A theory of sound transmission through a clamped curved piezoelectric membrane connected to a negative capacitor

An analytical calculation of the acoustic transmission loss of sound propagating through a thin cylindrically curved piezoelectric membrane, which is rigidly clamped at its straight ends, is presented. The membrane is placed inside an acoustic tube and connected to an active electric shunt circuit that behaves as a negative capacitor. A properly adjusted shunt circuit has a significant impact on the effective elastic stiffness of the piezoelectric membrane and, hence, influences the membrane acoustic reflectivity and transmission loss of sound. Such a setup represents a noise control system based on the principles of the active elasticity control of piezoelectric materials. The non-uniform radial motion of the clamped membrane and its interaction with the acoustic field and the electric shunt circuit are analyzed. The main objective of the calculations, which are based on Donnell’s theory, is the determination of the effects of the membrane clamps on the flexural motion of the membrane and, therefore, effects on the acoustic transmission loss of sound. Approximative formulae for the amplitude of the membrane displacement and the acoustic transmission loss of sound are expressed as well as the resonant frequencies of the uniform mode and flexural vibration modes.     

Analytical model of sound transmission through laminated composite cylindrical shells considering transverse shear deformation

Composite structures are often used in the aerospace industry due to the advantages offered by a high strength to weight ratio. Sound transmission through an infinite laminated composite cylindrical shell is studied in the context of the transmission of airborne sound into the aircraft interior. The shell is immersed in an external fluid medium and contains internal fluid. Airflow in the external fluid medium moves with a constant velocity. An exact solution is obtained by simultaneously solving the first-order shear deformation theory （FSDT） of a laminated composite shell and the acoustic wave equations. Transmission losses （TL） obtained from numerical solutions are compared with those of other authors. The effects of structural properties and flight conditions on TL are studied for a range of values, especially, the Mach number, stack sequences, and the angle of warp. Additionally, comparisons of the transmission losses are made between the classical thin shell theory （CST） and FSDT for laminated composite and isotropic cylindrical shells.     

Analytical modeling of fluid loaded orthogonally rib-stiffened sandwich structures: Sound transmission

An analytic model is developed to investigate the wave propagation and sound transmission characteristics of an infinite sandwich structure reinforced by two sets of orthogonal rib-stiffeners when subjected to convective fluid-loaded pressure. The rib-stiffeners are assumed to be identical and uniformly spaced, which can exert not only tensional forces and bending moments but also torsional moments on the facesheets. Inertial terms of the tensional forces, bending moments and torsional moments are introduced to account for inertial effects arising from the mass of the rib-stiffeners. With the surrounding acoustic fluids restricted by the acoustic wave equation, fluid-structure coupling is considered by imposing velocity continuity condition at fluid-panel interfaces. By applying the Bloch theorem for periodic structures, the structural and acoustic responses are expressed in a superposition form of space harmonics for a given wavenumber. The application of the virtual work principle for one periodic element yields two infinite sets of simultaneous algebraic coupled equations, which are numerically solved by truncating them in a finite range insofar as the solution converges. The validity and feasibility of the analytic model is qualified by comparing model predictions with existing results, in which the necessity and advantage of the exact modeling of rib-stiffener motions are also demonstrated. Specifically, the influences of inertial effects arising from rib-stiffener mass, the periodicity spacing of rib-stiffeners, and the airborne as well as structure-borne paths on the transmission of sound across the sandwich structure are quantified and conclusions of significant practical implications are drawn.     

Theoretical model for sound transmission through finite sandwich structures with corrugated core

Due to the promising applications of lightweight double-leaf structures in noise control engineering, numerous investigations have been performed to study the vibroacoustic properties of these structures. However, no attention has been focused on the vibroacoustic properties of finite double-leaf structures with corrugated core used extensively in constructing the hulls of bullet passenger trains. In the present paper, a theoretical model is developed to predict the sound transmission loss (STL) characteristics of simply supported double-leaf partitions with corrugated core. The boundary conditions are accounted for by writing the displacements of the face plates in a series form of modal functions. The model predictions are validated by comparing with existing experimental measurements. The vibroacoustic properties of the sandwich construction are examined and the physical mechanisms for sound transmission through the structure explored, including the phenomena of ‘coincidence resonance’ and ‘standing wave resonances’. The effects of structural links, structural dimensions, inclination angle of the corrugated core, as well as the thickness of face plates and core layer on the STL are systematically investigated.     

