Interfacial slip and creep in rolling contact incorporating a cylinder with an elastic layer

A systematic approach for investigating the interfacial behaviour of tyred systems is proposed. A two-dimensional contact model of an elastic strip, shrink-fitted onto a wheel, and subjected to different rolling contact conditions, has been adopted to illustrate the method. The model combines existing techniques to explore individual elastic contact problems and it enables us to characterise the behaviour at the strip/substrate interface caused by loads induced by a quasi-static application of stationary and moving loads on the surface of the layer. The solution is compared to the stationary load case and regimes of local slip, full stick, separation and frictional creep are identified and collated for a variety of loading conditions, materials and geometries. Further, this article presents an investigation of frictional shakedown for layered systems subjected to periodic contact loading. The term shakedown is here referred to as the possibility of developing interfacial residual stresses at the layer/substrate interface such that frictional slip, originally activated by the applied external contact load, ceases after a few loading cycles. The possible applicability of the Melan’s theorem for elastic frictional system is investigated and preliminary results presented.     

Dynamic models of layered and block media with slip,friction, and separation

We use the concepts of slip theory to construct continual models of layered and block media. The medium structure elements, layers and blocks, are assumed to be elastic. The interaction conditions on the contact boundaries assume slip with friction and separation. We propose a numerical method for solving the obtained systems of equations. We also present examples of solution of dynamic and quasistatic problems about the development of slip regions for the types of media under study.     

Analysis of torque transmitting behavior and wheel slip prevention control during regenerative braking for high speed EMU trains

The wheel-rail adhesion control for regenerative braking systems of high speed electric multiple unit trains is crucial to maintaining the stability,improving the adhesion utilization,and achieving deep energy recovery.There remain technical challenges mainly because of the nonlinear,uncertain,and varying features of wheel-rail contact conditions.This research analyzes the torque transmitting behavior during regenerative braking,and proposes a novel methodology to detect the wheel-rail adhesion stability.Then,applications to the wheel slip prevention during braking are investigated,and the optimal slip ratio control scheme is proposed,which is based on a novel optimal reference generation of the slip ratio and a robust sliding mode control.The proposed methodology achieves the optimal braking performancewithoutthewheel-railcontactinformation.Numerical simulation results for uncertain slippery rails verify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.     

A 3D FEM–BEM rolling contact formulation for unstructured meshes

This work presents a new formulation for solving 3D steady-state rolling contact problems. The convective terms for computing the tangential slip velocities involved in the rolling problem, are evaluated using a new approximation inspired in numerical fluid dynamics techniques for unstructured meshes. Moreover, the elastic influence coefficients of the surface points in contact are approached by means of the finite element method (FEM) and/or the boundary element method (BEM). The contact problem is based on an Augmented Lagrangian Formulation and the use of projection functions to establish the contact restrictions. Finally, the resulting nonlinear equations set is solved using the generalized Newton method with line search (GNMls), presenting some acceleration strategies as: a new and more simplified projection operator, which makes it possible to obtain a quasi-complementarity of the contact variables, reducing the number of contact problem unknowns, and using iterative solvers. The presented methodology is validated solving some rolling contact problems and analyzed for some unstructured mesh examples.     

Determination of the shape of the downstream slope of an earth-fill dam from the seepage strength conditions at the face

Inverse boundary-value problems of determining the slope of an earth-fill dam (or its core) for which the local seepage strength conditions are exactly satisfied over the entire face, with no unnecessary margin, are formulated. Variants of these conditions are examined for cases of suffosion (undermining), local slip and contact suffosion. The shape of the boundary of the region in the velocity hodograph plane is established and the possibility of using it to construct a solution is demonstrated. Analytical and numerical methods of solution are proposed and justified. It is shown that problems with a condition similar to that associated with slip can be solved by Polubarinova-Kochina's analytical method [5]. For a number of special cases solutions are obtained in explicit form and the results of numerical calculations are presented.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, 101–107, May–June, 1987.     

基于边界元法求解三维弹性摩擦接触问题

边界元法求解三维摩擦接触问题,其中一个关键点在于如何确定滑移方向。即当出现相对滑移时,滑移方向如何确定。当前常采用的方法是,粘结点利用切向面力得到滑移方向,滑移点利用切向相对位移得到滑移方向。不过该方法难以保证收敛性。针对这一问题,本文采用滑移方向预测技术得到滑移方向。即以后出现相对滑移时,滑移方向采用预测技术中得到的滑移方向。由于摩擦接触问题和历史加载相关,本文采用增量法求解。不同摩擦系数下的数值结果都证明了本文算法的有效性和收敛性及滑移方向预测技术的有效性。     

On the regularity of some thermocapillary convection models

The classical model of confined thermocapillary convection is analyzed. Its vorticity singularity, independent of the contact angle, leads to infinite pressure values at contact lines, forbidding any numerical use of the Laplace equation to calculate free surface shapes. Four models are explored to overcome this difficulty: an explicit polynomial filtering, a Navier slip at the solid boundaries, an interface viscosity model and the combination of slip and interface viscosity. Regular solutions are obtained with the first and last approaches. Only the last one is based on physical considerations and, by the introduction of physical length scales, avoids infinite pressure values at the contact line.     

