²⁺ and Mn²⁺ does not interfere, whereas much interference is caused by Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, ZrO²⁺, V0²⁺, Al³⁺, Cr³⁺, Ti⁴⁺, Ce⁴⁺ and Th⁴⁺. The method proposed for iron(III) is selective and should be of considerable use in many cases.Part III: See Z. analyt. Chem. 167, 332 (1959).     

Etude de l'action de l'ion fluor sur la laquethorium-spadns

The reaction of fluoride with thorium—SPADNS lake was studied in detail with particular reference to the effects of pH and media. Two methods for the determination of microgram amounts of fluoride based on the reaction are described. The spectrophotometric method developed is more suitable for routine use, but the colorimetric titration method is less sensitive to the effect of large amounts of electrolyte.     

Analytical aspects of some azo dyes from chromotropic acid

Summary Complexometric titration of thorium with di-sodium versenate solution has been carried out using three dyes: SNADNS, di-SNADNS and nitroso-SNADNS obtained from chromotropic acid. Determinations are suitable with these dyes in the p_H range from 2 to 3, the colour changes at the end point are very distinct with nitroso-SNADNS and di-SNADNS while the colour change with SNADNS at the end point is very difficult to detect. Study of interferences revealed that quite a number of elements like, lead, zinc, mercury, cobalt, nickel etc. do not interfere, whereas heavy interference is caused by iron, zirconium, copper, gold and alkaline earths, Thorium may be separated from them by precipitating it with phthalanilic acid obtained from o-anisidine and the thorium salt on breaking with acid may be determined by versene by the same method. This titrimetric method is expected to become more accurate if the final measurement at the end point is made spectrophotometrically rather than visually.     

Copper (II) as an Amperometric Indicator: Determination of Thorium

Abstract

It has been demonstrated that copper (II) is an attractive amperometric indicator for the titration of small amounts of thorium in solution. EDTA was used as the titrant. Best results are obtained in the titration when the mole ratio of thorium to copper is high. The method should be applicable to several other metal ions that form more stable EDTA complexes than does copper.     

Analytical aspects of some azo dyes from chromotropic acid

Summary Nitroso-SNADNS-4, itself a yellow coloured dye in acid medium forms a reddish-pink colouration with thorium in weakly acid solution. The colour is stable for about 24 hours and to a temperature up to 50C. The thorium complex shows maximum absorbance at the wave length 520 m, while that of the dye occurs at 430 m. The maximum intensity of colour of the thorium complex is shown at aph 2.5. The colour system conforms to Beer's law in a wide range of concentration of thorium and presents a reliable method for the spectrophotometric determination of the metal even in presence of a large number of common ions, the ions interfering are: tin, iron, nickel, cobalt, cerium(IV), zirconium, gold, phosphate and fluoride. The average percentage of deviation of the absorbance index in the determination of thorium is 1.14.Part VI: See Z. analyt. Chem. 167, 105 (1959)     

Spectrophotometric and complexometric methods for the determination of thorium and fluoride using bromocresol orange reagent

The ternary purple coloured complex formed between Th(4+), bromocresol orange (BCO) and cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) in acidic medium was investigated spectrophotometrically. Results obtained revealed the formation of 1:1:1, Th:BCO:CPB complex in aqueous solution at pH approximately 0.5 with a logarithmic conditional stability constant of 12.04+/-0.1, I=0.1 at 25 degrees C. The colour of the ternary complex was used for the determination of thorium(IV) in the range of 0.02-2.6 mug ml(-1) Th(4+), =9.2x10(4) l mol(-1) cm(-1) at 560 nm. Beside its high sensitivity, the reaction was also proved to be highly selective for Th(4+). Thorium(IV) was determined in presence of great number of transition metal ions, rare earths and different anions. Th(4+) was also determined with high accuracy and precision by its titration with disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na(2)EDTA) using BCO as an indicator at pH approximately 0.5. The endpoint was detected either visually or spectrophotometrically (lambda=550 nm). The proposed procedures were successfully applied for the determination of Th(4+) in standard Th-U ores and in a series of naturally occurring ores or minerals containing thorium. A spectrophotometric method was also described for the determination of fluoride ion, which was based upon the decrease in colour intensity of the Th-BCO complex on mixing it with F(-) ion. The proposed method was convenient, rapid and sensitive for fluoride. It could be used for the determination of fluoride ion in the 0.02-3.00 mug ml(-1) range (S.D.+/-0.9%). The proposed method was successfully applied for direct determination of F(-) ion in water obtained from different origins and the results were satisfactory.     

Extractive indicators in complex-formation titrations: theory and practice

The use of conditional constants to predict the optimum conditions for titration in several complex-formation titrations, in which the end-point is detected by the formation of a coloured extractable complex, is demonstrated. The predictions have been tested by experiment. 2-(2-Pyridylazo)-1-naphthol is shown to be a useful extractive indicator for the copper-EDTA titration; dimethylglyoxine is not recommended as an extractive indicator for the nickel-EDTA titration; the titration of fluoride with aluminium, using 8-hydroxy-quinoline as an extractive indicator, is shown to be undesirable theoretically and experimentally.