Modeling the sound transmission through complex structures with attached noise control materials

This paper discusses three extensions of the Transfer Matrix Method (TMM). The first deals with the modeling of the transmission loss of sandwich–composite panels. A wave based model is recalled and used to derive a simpler model based on identifying effective properties of an equivalent orthotropic panel. An experimental case study is presented to show the accuracy of these models when used to predict practical sound transmission problems involving single wall sandwich–honeycomb panels and double wall sandwich–honeycomb with an absorbing material filling the cavity between the two panels. In the second extension, the use of the TMM to predict the response of panels under various types of excitations is discussed. A wave based method is presented and compared with Finite Element Method (FEM) predictions for two types of excitations: Turbulent Boundary Layer (TBL) and point source. The comparison shows that the method allows for accurate predictions of the frequency averaged Transmission Loss (TL). Finally, the use of the TMM to model double wall systems with mechanical links is presented and numerically validated using FEM. It is found that the method captures well the decrease of the TL due to the insertion of the links and the effect of the excitation nature on this decrease.     

Dynamic response of clamped sandwich beams: analytical modeling

An improved analytical model is developed to predict the dynamic response of clamped lightweight sandwich beams with cellular cores subjected to shock loading over the entire span.The clamped face sheets are simplified as a single-degree-of-freedom(SDOF) system, and the core is idealized using the rigid-perfectly-plastic-locking(RPPL) model. Reflection of incident shock wave is considered by incorporating the bending/stretching resistance of the front face sheet and compaction of the core. The model is validated with existing analytical predictions and FE simulation results, with good agreement achieved. Compared with existing analytical models, the proposed model exhibits superiority in two aspects: the deformation resistance of front face sheet during shock wave reflection is taken into account; the effect of pulse shape is considered. The practical application range of the proposed model is therefore wider.     

Exact solution of sound reflection on infinite laminated plate and transmission through it

An exact solution is proposed in this paper based on the elasticity theory for sound reflection from an infinite laminated plate and transmission through it, and some phenomena of sound propagation in an isotropic media are also discussed. Some examples given here could be used to test approximate models of laminated plates.     

Reciprocity and antireciprocity in sound transmission through layered materials including elastic and porous media

Sound transmission through elastic solids and porous media having an elastic frame involves longitudinal and transverse waves. A modelling of sound propagation through layers of these media by transfer matrices, which is equivalent to a representation by analogous multi-port circuits was performed previously. The different ports of the circuits are related to the normal and the tangential strains and velocities on the two faces of the layers. The use of impedance matrices instead of transfer matrices shows that the coupling between the normal and the tangential conjugate variables is antireciprocal, and is reciprocal for conjugate variables having the same nature. Moreover, it can be proven that the transmission loss through strafied materials in contact with the same fluid on the and the rear face is the same in opposite directions of propagation.     

Regularization modeling for LES of separated boundary layer flow

Regularization models for the turbulent stress tensor are applied to mixing and separated boundary layers. The Leray and the NS-α models in large-eddy simulation (LES) are compared to direct numerical simulation (DNS) and (dynamic) eddy-viscosity models. These regularization models are at least as accurate as the dynamic eddy-viscosity model, and can be derived from an underlying dynamic principle. This allows one to maintain central transport properties of the Navier-Stokes equations in the model and to extend systematically toward complex applications. The NS-α model accurately represents the small-scale variability, albeit at considerable resolution. The Leray model was found to be much more robust, allowing simulations at high Reynolds number. Leray simulations of a separated boundary layer are shown for the first time. The strongly localized transition to turbulence that arises under a blowing and suction region over a flat plate was captured accurately, quite comparable to the dynamic model. In contrast, results obtained with the Smagorinsky model, either with or without Van Driest damping, yield considerable errors, due to its excessive dissipation.     

近距空爆载荷作用下固支方板的变形及破坏模式

为探讨战斗部近炸下舰船结构的变形模式,为后续理论分析和数值模拟提供实验数据,通过模型实验,分析了固支大尺寸方板在近距空爆载荷下的变形和破坏模式。在此基础上,通过测量板破裂后各裂瓣的减薄率,利用双向应变假设和体积等效原理确定了Q235钢在中部拉伸撕裂破坏模式下的断裂极限应变;根据实验模型的变形和破坏模式,基于刚塑性假设和能量密度准则提出了结构在局部爆炸载荷下的破裂判据,并对实验结果进行了预测。结果表明,随着载荷强度的增大,固支方板呈现出3种不同的变形和破坏模式;利用破裂判据对实验工况进行了预测,预测结果与实验吻合较好。     

Characterization and modeling of air muscles

Two flexible pneumatic actuators, McKibben and straight fiber, were analyzed. The muscles were modeled by finite element method. The numerical models take into account the non-linearity of the expanding rubber inner tube, and of the mechanism for transferring load to the braided cords surrounding the tube. Because of its own fabrication, McKibben muscle model may capture the initial backslash between rubber tube and cords.Despite of the McKibben specimen, a straight fiber muscle prototype was fabricated on purpose in the laboratory. In order to validate the numerical models, numerous experimental tests were carried out. The numerical results showed a good agreement with the data measured experimentally in terms of muscle pull force and of its deformed shape. Finally, the models of two muscles similar in terms of input energy allow their performances to be compared.     