A boundary element formulation for wear modeling on 3D contact and rolling-contact problems

The present work shows a new numerical treatment for wear simulation on 3D contact and rolling-contact problems. This formulation is based on the boundary element method (BEM) for computing the elastic influence coefficients and on projection functions over the augmented Lagrangian for contact restrictions fulfillment. The constitutive equations of the potential contact zone are Signorini’s contact conditions, Coulomb’s law of friction and Holm–Archard’s law of wear. The proposed methodology is applied to predict wear on different contact and rolling-contact problems. Results are validated with numerical solutions and semi-analytical models presented in the literature. The BEM considers only the degrees of freedom involved on these kind of problems (those on the solids surfaces), reducing the number of unknowns and obtaining a very good approximation on contact tractions using a low number of elements. Together with the formulation, an acceleration strategy is presented allowing to reduce the times of resolution.     

Ondes adhérence–glissement–décollement sous contact unilatéral frottantStick–slip–separation waves in unilateral and frictional contact

A numerical study on the dynamic response of a mechanical system composed of two coaxial cylinders in relative rotation and unilateral contact with Coulomb friction is presented. This discussion complements the semi-analytical results on stick–slip waves given in Moirot, Nguyen, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. IIb 328 (2000) 663–669, by some numerical simulations on the dynamic transition of the system from a given initial state to a surface wave. The case of stick–slip–separation waves is considered. To cite this article: A. Oueslati et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).     

Dynamics of finite element structural models with multiple unilateral constraints

Fast and accurate simulation of mechanical structures with complex geometry requires application of the finite element method. This leads frequently to models with a relatively large number of degrees of freedom, which may also possess non-linear properties. Things become more complicated for systems involving unilateral contact and friction. In classical structural dynamics approaches, such constraints are usually modeled by special contact elements. The characteristics of these elements must be selected in a delicate way, but even so the success of these methods cannot be guaranteed. This study presents a numerical methodology, which is suitable for determining dynamic response of large scale finite element models of mechanical systems with multiple unilateral constraints. The method developed is based on a proper combination of results from two classes of direct integration methodologies. The first one includes standard methods employed in determining dynamic response of structural models possessing smooth non-linearities. The second class of methods includes specialized methodologies that simulate the response of dynamical systems with unilateral constraints. The validity and effectiveness of the methodology developed is illustrated by numerical results.     

A numerical analysis of partial slip problems under Hertzian contacts

In this study the tangential partial slip problems in Hertzian contact regions are treated by a numerical technique. The tangential loading may include tangential forces in the contact plane and a twisting moment normal to the contact plane. The Coulomb’s law of friction and the property that the direction of friction must oppose the relative motion lead to nonlinear equations. The Newton-Raphson method is utilized to solve these nonlinear equations. Numerical results for tangential tractions and sizes of stick and slip zones may be determined, and they agree with existing analytical results for circular contacts.     

A gradient theory of single-crystal viscoplasticity that accounts for geometrically necessary dislocations

This study develops a gradient theory of single-crystal plasticity that accounts for geometrically necessary dislocations. The theory is based on classical crystalline kinematics; classical macroforces; microforces for each slip system consistent with a microforce balance; a mechanical version of the second law that includes, via the microforces, work performed during slip; a rate-independent constitutive theory that includes dependences on a tensorial measure of geometrically necessary dislocations. The microforce balances are shown to be equivalent to nonlocal yield conditions for the individual slip systems. The field equations consist of the yield conditions coupled to the standard macroscopic force balance; these are supplemented by classical macroscopic boundary conditions in conjunction with nonstandard boundary conditions associated with slip. As an aid to solution, a weak (virtual power) formulation of the nonlocal yield conditions is derived. To make contact with classical dislocation theory, the microstresses are shown to represent counterparts of the Peach-Koehler force on a single dislocation.     

Numerical Modeling of the Performance of Lubricated Journal Bearings Using Navier-Stokes Equations

Two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically to model the thermohydrodynamic performance of a dynamically loaded journal bearing which is modeled as eccentrically rotating cylinders. The region between those cylinders are occupied by Newtonian lubricants, whose physical properties such as viscosity and thermal conductivity are assumed to be functions of local temperature. A single domain pseudospectral method which combines Fourier expansions and Chebyshev polynomials for spatial discretization is introduced in conjunction with appropriate time marching scheme for the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The selection of these polynomial functions is favorable since both FFT algorithms for Fourier and Chebyshev expansions are easily available. In this numerical model, the journal is dynamically loaded by an external force and set free, so that its center moves in such a way to strike a balance between the applied load and the hydrodynamic forces. The pseudo-spectral scheme is then applied to a few classical problems, such as concentric rotating cylinders and journal bearings with lubricants of constant and varying (temperature dependent) viscosity to establish the validity of the numerical scheme in simulating these problems realistically as well as to gauge the convergence characteristics and relevant numerical issues. The numerical modeling has been found to be reasonably accurate and robust enough to serve as a tool for the study the flow in the region between the journal and the bearing.     