Interferometric study of natural convection in rectangular air cavities of various orientations

The results of an experimental investigation into the temperature profiles and heat transfer associated with natural convection in rectangular air cavities are presented, the angle of inclination varying from 0 (heating at the bottom) to 180° (heating at the top). The range of Rayleigh numbers was R=2.68·10³–2.57·10⁵, and n=H/d=5.06–18.3. The investigation was carried out by an optical method, using an IZK-454 interferometer. For a horizontal orientation of the cavity the heat-transfer data satisfy the relation N=0.216 R^0.25, for a vertical orientation N=0.144 R^0.3h^–0.129, where N is the Nusselt number. In the region of an inclination of 30° the heat transfer passes through a maximum under all conditions studied.Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 89–93, July–August, 1972.     

人耳鼓膜穿孔对中耳传声影响的数值模拟

鼓膜穿孔是一种非常普遍的中耳疾病,其对人中耳传声的影响并没有得到很全面的研究。本文根据健康志愿者(右耳)完整的CT数据,建立了包括外耳道、鼓膜、听骨链、中耳韧带/肌肉、中耳腔以及内耳液体在内的有限元模型,真实完整地再现了其复杂结构及边界约束。利用模型进行了外耳、中耳和内耳的声固耦合分析,研究了鼓膜穿孔位置和穿孔大小对中耳传声的影响。研究结果表明了本文建立的三维有限元模型对研究鼓膜穿孔对中耳系统传声的影响是可行的。     

Comparative assessment of SAS and DES turbulence modeling for massively separated flows

Numerical studies of the flow past a circular cylinder at Reynolds number 1.4 × 10~5 and NACA0021airfoil at the angle of attack 60?have been carried out by scale-adaptive simulation (SAS) and detached eddy simulation (DES), in comparison with the existing experimental data. The new version of the model developed by Egorov and Menter is assessed, and advantages and disadvantages of the SAS simulation are analyzed in detail to provide guidance for industrial application in the future. Moreover, the mechanism of the scale-adaptive characteristics in separated regions is discussed, which is obscure in previous analyses. It is concluded that: the mean flow properties satisfactorily agree with the experimental results for the SAS simulation, although the prediction of the second order turbulent statistics in the near wake region is just reasonable. The SAS model can produce a larger magnitude of the turbulent kinetic energy in the recirculation bubble, and, consequently, a smaller recirculation region and a more rapid recovery of the mean velocity outside the recirculation region than the DES approach with the same grid resolution. The vortex shedding is slightly less irregular with the SAS model than with the DES approach,probably due to the higher dissipation of the SAS simulation under the condition of the coarse mesh.     

Control of a separated boundary layer: reduced-order modeling using global modes revisited

The possibility of model reduction using global modes is readdressed, aiming at the controlling of a globally unstable separation bubble induced by a bump geometry. A combined oblique and orthogonal projection approach is proposed to design an estimator and controller in a Riccati-type feedback setting. An input?Coutput criterion is used to appropriately select the modes of the projection basis. The full-state linear instability dynamics is shown to be successfully controlled by the feedback coupling with controllers of moderate degrees of freedom.     

Numerical modeling of a viscous incompressible unsteady separated flow past a rotating cylinder

For studying unsteady flow past a rotating circular cylinder the Navier-Stokes equations are used. The numerical algorithm is based on an artificial-compressibility method, an implicit three-layer second-order scheme with subiterations with respect to time, a third-order scheme with splitting of the flux vectors for the convective terms, and a central-difference scheme for integrating the viscous terms. The calculated velocity profiles, the vorticity fields, the Strouhal numbers, the distribution of the pressure and friction coefficients over the cylinder surface, and the coefficients of the drag and lift forces for the laminar flow regime are analyzed.     

ANALYTICAL SOLUTION OF RADIATED SOUND PRESSURE OF RING－STIFFENED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS IN FLUID MEDIUM

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