A simplified “polycrystalline” model for viscoplastic and damage finite element analyses

In the framework of classical polycrystalline models, drastic reductions of the numbers of slip systems and of “grains” are proposed. With a number of “grains” representing the texture of the material smaller than 10, good results are obtained either for initially isotropic fcc steel or anisotropic hcp zirconium alloy, with some predictive capacity despite the partial loss of physical relevance. Finite element analyses CPU times are not significantly increased as compared to advanced macroscopic models. Novel extensions of the polycrystalline model are developed for intergranular creep or void growth damage. This methodology increases the field of application of the polycrystalline approach in plastic anisotropy, cyclic plasticity, plastic instability and fracture, and in corresponding industrial problems.     

正交各向异性弹塑性摩擦接触问题的数值求解

采用正交各向异性摩擦定律对三维弹塑性摩擦接触问题进行分析,基于参变量变分原理,经过有限元离散,将问题化为线性互补问题模型,之后给出一个求解互补问题的非内点光滑化算法.对三维接触问题,滑动方向的确定一直是个难点,为此,该文采用作者提出的组合规划法和迭代法对各向异性摩擦本构模型进行分析,数值结果说明了模型与算法的正确性.     

Stick-slip analysis of a circular point contact between a rigid sphere and a flat unidirectional composite with cylindrical fibers

The stick-slip contact problem is investigated here when at least one of the contacting bodies behaves as an ideal composite material with long fibers perpendicular to the direction of movement. Cylindrical inhomogeneous inclusions within a homogeneous media and with axes parallel to the contact surface are considered. The Eshelby’s equivalent inclusion method is used to solve the problem numerically. Interactions between close inclusions are taken into account in the numerical procedure, as well as the coupling between the normal and tangential contact problems. It is found that the presence of heterogeneities in the vicinity of the surface contact affects significantly the contact pressure distribution and subsequently the distribution of shear and slip at the interface.     

Macro slip theory of plasticity for polycrystalline solids

A macro slip theory is presented in this paper. Four independent slip systems are proposed for polycrystalline solids. Each slip system consists of a slip plane which lies on a face of the octahedron in stress space and a slip direction which is coincident with shear stress acting on the same face of the octahedron. It is proved that for proportional loading, present results are identical with the classical flow theory of plasticity. For nonproportional loading, the macro slip theory shows good predicting ability. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The project supported by Chinese Academy of Science     

有限长滚子黏滑接触分析

有限长线接触在齿轮传动与滚子轴承中广泛存在,滚子端部的应力集中严重影响机械零件的疲劳寿命. 本文中基于矩阵法和重叠半空间模型方法建立了有限长滚子黏滑接触的数值计算模型,利用共轭梯度法和快速傅里叶变换方法对模型进行了求解;并且分析了滚子自由端面和不同切向力对滚子黏滑接触的影响. 结果表明:当两有限长滚子的自由端面完全重合时,切应力在端面不会出现应力集中现象,端面的黏着区域相比于中间截面的黏着区会缩小. 此外,随着切向力的增大,端面黏滑区域的切应力增大.      

Bulk-stress effects in double contacts of similar elastic materials

The effects of a remote applied stress on double contacts of similar elastic materials are examined using a numerical method based on Cauchy singular integral equations (SIE). In contrast to single contacts, the space of possible shear configurations is very rich. In many cases, the partial slip problem does not have a contact equivalent. An equation based on displacement continuity is derived to relate the stick-zone extents for any shear configuration; this equation is essential for the solution of general partial slip problems involving two stick-zones. A shear configuration map that shows the types of partial slip solution that occur for various shear load-remote bulk-stress combinations is obtained for biquadratic indenters. Lastly, it is shown that it is possible to predict the shear configuration in some cases for double cylindrical indenters.     

基于谱元法考虑层间接触状态的Rayleigh波频散特征正演计算

为了提升Rayleigh波应用于成层土基勘探的精细化水平,本文基于谱元法原理,通过Goodman模型和Matsui层间滑移系数建立了可考虑层间不同接触状态的Rayleigh波理论频散方程。针对典型土基成层结构,运用谱元法和快速矢量传递解析法对比计算了层间完全连续状态下土基的Rayleigh波多阶模态频散曲线,结果显示谱元法计算结果与解析法相应结果之间的平均相对误差在0.3%以下,具有较高的计算精度。在此基础上,通过改变层间接触状态和敏感性分析,揭示了层间接触状态对Rayleigh波基阶频散特征的影响。最后,结合速度-应力有限差分数值计算,验证了谱元法计算层间不同接触状态下R波频散特征的可靠性。